| 单词 | 拉丁词语 |
| 释义 | 〔pay〕Given the unpeaceful feelings one often has in paying bills or income taxes,it is difficult to believe that the wordpay ultimately derives from the Latin word pāx, "peace.” However, it is not the peace of the one who pays that is involved in this development of meaning.Frompāx, meaning "peace" and also "a settlement of hostilities,” was derived the word pācāre, "to impose a settlement on peoples or territories.” In Late Latinpācāre was extended in sense to mean "to appease.” The Old French wordpaiier that developed from Latin pācāre came to have the specific application "to pacify or satisfy a creditor,”a sense that came into Middle English along with the wordpaien (first recorded around the beginning of the 13th century), the ancestor of our wordpay. 人常常在支付帐单或收入调节税时有不安之感情，因而很难令人相信单词pay 来源于拉丁词语 pax “和平”。 但是，并不是支付人内心的平和与这个词意义的延伸意有关连。因为意思是“和平”和“敌视的和解”的单词pax 源于 pacare “给人民或领土以安宁”。 在后拉丁语中pacare 的意义被引申为“抚慰，使缓和。” 古法语单词paiier 来源于拉丁语 pacave， 后来开始具有“缓和、平息或使债主满意”这个具体用意，这种意思随同单词paien （大约在13世纪初首次记录）进入中世纪英语， 这个词就是单词pay 的前身 〔vermicelli〕We are now going to open an etymological can of worms by discussing the origin of the wordvermicelli. This word, like the food itself, is Italian in origin.Italianvermicelli is the plural of vermicello, a diminutive of verme, "worm,” from the Latin wordvermis, having the same sense. Perhaps you might prefer spaghetti instead;the wordspaghetti is derived from the Italian plural of the diminutive of spago, "string.” 现在我们将通过讨论vermicelli 这一词的词源来开一个关于蠕虫的词源学的罐子。 就象食物一词一样，这个词语从词源上来讲是一个意大利语。意大利语vermicelli 是 vermicello 这个 verme “蠕虫”的小词的复数， 源于与其具有相同含义的拉丁词语vermis 。 当然，你也可能提出意大利式细面条一词；spaghetti 一词源于 spago “细绳”的小词的意大利语复数 〔item〕The worditem seems to us to be very much a noun, whether it refers to an article in a collection or a bit of information.But it began its life in English (first recorded before 1398) as an adverbmeaning "moreover, also, in addition.”Item as typically used in front of each object listed in an inventory, as we might putalso. This use in English simply reflects a meaning of the word in Latin.However, it is easy to see howitem could be taken to stand for the thing that it preceded, and so we get, for example, the sense "an article included in an enumeration.”The first such usages are found in the 16th century,while the sense "a bit of information" is not found until the 19th century.In the 20th century we added a computer sense,a further addition toitem. 单词item 对我们来说只是一个名词， 它可以指一个文集中的一篇文章或者是一些信息。但是它的起源却是一个副词（最早见于1398年以前），意思为“此外，而且，同样”。Item 最典型是用在商品目录的每一个物品的前面， 就象我们使用also 一样。 这种用法反映在拉丁词语上仅有一个含义。然而，明白item 是怎样被用来代表它前面的事物是很容易的， 所以我们得到了像“文集中的一篇文章”等这种含义。这种用法最早见于16世纪，而含义“一些信息”一直到19世纪才被发现使用。在20世纪时，我们加了一个计算的含义，进一步形成了今天的item 〔midwife〕The wordmidwife is the sort of word whose etymology is perfectly clear until one tries to figure it out.Wife would seem to refer to the woman giving birth, who is usually a wife,butmid ? A knowledge of older senses of words helps us with this puzzle.Wife in its earlier history meant "woman,” as it still did when the compoundmidwife was formed in Middle English (first recorded around 1300). Mid is probably a preposition, meaning "together with.”Thus amidwife was literally a "with woman" or "a woman who assists other women in childbirth.” Even though obstetrics has been rather resistant to midwifery until fairly recently,the etymology ofobstetric is rather similar, going back to the Latin wordobstetrīx, "a midwife,” from the verbobstāre, "to stand in front of,” and the feminine suffix -trix; theobstetrīx would thus literally stand in front of the baby. 单词midwife 属于那类语源看起来相当明了的词， 可当人们试着搞清楚时，才发现并不那么简单。Wife 似乎是指临产的妇女， 通常都身为人妇，但是mid 指的是什么呢？ 通过了解词语原有的含义我们可以解开这个谜。Wife 早期时意指“妇女”， 当midwife 这个复合词在中古英语中形成的时候它仍然有此含义（首次记载于1300年前后）。 Mid 有可能是个介词， 意为“与…在一起”。这样midwife 字面上的意思就是“与妇女在一起”或者“帮助临产妇女生产的妇女”。 虽然直到近期产科学还一直抵制助产术一词，但是obstetric 的语源却与其很相似。 它可以上溯到拉丁词语obstetrix 意为“接生者”， 该词由动词obstare “站在…的前面”再加上阴性后缀 -trix 构成； 于是obstetrix 这个词字面上的意思是站在婴儿前面的人 〔larva〕The wordlarva referring to the newly hatched form of insects before they undergo metamorphosis comes from the Latin wordlārva, meaning "evil spirit, demon, devil.”To understand why this should be so,we need to know that the Latin word also was used for a terrifying mask,and it is this sense of the word that has come down to us.In Medieval Latinlarva could mean "mask or visor.” Larva is therefore an appropriate term for that stage of an insect's life during which its final form was still hidden or masked, and New Latinlārva was thus applied by Carolus Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist who originated our system of classifying plants and animals.The wordlarva is first recorded in English in its scientific sense in 1768, although it had been used in its "spirit" sense in 1651 and in a way that foreshadowed the usage by Linnaeus in 1691. larva 一词指昆虫在变形前刚孵化出来的幼虫， 来源于拉丁词larva ， 意为“邪恶的精灵，鬼怪，恶魔”。为了了解为什么，我们需要知道这个拉丁词语还用于指一种令人恐惧的面具，而且正是该词的这一层含义流传了下来。在中世纪的拉丁语中，larva 有“面具或面甲”的意思。 Larva 在形容昆虫成熟之前被隐藏或遮盖的这一段时期的时候，成为一个适合的名称， 这样新拉丁语的larva 一词首先由瑞典植物学家卡罗拉斯里纽斯赋予以上含义， 卡罗拉斯是首创动植物分类系统的第一人。虽然larva 一词在1651年曾经以其“精灵”一层意思被使用并在一定程度上预示了于1691年出现的里纽斯的用法，但是于1768年才以科学术语的形式首先在英语中出现的 〔caricature〕The history of the wordcaricature takes us back through the centuries to a time when the Romans occupied Gaul, offering the blessings of civilization to the Gaulsbut also borrowing from them as well.One such borrowing, the Gaulish word.karros, meaning "a wagon or cart,” became Latincarrus, "a Gallic type of wagon.” This Latin word has continued to roll through the English language,giving uscar, career, cargo, carry, and charge, among others. Caricature, another offspring of carrus, came to us via French from Italian,in whichcaricatura, the source of the French word, was derived from Italian caricare, "to load, burden, or exaggerate.” Caricare in turn came from Late Latin carricāre, "to load,” derived from the Romans' Gaulish borrowingcarrus. Caricature 一词的历史可上溯到很多世纪以前当古罗马人占领高卢的时候。 古罗马人给高卢人带去文明开化的好处，同时也从高卢人那里有所借鉴。其中一个借用语，即意为“运货马车或畜拉车”的高卢语词karros ， 演变成拉丁语carrus ，意为“一种高卢式运货马车”。 这一拉丁词语在英语中继续发展，使我们得到了car，career，cargo，carry 和 charge 等诸多词汇。 Caricature 是 carrus 的另一产物， 从意大利语经法语而演变过来的。演变过程中，做为法语词源的caricatura 是从意大利语，即意为“装货，使负重荷或夸张”的 caricare 衍生而来。 反过来，Caricare 源自后期拉丁语 carricare ，意为“装货”， 而它又衍生自古罗马人从高卢语中借来的carrus |
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