| 单词 | 批评 |
| 释义 | 〔aim〕leveled criticism at the administration;把批评指向行政部门；〔unsparing〕an unsparing superior officer; unsparing criticism.一名苛严的上级军官；不留情面的批评〔break〕"Architectural experts have criticized the plaza in the past because it breaks rank with the distinctive façades of neighboring Fifth Avenue blocks, whose buildings are flush with the sidewalk"(Sharon Churcher)“建筑专家们过去一直批评那个广场，因为它与邻近的第五大街街区别具一格的建筑物正面不相称。这个街区的建筑物与人行道齐平”(沙伦·丘彻)〔admonish〕 Reprove usually suggests gentle criticism and constructive intent: Reprove 通常暗示温和的批评及有建设性的意图： 〔trash〕To subject to scathing criticism or abuse; attack verbally:搞垮，贬低：对…进行严厉的批评或贬损；口头攻击：〔appreciate〕 Appreciate applies especially when high regard is based on critical assessment, comparison, and judgment: Appreciate 一词尤指高度看重是以批评式的评价、比较和判断为基础的： 〔read〕Mother read us a lecture after the principal telephoned her.校长打电话后，妈妈批评了我们一顿〔couple〕Although the phrasea couple of has been well established in English since before the Renaissance, it has been criticized on several grounds.Grammarians used to insist thata couple of should be used only to refer to things closely linked to one another and so was improperly used in phrases such asa couple of years ago. This objection has not been heard in some time and was never well supported.Modern critics have sometimes maintained thata couple of is too inexact to be appropriate in formal writing. But the inexactitude ofa couple of may serve a useful communicative purpose, suggesting that the writer is indifferent to the precise number of items involved.Thus the sentenceShe lives only a couple of miles away implies not only that the distance is short but that its exact measure is unimportant. Furthermore,a couple of is different from a few in that it does not imply that the relevant amount is relatively small. One might say admiringly of an exceptional center fielder thathe can throw the ball a couple of hundred feet, but not, except ironically,a few hundred feet, which would suggest that such a throw was unremarkable. The usage should be considered unobjectionable on all levels of style.尽管a couple of 这个短语在文艺复兴之前就已在英语中形成， 它仍受到多方面批评。语法学家过去坚持认为a couple of 应该只用于指互相之间紧密相连的东西， 所以在a couple of years ago 这样的短语中用是不适当的。 这样的反对意见长时间没有人提起了，也从未受到太多支持。现代批评家有时也认为a couple of 太不精确，不能很恰当地用于正式的写作中。 但a couple of 的不精确性也有一种很有用的传达交流的意图， 表明作者对于所涉及的事物的精确数目并不太关心。因此她住的只有几英里远 这个句子不仅表明距离很远，同时也表明精确测量是不重要的。 另外a couple of 与 a few 的不同还表现在它不表示有关的数量是相对来说小的。 如果夸赞一个优秀的中外野球手，可以说他能把球抛几百英尺远 ， 若非如此的话，排除反意的可能，a few hundred feet 指抛这么远并没什么稀奇之处。 这种用法在各种文体上都是无可辩驳的〔vituperate〕To rebuke or criticize harshly or abusively; berate.See Synonyms at scold 谩骂，辱骂：严厉地或辱骂性地批评或指责；斥责 参见 scold〔individual〕Since the 19th century, however,there have been numerous critical objections to use of the word to refer simply to "a person" where no larger contrast is implied,as inTwo individuals were placed under arrest or The Mayor will make time for any individual who wants to talk to her. In such contexts the wordsperson and people will usually do the same semantic job with less affectation. 不过19世纪以后，这个词被用来仅指“一个人”，而没有暗含与群体相对的意思；但这种用法引起了很多批评和反对。例如在两人被捕了 或 谁要想和市长谈谈，她都愿意腾出时间来 这两句话中。在这样的上下文中， 用person 和 people 可以表达同样的意思，也不显得矫揉造作 〔who〕The traditional rules that determine the use ofwho and whom are relatively simple: who is used for a grammatical subject, where a nominative pronoun such as I or he would be appropriate, andwhom is used elsewhere. Thus, we writeThe actor who played Hamlet was there, sincewho stands for the subject of played Hamlet; andWho do you think is the best candidate? where who stands for the subject of is the best candidate. But we writeTo whom did you give the letter? sincewhom is the object of the preposition to; andThe man whom the papers criticized did not show up, sincewhom is the object of the verb criticized. ? Considerable effort and attention are required to apply the rules correctly in complicated sentences.To produce correctly a sentence such asI met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite, we must anticipate when we writewhom that it will function as the object of the verb extradite, several clauses distant from it.It is thus not surprising that writers from Shakespeare onward should often have interchangedwho and whom. And though the distinction shows no signs of disappearing in formal style,strict adherence to the rules in informal discourse might be taken as evidence that the speaker or writer is paying undue attention to the form of what is said, possibly at the expense of its substance.In speech and informal writingwho tends to predominate over whom; a sentence such asWho did John say he was going to support? will be regarded as quite natural, if strictly incorrect. By contrast, the use ofwhom where who would be required, as inWhom shall I say is calling? may be thought to betray a certain linguistic insecurity. ? When the relative pronoun stands for the object of a preposition that ends a sentence,whom is technically the correct form: the strict grammarian will insist onWhom (not who ) did you give it to? But grammarians since Noah Webster have argued that the excessive formality ofwhom in these cases is at odds with the relative informality associated with the practice of placing the preposition in final position and that the use of who in these cases should be regarded as entirely acceptable. ? The relative pronounwho may be used in restrictive relative clauses, in which case it is not preceded by a comma, or in nonrestrictive clauses, in which case a comma is required.Thus, we may say eitherThe scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized, where the clausewho discovers a cure for cancer indicates which scientist will be immortalized, orThe mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known, where the clausewho solved the four-color theorem adds information about a person already identified by the phrase the mathematician over there. ? Some grammarians have argued that onlywho and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause that identifies a person. This restriction has no basis either in logic or in the usage of the best writers;it is entirely acceptable to write eitherthe man that wanted to talk to you or the man who wanted to talk to you. ? The grammatical rules governing the use ofwho and whom apply equally to whoever and whomever. See Usage Note at else ,that ,whose 确定用法的传统规则who 和 whom 相对简单： who 语法上用作主语，同 I 或 he 等主格代词的位置相同， 而whom 用于别处。 这样，我们写The actor who played Hamlet was there （演哈姆雷特的演员在那边）， 因此who 代表的是 played Hamlet 的主语。 在句子Who do you think is the best candidate? （你认为谁是最好的候选人?）中 who 代表 is the best candidate 的主语。 但是我们说To whom did you give the letter? （你把信给谁了?）， 因为whom 是介词 to 的宾语； 在句子The man whom the papers criticized did not show up, （报纸上批评的那个人没有来）， 因为whom 是动词 criticized 的宾语 。在复杂的句子里，正确应用这些规则需要相当的努力和注意。正确地造出如I met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite （我遇到了政府曾努力让法国引渡的那个人）这样的句子， 在写whom 之前我们必须预知它将作动词 extradite 的宾语， 尽管两个词离得很远。这也就难怪自莎士比亚以来的作家经常把who 和 whom 交换使用了。 尽管在正式文体中两者区别仍然存在，但如果在非正式的交谈中严格地遵守这些规则会被认为说话者或作者可能不顾内容而过分注视说话的形式。在口语和非正式书面语中，who 趋向于代替 whom; 人们会认为象Who did John say he was going to support? （约翰说他将支持谁?）这样句子很自然，尽管严格来说它是不正确的。 相反，在应该用who 的地方用 whom 则显出一种语言上的不稳定， 如Whom shall I say is calling? （我说是谁在打电话?）。 当关系代词替代句尾的介词宾语时，whom 在理论上是正确的形势： 严格的语法坚持Whom （而不是 who ) did you give it to?（你把它给谁了？） 但从诺·韦伯斯特以来的语法学家认为whom 在这种情况下过分正式，而把介词放在句尾相对来说又不正式，这就有了矛盾，所以在这种情况下用 who 完全可以接受。 关系代词who 可以用在限定关系从句中，前面不要加逗号， 也可用在非限定关系从句中，则需要加逗号。所以我们既可以说The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized （发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而不朽）， 在此处从句who discovers a cure for cancer 指这样的科学家将会不朽， 也可以说The mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known （在那边的数学家非常出名，他解决了四色定理）， 从句who solved the four-color theorem 给已经由短语 the mathematician over there 确定了的人增加了一些有关他的信息。 有些语法学家认为只有who 而不是 that 可以连接表示人的限定性关系从句。 这种限制在逻辑上没有根据，在最优秀作家的用法中也未有根据；无论说the man that wanted to talk to you （想要跟你说话的那个人）或 the man who wanted to talk to you 都是完全可以接受的。 有关who 和 whom 的语法规则同样适用于 whoever 和 whomever 参见 else,that,whose〔knowledge〕"Some have criticized his poetry as elitist, unnecessarily impervious to readers who do not share his erudition" (Elizabeth Kastor).“有人批评他的诗是精英主义的诗歌，那些没有他那种学识的人根本看不懂，这完全没有必要” （伊丽莎白·卡斯特）。〔admonish〕 reprimand both refer to sharp, often angry criticism;of the tworeprimand more frequently implies formal or official censure: reprimand 都表示刻薄的，通常是愤怒的批评；在两者之间reprimand 在更多情况下暗示正式的或官方的责难： 〔lump〕Severe punishment or treatment, as a beating or an unsparing criticism:惩罚：严厉的惩处或处罚，比如挨揍或不留情面的批评：〔hear〕If you don't do your homework, you're going to hear from me.如果你不做家庭作业，我就要批评你〔potshot〕A criticism made without careful thought and aimed at a handy target for attack:任意零星的批评：未经仔细考虑，并以任意目标为攻击对象的批评：〔headquarter〕In an earlier surveya majority of the Usage Panel found both these examples to be unacceptable in formal writing.Although ample citational evidence exists for these usages,writers who wish to avoid criticism should consider the use of alternative expressions,for example:The magazine has just assigned him to (or has stationed him in ) a building that houses many foreign journalists. 在一次较早的调查中，大部分用法专题使用小组成员认为这两个例子在正式写作中是不能被接受的。虽然在大量引文中证实存在这种用法，但为免于批评，作家应该考虑运用其它表达方法来代替，例如：杂志社派他 （或者 has stationed him in ） 去有很多外国记者的大楼。 〔static〕Angry or heated criticism.抨击：愤怒激烈的批评〔Mason〕American Revolutionary politician from Virginia. A member of the Constitutional Convention (1787), he voiced criticism that resulted in the drafting of the Bill of Rights. His grandsonJames Murray Mason (1798-1871) was a Confederate diplomat to Great Britain and France. 梅森，乔治：(1725-1792) 来自弗吉尼亚州的美国革命政治家。作为立宪会议(1787年）的成员，他提出的批评使权利法案得以起草。他的孙子詹姆斯·莫瑞·梅森 (1798-1871年）是邦联派往大不列颠和法国的外交官 〔party〕Party is unexceptionable when used to refer to a participant in a social arrangement, as inShe was not named as a party in the conspiracy. It is this sense that underlies the legal use of the term,as when one speaks of theparties to a contract. The legal use has in turn led to the presence of the word in many fixed expressions,such asinjured party and third party. Butparty is also widely used as a general substitute for person, as inWould all parties who left packages at the desk please reclaim their property. This usage has been established for many centuries,but in the Victorian era it came to be associated with the language of the semieducated(theOxford English Dictionary describes it as "shoppy"), and it has been the subject of many later criticisms.This use ofparty may have been reinforced by its modern adoption by telephone operators. In other contexts,when used in earnest,it may be perceived as a superfluous variant forperson. But the jocular use of the term is well established,particular in references such asa wise old party. Party 用作指一项社会活动的参与者是很常见的， 如她不是这一阴谋的参与者。 正是这一意义构成了这一词的法律用法，如人们说及 parties to a contract 。 这种法律用法反过来又使得这一词出现在许多固定的短语中，如injured party 和 third party。 但party 也被广泛地用于对 person 的泛称， 如在所有将包裹放在桌子上的人请来认领他们的东西。 这种用法已确立了许多个世纪，但在维多利亚时代，它开始与受过部分教育的人的语言联系起来（牛津英语词典 把它描述为“三句话不离本行的”）， 并且它已成为后来许多批判家批评的对象。Party 的这一用法由于话务员的经常采用而被强化了。 在其它的上下文中，当用于严肃的场合时，它可以被视作是person 不必要的变体。 但这一词诙谐的用法确立已久，尤其在提及如一个精明的老人 时 〔unreproved〕Not rebuked for a fault or misdeed.受包庇的：未因一个过失或不端的行为受到批评的〔negative〕A statement or an act that is highly critical of another or of others:批评：对另一或其他事物持高度批判态度的说法或行为：〔explicit〕They were explicit in their criticism.他们直截了当地表达了他们的批评〔afraid〕fearful of criticism. unafraid 担心批评 unafraid〔admonish〕 Reproach usually refers to regretful or unhappy criticism arising from a sense of disappointment: Reproach 通常指由失望感产生的后悔或悲伤的批评： 〔deprecatory〕Expressing disapproval or criticism.不满意的，不赞成的，批评的〔forthright〕a forthright appraisal; forthright criticism.直率的评价；直言不讳的批评〔flak〕Excessive or abusive criticism.过分的或抨击性的批评〔critical〕critical acclaim; a critical analysis of Melville's writings.批评的喝彩；对米尔维勒作品的批判性分析〔supposed〕conjectural criticism;凭主观推测的批评；〔descant〕"He used to descant critically on the dishes which had been at table"(James Boswell)“他过去常常对端上桌的菜肴大加批评”(詹姆斯·博斯韦尔)〔historiography〕The writing of history based on a critical analysis, evaluation, and selection of authentic source materials and composition of these materials into a narrative subject to scholarly methods of criticism.史料编纂法：在批判性分析、估价及真实材料选择的基础上写历史并以记叙体和学术性批评的方法组织这些材料〔beatnik〕A person who acts and dresses with pointed, often exaggerated disregard for what is generally thought proper and who is given to radical and extravagant social criticism or self-expression.比特尼克，披头族：一个行为和穿着奇装异服的，通常过分的，不在乎什么是世俗认为适当的人。这种人持激进的和偏激的社会批评主义态度或自我表现〔hyphenated〕Naturalized immigrants to the United States and their descendants have sometimes been termedhyphenated Americans in reference to the tendency to hyphenate such ethnic compounds as Irish-American and Polish-American. This term has come under strong criticism as suggesting that those so designated are not as fully American as "unhyphenated" citizens, and it is best avoided in all but historical contexts. 归化美国的移民及其后代子孙有时会以hyphenated Americans 的措词称呼，这与使用连字号的趋势有关，例如像 Irish-American（爱尔兰裔美国人） 和 Polish-American（波兰裔美国人） 之类的种族复合字。这种词汇遭到许多批评，指出这些被指定的名称似乎并不如"unhyphenated（未用连字号）”的公民一般为完全的美国人，也因此应尽量避免于历史文章之外使用此类字 〔roast〕Harsh ridicule or criticism.嘲笑：讥讽或严厉的批评〔scold〕To reprimand or criticize harshly and usually angrily.责骂：严厉地且通常愤怒地责备或批评〔scold〕These verbs mean to reprimand or criticize angrily or vehemently.这些动词意为愤怒或恶毒地斥责或批评。〔diatribe〕Listening to a lengthy diatribe may seem like a waste of time,an attitude for which there is some etymological justification.The Greek worddiatribē, the ultimate source of our word, is derived from the verb diatribein, made up of the prefixdia-, "completely,” and tribein, "to rub,” "to wear away, spend, or waste time,” "to be busy.” The verbdiatribein meant "to rub hard,” "to spend or waste time,” and the noundiatribē meant "wearing away of time, amusement, serious occupation, study,” as well as "discourse, short ethical treatise or lecture, debate, argument.”It is the serious occupation of time in discourse, lecture, and debate that gave us the first use ofdiatribe recorded in English (1581), in the now archaic sense "discourse, critical dissertation.”The critical element of this kind of diatribe must often have been uppermost,explaining the origin of the current sense ofdiatribe, "a bitter criticism.” 听唠唠叨叨的絮语也许好象是浪费时间，这是一种态度，一些词源对此有所表明。该词的终源希腊单词diatribe 起源于由动词 diatribein ； 而后者是由前缀dia- “完全地”和 tribein （“消磨、消逝、花费或浪费时间”，“忙于”）所构成的。 动词diartibein 意思是“难熬”、“花费或浪费时间”， 而名词diatribe 意思是“时间消逝、消遣、热衷消遣，研究”， 还有“论文、伦理学论文，伦理学论文或讲演，争辩，论据”。在（1581年）英语中记载的第一次使用diatribe 是热衷于把时间消磨在论文、讲演和争辩中， 现在古体文含义是“论文，批评式的学术演讲”。这种论文所含批评因素必须常常占最主要的，它解释了diatribe 现代含义“尖刻批评”的词源 〔look〕To be critical or suspicious of something one has received without expense.天上掉下的馅饼：对不付任何代价就得到的某物表示批评或怀疑〔restive〕Uneasily impatient under restriction, opposition, criticism, or delay.不宁的，不稳定的：由于被限制、反对、批评或拖延而感到焦躁的 |
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