| 单词 | 扩展 |
| 释义 | 〔propagate〕To extend to a broader area or larger number; spread.扩大：扩展到较大的区域或数量；拓展〔unfold〕To open and spread out (something folded); extend.展开，打开：打开或铺开（如折叠物）；扩展〔Prussia〕A historical region and former kingdom of north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and Poland. Its ancient inhabitants, of Baltic stock, were conquered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century. West Prussia was ceded to Poland in 1466, and East Prussia became a Polish fief that passed to Brandenburg in 1618. The kingdom of Prussia was proclaimed in 1701 and was greatly expanded and fortified by Emperor Frederick II (reigned 1740-1786). Prussia was instrumental in the unification of Germany, and in 1871 its king was declared Emperor William I of Germany. The state became a republic in 1918 and was formally abolished after World War II.普鲁士：历史上欧洲中北部的一个地区和以前的一个王国，包括现在的德国北部和波兰，该地区古代的波罗的族居民在13世纪被条顿骑士团所征服，1466年西普鲁士并入波兰，东普鲁士成为波兰的一个附庸，后在1618年归属勃兰登堡，普鲁士王国于1701年正式成立，弗雷德里克二世皇帝(1740年-1786年）大大扩展和巩固了普鲁士帝国。普鲁士在德国统一中起了重要作用，1871年普鲁士国王成为德国皇帝威廉一世，1918年该国成为共和国，二次世界大战后被正式废除〔cumulonimbus〕An extremely dense, vertically developed cumulus with a relatively hazy outline and a glaciated top extending to great heights, usually producing heavy rains, thunderstorms, or hailstorms.积雨云：一种极其浓密的、垂直扩展的积云，其轮廓比较模糊，顶部覆有冰晶且向上伸入高空，通常能产生大雨、雷暴或雹暴〔layer〕A usually horizontal deposit or expanse; a stratum:地层：通常是水平的沉积物或扩展物；层：〔whiffletree〕Whiffletree, a term primarily used in the northeast United States, is derived from an older termwhippletree, which is used in the Upper Northern states farther to the west.The fact thatwhiffletree, the newer term, is used in the Northeast, the older dialect area, illustrates the process of linguistic change. Even as the older wordwhippletree was spreading westward into a new dialect area, it was evolving into something different—whiffletree —in the area where it originated, as if the older dialect area were somehow trying to keep a step ahead.Whiffletree， 一个起初在美国东北部使用的词， 是从一个更古老的词whippletree 而来， 该词用在距西部更远些的北部各州等地。Whiffletree 这个更新些的词用在东北部——这个较老的方言区的事实证明了语言变化的过程。 即使当老一些的词whippletree 向西扩展进入一个新的方言区时， 它也牵涉到了一些不一样的东西——whiffletree 在它的起源地区， 就好象老一些的方言区在试图采取步骤向前〔ventrodorsal〕Both ventral and dorsal; extending from a ventral to a dorsal surface.腹背的：既是腹部又是背部的；从腹面扩展到背面的〔street〕from Latin [feminine past participle of] sternere [to stretch, extend, pave] * see ster- 2源自 拉丁语 sternere的阴性过去分词 [伸延，扩展，铺设] * 参见 ster- 2〔uredospore〕A reddish spore that is produced in the uredinium of a rust fungus and that spreads to and infects other host plants.夏孢子：锈菌夏孢子堆产生的红色孢子，并能扩展并感染其他寄生植物〔diastole〕from diastellein [to expand] 源自 diastellein [扩展] 〔spread〕The extent or limit to which something is or can be spread; range.伸展性，范围：某物扩展或能被扩展的极限；范围〔amplification〕An addition to or expansion of a statement or idea.扩充，引申：对一个论断或看法的补充或扩展〔extend〕To stretch or spread (something) out to greater or fullest length:延伸：伸长或扩展（某物）到较大程度或最大长度：〔skate〕Any of various rays of the genusRaja, having a flattened body and greatly expanded pectoral fins that extend around the head. 鳐鱼：一种鳐 属鱼，具有扁平的身体和扩展于头部周围的宽大胸鳍 〔expansion〕A period of increased economic or business activity.经济或商业行为的扩展时期〔overspread〕To spread or extend over the surface of:铺盖，布满：散布或扩展到…的表面：〔border〕stood on the brink of the cliff); in an extended sense it indicates the likelihood or imminence of a sudden change ( 站在悬崖的边缘上）； 在一个扩展的意义上它指一件突发事变的可能性或临近（ 〔outspread〕To stretch or extend or to be stretched or extended.（使）展开，（使）扩展：使展开或使扩展，展开或扩展〔propagule〕from prōpāgāre [to propagate] * see propagate 源自 prōpāgāre [扩展，繁殖] * 参见 propagate〔the〕Used before an adjective extending it to signify a class and giving it the function of a noun:用于形容词前扩展其成为一类或赋予其名词功能：〔diffuse〕Widely spread or scattered; not concentrated.散开的：广泛扩展、散布的；不集中的〔extensity〕The attribute of sensation that enables one to perceive space or size.扩展感觉性：使人能觉察到的空间或大小的感觉的性质〔extent〕from Anglo-Norman [from feminine past participle of] extendre [to extend] 源自 英法语 源自extendre的阴性过去分词 [扩展] 〔swell〕To increase in size or volume as a result of internal pressure; expand.膨胀，扩张：由于内部压力使尺寸增大或体积；扩展〔ocean〕A great expanse or amount:浩瀚无垠：巨大的空间延伸或数量扩展：〔yes〕The wordyes is a good example of how an ordinary and frequently used word can have a complex etymology. We can traceyes back to two Indo-European roots, .i-, a pronominal stem, and .es-, "to be.” From two extended forms of.i-, .yām and .yāi, came the prehistoric Common Germanic forms.jā and jai, which gave us Old Englishgeā, an affirmative particle, the source of Modern Englishyea. The Indo-European root.es- is the source of our forms am and is. From the stem.sī- used to make verb forms in the optative mood, a mood used to express a wish, came the Germanic form.sijai-, which gave us Old Englishsīe, "may it be so.” This form, unlike the sources ofam and is, died out, but before disappearing it had combined with Old Englishgēa to form the compound gēse, the ancestor of our wordyes. Thissīe was destined to have even more of a triumph. Until around 1600yea was used to respond to positive expressions, whereasyes was used to respond to negative expressions. After that timeyes became a response to both positive and negative expressions, yea surviving primarily in voice votes. yes 一词是说明一个普通常用词如何拥有一复杂词源的极好例证。 我们可以追溯yes 到两个印欧语词根， 代名词词干i- 和 es- “是”。 从i-的两种扩展形式，yam 和 yai， 形成了史前普通日耳曼语形式ja 和 jai, 它们又带来了古英语中的肯定虚词gea ， 这便是现代英语yea 的来源。 而印欧语词根es- 是我们 am 和 is 两形式的源头。 以is- ，一个用于制造祈愿语气动词的词干， 产生出日尔曼形式sijai-， 并由此形成了古英语sie, “希望如此”。 这种形式不象am 和 is 的词源，已经灭绝了， 但在消失之前，它已经和古英语gea 混合形成复合词 gese， 即我们的单词yes 的前身。 这个sie 注定要获取更大的胜利。 直至1600年左右，yea 还被用于回答肯定的陈述； 而yes 则用于回答否定陈述。 此后，yes 既可作肯定也可否定表达的回答， yea 则主要在口头投票时使用 〔anatase〕from Greek anatasis [extension (from its long crystals)] 源自 希腊语 anatasis [扩展（从长水晶体）] 〔diffuse〕To spread about or scatter; disseminate.扩散：向四周扩展或散射；散布〔Gaul〕An ancient region of western Europe south and west of the Rhine River, west of the Alps, and north of the Pyrenees, corresponding roughly to modern-day France and Belgium. The Romans extended the designation to include northern Italy, particularly after Julius Caesar's conquest of the area in the Gallic Wars (58-51b.c. ). 高卢，加利亚：西欧的一古老地区，在莱茵河南部和西部，阿尔卑斯山西部，比利牛斯山北部，基本相当于现代的法国和比利时。罗马人把其疆域扩展到包括北意大利，尤其是当朱利斯·凯撒在高卢一战中征服此地区后（公元前 58-51年） 〔develop〕To expand or enlarge:扩展，使变大：〔overextend〕To expand or disperse beyond a safe or reasonable limit:过分伸延，过分展开：超过了安全或合理的限度地扩展或散开：〔swell〕To rise or extend above the surrounding level, as clouds.升起，扩散：象云一般从四周水平面上升或扩展〔amplifier〕One that amplifies, enlarges, or extends.放大者，扩大者：放大、扩大或扩展的事物〔extensity〕A specific degree or range of extension.扩展界限：扩展的具体程度或界限〔expansible〕That can expand or be expanded:可扩张的：能扩展的或能被扩展的：〔world〕Involving or extending throughout the entire world:全世界的：包括或扩展到整个世界的：〔anymore〕In standard American English the wordanymore is often found in negative sentences: They don't live here anymore. Butanymore is widely used in regional American English in positive sentences with the meaning "nowadays": "We use a gas stove anymore" (Oklahoma informant in DARE).Its use, which appears to be spreading,is centered in the South Midland and Midwestern states—Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, Oklahoma, and Iowa—and the Western statesthat received settlers from those areas.The earliest recorded examples are from Northern Ireland,where the positive use ofanymore still occurs. 在标准美国英语里anymore 一词常出现于否定句里： 他们再也不在这儿住了。 但anymore 在地方美国英语里广泛用于肯定句中，意思是“如今”： “我们现如今使用煤气炉” （美国区域英语词典的俄克拉何马州情报提供者）。它的用法似乎还正扩展，主要集中于中南部和中西部各州--田纳西州，肯塔基州，印第安纳州，俄克拉何马州和依阿华州——以及接收了这些地区移民的西部各州。最早记载的例子来自北爱尔兰，在那里anymore 一词的肯定用法仍在使用 〔Gray〕American botanist who greatly enlarged and improved the description of North American flora and was the chief American advocate of Charles Darwin's theories.格雷，阿萨：(1810-1888) 美国植物学家，其极大扩展和改善了对北美植物区系的记录，是美国查尔斯·达尔文理论的主要倡导者〔Dodge〕American civil engineer and politician noted for his efforts to expand railroad lines in the West and Southwest.道奇，格伦维尔·梅兰：(1831-1916) 美国土木工程师和政治家，以扩展西部和西南部铁路的努力而著名〔literate〕For most of its long history in English,literate has meant only "familiar with literature,” or more generally, "well-educated, learned";it is only during the last hundred years that it has also come to refer to the basic ability to read and write.Its antonymilliterate has an equally broad range of meanings: anilliterate person may be incapable of reading a shopping list or perhaps may only be unable to grasp an allusion to Shakespeare or Keats.The termfunctional illiterate is often used to describe a person who can read or write to some degree, but below a minimum level required to function in even a limited social situation or job setting.More recently, the meanings of the wordsliteracy and illiteracy have been extended from their original connection with reading and literature to any body of knowledge. For example, "geographic illiterates" cannot identify the countries on a map,and "computer illiterates" are unable to use a word-processing system.None of these uses ofliteracy or illiteracy are incorrect, but it might be preferable to use another word in instances where the context does not make the meaning clear.在英语悠久的历史中，literate 大部分时期只表示“精通文学的”或更概括一些， 指“受过良好教育的，有学问的”；仅仅是在上个世纪它才开始表示读和写的基本能力。它的反义词illiterate 有着同样广泛的意义： 一个illereare 的人也许连张购物单都不会读， 或许只是不理解莎士比亚或济慈的典故。functional illiterate 一词用于描写一个具有一定程度的读写能力， 但还不到甚至在一个有限的社会环境或工作环境中运用语言所须的最低水平。最近，literacy 和 illiteracy 这两词的含义已经从它们原先与阅读和文学的联系扩展到与任何一种知识的联系。 例如，一个“地理盲”不会在地图上寻找国家，而一个“计算机盲”不会使用文字信息处理系统。literacy 和 illiteracy 的这些用法都是正确的， 但是当上下文可能导致意义混淆时还是用其它词更好一些 |
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