| 单词 | 抵制 |
| 释义 | 〔enormity〕"Beyond that,[Russia's] sheer enormity offered a defense against invaders that no European nation enjoyed" (W. Bruce Lincoln)“除此之外，仅[俄国] 广阔的疆域就为它自己提供了没有哪个欧洲国家能享用的抵制侵略者的防御能力” (W.布鲁斯·林肯)〔likewise〕"Some have little power to do good, and have likewise little strength to resist evil"(Samuel Johnson)“一个没有能力去做善事的人同样也没有力量抵制邪恶”(塞缪尔·约翰逊)〔Schuschnigg〕Austrian politician who as chancellor (1934-1938) resisted the German occupation of Austria.舒施尼格，库尔特·冯：(1897-1977) 奥地利政治家，他在任总理(1934-1938年）期间抵制德国占领奥地利〔Nathan〕American reformer who was a founder and director (1898-1917) of the National Consumer's League, which pressured industry by the threat of consumer boycotts to institute better working conditions.纳森，莫德：(1862-1946) 美国改革家，全国消费者联盟的创建者和领导者（1898-1917年），通过消费者抵制的威胁迫使工厂改善工作条件〔enmity〕 Antagonism is hostility that quickly results in active resistance, opposition, or contentiousness: Antagonism 是那种迅速导致积极抵制、反对或争议性的敌意： 〔native〕Autochthonous applies to what arises in the locality where it is foundand has not been exposed to or has resisted change from outside sources: Autochthonous 用于在发现地生长的，从未暴露给外界或者抵制外界资源引起的变化： 〔help〕To refrain from; avoid or resist. Used withcan or cannot : 控制；阻止或抵制。与Can 或 Cannot 连用： 〔proof〕Fully or successfully resistant; impervious. Often used in combination:耐…的，防…的：完全地或成功地抵制的；不能穿透的。常用于合成词中：〔counteract〕To oppose and mitigate the effects of by contrary action; check.See Synonyms at neutralize 抵制，抵消：以相反的行动使无效或减清效果；抵制 参见 neutralize〔antiterrorist〕Intended to prevent or counteract terrorism; counterterror:反恐怖主义的：阻止或抵制恐怖主义的；反恐怖的：〔die〕To resist against overwhelming, hopeless odds:顽固到底：抵制无希望的、可能性很小的条件：〔antitumor〕Counteracting or preventing the formation of malignant tumors; anticancer.抗肿瘤的，抗癌的：抵制或预防恶性肿瘤形成的；抗癌的〔lobby〕To try to influence the thinking of legislators or other public officials for or against a specific cause:游说：为了支持或抵制某项特定目标而努力影响立法者或其他官员的想法：〔chill〕A checking or dampening of enthusiasm, spirit, or joy:沮丧：热情、精神或快乐的抵制或降低：〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔counterplan〕A plan intended to counter or oppose another plan.反计划：意在抵制或抵消另一个计划的计划〔fend〕To make an effort to resist:抵抗：作出努力抵制：〔intrigue〕The introduction of the verbintrigue to mean "to arouse the interest or curiosity of" was initially resisted by writerson usage as an unneeded French substitute for available English words such asinterest, fascinate, or puzzle, but it now appears to be well established.Seventy-eight percent of the Usage Panel accepts it in the sentenceThe special-quota idea intrigues some legislators, who have asked a Washington think tank to evaluate it, whereas only 52 percent accepted it in a 1968 survey.意为“激起…的兴趣或好奇心”的动词intrigue 的引入， 最初遭到作家们的抵制，他们认为在用法上没有必要用法语词代替现成的英语词汇，例如interest，fascinate 或者 puzzle， 但是现在它已经被普遍认可。用法专题小组百分之七十八的成员认同它存在于句子特殊配额的意见吸引了一些立法者，他们要求华盛顿智囊团对此进行评价 中， 而在1986年的调查中只有百分之五十二的人同意〔stingy〕"He lived in the most penurious manner, and denied himself every indulgence" (William Godwin).“他以最简朴的方式生活着，抵制一切奢侈” （威廉·葛德文）。〔opposable〕Possible to oppose or resist.可对抗的：可能反对或抵制的〔cushion〕extra funds serving as a cushion against future inflation.作为抵制未来通货膨胀而进行缓冲的额外资金〔withstand〕To resist or endure successfully.耐得住，禁得起：成功地抵制住，忍受住〔Taft〕American politician. As a U.S. Senator from Ohio (1939-1953) he was an outspoken conservative who opposed many New Deal policies, resisted American involvement in NATO, and endorsed Joseph McCarthy's investigations of Communist infiltration.塔夫脱，罗伯特·阿方索：(1889-1953) 美国政治家。作为一名来自俄亥俄州的美国参议员(1939-1953年），他是一名直率的保守派成员，曾反对过许多“新政”政策，抵制过美国参与大西洋公约组织，并批准了约瑟夫·麦卡锡对共产党渗透的调查〔defend〕 Defend implies the taking of measures to repel an attack: Defend 含有采取措施抵制进攻的意思： 〔outface〕To defy or resist.公然反抗或抵制〔surveil〕Surveil has encountered the same kind of critical resistance that was once accorded to other back-formations such as diagnose and donate. It remains to be seen whether it too will eventually come to be regarded as useful and unexceptionable.Surveil 遇到了给与逆成词 diagnose 和 donate 的同样的批评性抵制。 它是否能被最后确认为有用的和无可指摘的，还在观望中〔join〕The two factions joined to oppose the measure.两个派别联合起来抵制这项措施〔wanderlust〕A very strong or irresistible impulse to travel.漫游癖：非常强的或无法抵制的旅游的欲望〔take〕To express opposition by argument; object to:反对：通过争辩来表示反对；抵制：〔permittivity〕A measure of the ability of a material to resist the formation of an electric field within it. Also called dielectric constant ,relative permittivity 介质常数，电容率：一种物质抵制在其内部建立的电场能力的量度 也作 dielectric constant,relative permittivity〔midwife〕The wordmidwife is the sort of word whose etymology is perfectly clear until one tries to figure it out.Wife would seem to refer to the woman giving birth, who is usually a wife,butmid ? A knowledge of older senses of words helps us with this puzzle.Wife in its earlier history meant "woman,” as it still did when the compoundmidwife was formed in Middle English (first recorded around 1300). Mid is probably a preposition, meaning "together with.”Thus amidwife was literally a "with woman" or "a woman who assists other women in childbirth.” Even though obstetrics has been rather resistant to midwifery until fairly recently,the etymology ofobstetric is rather similar, going back to the Latin wordobstetrīx, "a midwife,” from the verbobstāre, "to stand in front of,” and the feminine suffix -trix; theobstetrīx would thus literally stand in front of the baby. 单词midwife 属于那类语源看起来相当明了的词， 可当人们试着搞清楚时，才发现并不那么简单。Wife 似乎是指临产的妇女， 通常都身为人妇，但是mid 指的是什么呢？ 通过了解词语原有的含义我们可以解开这个谜。Wife 早期时意指“妇女”， 当midwife 这个复合词在中古英语中形成的时候它仍然有此含义（首次记载于1300年前后）。 Mid 有可能是个介词， 意为“与…在一起”。这样midwife 字面上的意思就是“与妇女在一起”或者“帮助临产妇女生产的妇女”。 虽然直到近期产科学还一直抵制助产术一词，但是obstetric 的语源却与其很相似。 它可以上溯到拉丁词语obstetrix 意为“接生者”， 该词由动词obstare “站在…的前面”再加上阴性后缀 -trix 构成； 于是obstetrix 这个词字面上的意思是站在婴儿前面的人 〔crucify〕a candidate who was crucified by the press.受新闻界抵制的候选人〔methotrexate〕A toxic antimetabolite, C20H 22N 8O 5, that acts as a folic acid antagonist to interfere with cellular reproduction and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and certain cancers. 甲氨蝶呤：一种有毒的抗代谢物，C20H 22N 8O 5，作为叶酸拮抗药抵制细胞繁殖，用于治疗牛皮癣和一些癌症 〔boycott〕To abstain from or unite with others in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with.抵制：拒绝或与其他人联合拒绝使用、购买或经销〔valid〕Convincing implies the power to dispel doubt or overcome resistance or opposition: Convincing 是指消除疑虑或克服抵制或反对的力量： 〔counterpoise〕To act against with an equal force or power; offset.抵消，抵制：以同等的力或权力来反对；抵制〔stout〕put up stout resistance to the proposal.对提议采取坚决的抵制态度〔insubordinate〕 Seditious applies principally to the treasonous stirring up of resistance or rebellion against a government: Seditious 主要用于以反叛方式挑起对政府的抵制或反叛： 〔resist〕To keep from giving in to or enjoying.按捺：抵制向…让步或享乐〔persuade〕"Pray what could induce him to commit so rash an action?” (Oliver Goldsmith).Oneprevails on somebody who resists: “请问是什么引导他做出如此轻率鲁莽的行动？” （奥利弗·戈德史密斯）。Prevail 用于指劝导抵制者： |
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