| 单词 | 抱怨 |
| 释义 | 〔grouch〕From Middle English grucchen [to grumble, complain] * see grudge 源自 中古英语 grucchen [发牢骚，抱怨] * 参见 grudge〔bone〕Grounds for a complaint or dispute.抱怨或争论的理由〔grudge〕Middle English gruggen, grucchen [to grumble, complain] 中古英语 gruggen, grucchen [抱怨，发牢骚] 〔perplexed〕Full of complications or difficulty; involved.复杂的，杂乱的，难办的：充满抱怨或困难的；复杂的〔grunion〕from Latin grunnīre, grundīre [to grunt] 源自 拉丁语 grunnīre, grundīre [抱怨] 〔scold〕"Why rail at fate? The mischief is your own" (John Greenleaf Whittier).“为什么要抱怨命运呢? 错过在于你自己” （约翰·格林利夫·惠蒂埃）〔everlasting〕everlasting complaints.令人厌烦的抱怨〔miserere〕An expression of lamentation or complaint.哀悼或抱怨的表达〔anthology〕A miscellany, an assortment, or a catalog, as of complaints, comments, or ideas:杂集：杂集，集锦或目录，如抱怨，评论或观点的杂集：〔report〕To complain about or denounce:抱怨，指责：抱怨或谴责：〔complain〕To express feelings of pain, dissatisfaction, or resentment.抱怨：表达疼痛、不满或愤怒的感受〔kvetch〕"a rambling kvetch against the system"(Leonard Ross)“对制度的喋喋不休的乱抱怨”(伦纳德·罗斯)〔peep〕To speak in a hesitant, thin, high-pitched voice.轻轻地抱怨：以一种犹豫不决且细而高尖的声音说话〔jape〕probably from Old French japer [to yap, chatter, nag] 可能源自 古法语 japer [吵嚷，唠叨，不停地抱怨] 〔rankle〕A persistent resentment, a festering sore, and a little snake are all coiled together in the history of the wordrankle. "A little snake" is the sense of the Latin worddracunculus to whichrankle can be traced, dracunculus being a diminutive of dracō, "snake.” The Latin word passed into Old French, asdraoncle, having probably already developed the sense "festering sore,”because some of these sores resembled little snakes in their shape or bite.The verbdraoncler, "to fester,” was then formed in Old French. The noun and verb developed alternate forms without thed-, and both were borrowed into Middle English, the nounrancle being recorded in a work written around 1190, the verbranclen, in a work probably composed about 1300. Both words had literal senses having to do with festering sores.The noun is not recorded after the 16th century,but the verb went on to develop the figurative senseshaving to do with resentment and bitterness with which we are all too familiar.Rankle 这个词有不停的埋怨、折磨人的疼痛以及小蛇这三个意思。 “小蛇”是拉丁语dracunculus 的词义， 该词同时也是rankle 的词源， dracunculus 是意为“蛇”的 daaco 的小词尾。 该拉丁词进入古法语成为draoncle 时， 可能已有“折磨人的痛苦”这一词义，因为这种痛苦类似于小蛇的形状和撕咬。意为“骚扰，折磨”的动词draoncle 形成于法语中。 名词和动词去掉d- 后发展了各自的形式并都被借入中古英语， 名词rancle 第一次记载于1190年的一部作品中， 动词ranclen 记载于大约作于1300年的一部作品中。 两个词的本义都与“折磨人的疼痛”有关。名词在16世纪后就不见使用了，但动词却不断发展，后来便有了我们熟知的与抱怨和恼怒相关的比喻义了〔kvetch〕Yiddish kvetshn [to squeeze, complain] 意第绪语 kvetshn [压迫，抱怨] 〔floor〕The entire floor complained about the noise.整层楼的居民都抱怨噪音太大〔grumble〕"The governed will always find something to grumble about"(Crane Brinton)“被统治者总会抱怨这个那个”(克兰·布林顿)〔wail〕To grieve or protest loudly and bitterly; lament.See Synonyms at cry 痛哭：大声并痛苦地抱怨或反对；悲恸 参见 cry〔plaintive〕from plaint [complaint] * see plaint 源自 plaint [抱怨] * 参见 plaint〔number〕The crowd was small in number. A number of people complained about the poor lighting in the museum.那群人的人数并不多。许多人抱怨博物馆照明不好〔bellyache〕To complain, especially in a whining manner.抱怨：抱怨，尤指以哀诉方式〔snivel〕To complain or whine tearfully.抽噎：流着泪抱怨或哭诉〔grouse〕A cause for complaint; a grievance.抱怨的原因；不满〔yammer〕The act of yammering.哭诉：抱怨或叫嚷的行为〔crybaby〕A person who cries or complains frequently with little cause.爱哭的人：经常不为什么原因而哭泣或抱怨的人〔precious〕"He had precious little right to complain"(James Agee)“他根本没有权利抱怨”(詹姆斯·艾吉)〔complaint〕An expression of pain, dissatisfaction, or resentment.抱怨：对疼痛、不满或怨恨的表达方式〔specifiable〕specifiable complaints.能具体详述的抱怨〔creak〕Middle English creken [croak, complain] 中古英语 creken [发牢骚，抱怨] 〔carping〕Naggingly critical or complaining.挑剔的：找岔子的或抱怨的〔except〕They didn't open their mouths except to complain.除了抱怨他们从不开口〔wowser〕Possibly from dialectal wow [to howl, complain] 可能源自 方言 wow [号哭，抱怨] 〔that〕The standard rule isthatthat should be used only to introduce a restrictive (or "defining") relative clause, which serves to identify the entity being talked about;in this useit should never be preceded by a comma.Thus, we sayThe house that Jack built has been torn down, where the clausethat Jack built tells which house was torn down, orI am looking for a book that is easy to read, wherethat is easy to read tells what kind of book is desired. Onlywhich is to be used with nonrestrictive (or "nondefining") clauses, which give additional information about an entity that has already been identified in the context;in this use,which is always preceded by a comma. Thus, we sayThe students in Chemistry 10 have been complaining about the textbook, which (not that ) is hard to follow. The clausewhich is hard to follow does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if it were omitted,we would know that the phrasethe textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 10. The use ofthat in nonrestrictive clauses like this, though once common in writing and still frequent in speech,is best avoided in formal style. ·Some grammarians have argued that symmetry requires thatwhich should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses, asthat is to be used only in restrictive clauses. Thus, they suggest that we should avoid sentences such asI need a book which will tell me all about city gardening, where the clausewhich will tell me all about city gardening indicates which sort of book is needed. Such use ofwhich is useful where two or more relative clauses are joined by and or or, as inIt is a philosophy in which the common man may find solace and which many have found reason to praise. Which is also preferred to introduce a restrictive relative clausewhen the preceding phrase itself contains athat, as inI can only give you that which I don't need (not that that I don't need ) or We want to assign only that book which will be most helpful (preferred tothat book that will be most helpful ). · That may be omitted in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the referent of the phrase preceding the clause. Thus, we may say eitherthe book that I was reading or the book I was reading, where the subject of the clause (I ) is not the referent of the phrase the book. Omission ofthat in these cases has sometimes been described as incorrect, but the practice is extremely common and has ample precedent in reputable writing. ·There have also been occasional objections to the omission ofthat in its use to introduce a subordinate clause, as inI think we should try again. But this usage is entirely idiomatic and is in fact favored with some of the verb phrases that can introduce such clauses:thus, one would more normally write 标准规则中，that 应只被用于引导限定性（或“确定的”）关系从句， 这些从句用于明确正被谈论的实体；在这种情况下，前面决不能有逗号。因此，我们说杰克建的房子已经拆毁了 ， 在这里，从句杰克所建的 指明哪幢房子被拆毁了， 或者我正在找一本易读的书 ， 在这里，易读的 指明哪类书是需要的。 只有which 用于非限定性（或“不确定的”）从句中， 为已经在上下文中定义的实体提供附加信息；在此用法中，which 之前总有逗号。 因此，我们说化学10班的学生一直在抱怨这课本，实在 （不是 that ) 是太难懂了 。 从句which is hard to follow 并不指明哪一课本被抱怨； 即使它被省略，我们也知道the textbook 指化学10班的课本。 That 象这样用于非限定性从句中， 虽然在写作中曾很普遍而且在口语中依然频繁出现，但在正式文体中最好避免使用。一些语法学家认为对称性要求which 应只用于非限定性从句中， 就象that 只用于限定性从句中。 因此，他们建议我们应该避免诸如我需要一本关于城市园艺的书 这样的句子， 这里从句which will tell me all about city gardening 指明需要何种书。 当两个或多个关系从句被and 或 or 连接时， which 的这种用法很有用， 如是哲学使普通人找到慰藉并使许多人有理由去称颂。 Which 也用作引导限定性关系从句，在当前置短语中含有that 时， 如我只能给你我不需要的东西 （不是 that that I don't need )或 我们只想分发那本最用的书 （好于that book that will be most helpful )。 当从句主语与从句前短语所指不一致时，that 在关系从句中可以省略。 因此，我们可以说the book that I was reading 或者 the book I was reading 。 在这里，从句主语(I )和短语 the book 的主语不同。 在这些情况下，that 的省略有时被认为是错误的， 但是这在实际中极普遍而且在规范写作中有充分的先例。对于that 用于引导从句时被省略偶然持有异议， 如在我认为我们应该再试一次 中。 但这种用法完全符合语法而且实际上有一些引导这样从句的短语支持；因此，可以正常应用 〔carp〕To find fault in a disagreeable way; complain fretfully.See Synonyms at quibble 吹毛求疵：以令人不快的方式挑刺；苦恼地抱怨 参见 quibble〔complaint〕A cause or reason for complaining; a grievance.抱怨的缘由：引起抱怨的原因；愤恨〔ombudswoman〕A woman who investigates complaints, reports findings, and mediates fair settlements between aggrieved persons such as consumers or students and an institution, an organization, or a company.女调查官，女巡视官：一个调查抱怨与不满，报告调查结果并调停事端的女人如在消费者或学生和一学校机构，组织或公司之间解决争端〔gripe〕Her petty complaints really gripe me.她唠叨的抱怨真的弄得我心烦〔remonstrance〕An expression of protest, complaint, or reproof, especially a formal statement of grievances.谏书：抗议，抱怨或者责备的表达，特别是抱怨的正式陈述〔Roth〕American writer whose witty and ironic fiction, including the comic novelPortnoy's Complaint (1969), concerns middle-class Jewish life. 罗斯，菲利普·米尔顿：(生于 1933) 美国作家，他诙谐讽刺的小说描写有关中产阶级犹太人的生活，如喜剧长篇小说《波特诺伊的抱怨》 （1969年）等 |
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