| 单词 | 拓荒者 |
| 释义 | 〔arrowroot〕The arrowroot is just one of many plants that the European settlers and explorers discovered in the New World.The Arawak, a people who formerly lived on the Caribbean Islands and continue to inhabit certain regions of Guiana, named this plantaru-aru, meaning "meal of meals,” so called because they thought very highly of the starchy, nutritious meal made from the arrowroot.The plant also had medicinal value because its tubers could be used to draw poison from wounds inflicted by poison arrows.The medicinal application of the roots provided the impetus for English speakers to remakearu-aru into arrowroot, first recorded in English in 1696. Folk etymology—the process by which an unfamiliar element in a word is changed to resemble a more familiar word,often one that is semantically associated with the word being refashioned—has triumphed once again,thus denying us the direct borrowing ofaru-aru and giving us arrowroot instead. 竹芋仅是欧洲探险家和拓荒者在新大陆发现的多种植物中的一种。曾居住在加勒比海各岛，现仍在圭亚那部分地区居住的阿拉瓦克人把这种植物称为aru-aru 意思是“餐中餐”， 这样称呼是因为他们非常看重这种用竹芋粉做成的淀粉状的，非常有营养的食物。这种植物同时还有医疗价值，因为其块茎可用来从毒箭箭伤处把毒吸出来。这种植物的医疗作用促使讲英语的人重新将aru-aru 命名为 arrowroot ，1696年首次在英语中予以记载。 词的通俗变化就是比较陌生的词被比较熟悉的词所替代的过程，常常是被一个语义上与被翻新的词有联系的词。这里，通俗词汇学又一次取得胜利，不允许我们直接借用aru-aru ，而是另给了我们一个 arrowroot 。 〔myth〕a star whose fame turned her into a myth; the pioneer myth of suburbia.名星的声誉使她变得神秘；郊区拓荒者的传奇〔pioneer〕Of, relating to, or characteristic of early settlers:开拓者的：拓荒者的与拓荒者有关的，有拓荒者特点的：〔Palmer〕English-born American graphic artist whose numerous lithographs for Currier and Ives expressed a spirit of optimism and adventure along the Western frontier.帕尔默，弗朗西丝·福罗拉·邦德：(1812-1876) 英国裔美国书画刻印艺术家，他的为柯里尔和艾夫斯作的大量平版印刷品表达了西部拓荒者的乐观和冒险精神〔Willamette〕A river, about 473 km (294 mi) long, of northwest Oregon flowing generally northward to the Columbia River near Portland. TheWillamette Valley, a fertile agricultural region, was first settled in the 1830's by pioneers traveling west along the Oregon Trail. 威拉米特河：美国俄勒冈西北部河流，长约473公里（合294英里），大体向北流入波特兰附近的哥伦比亚河。威廉米提河谷 是富饶的农业区，19世纪30年代，沿俄勒冈道西行的拓荒者首先在这一地区定居 〔Fink〕American frontiersman and folk hero known for his marksmanship, fighting skills, and braggadocio.芬克，麦克：(1770?-1822) 以枪法、斗技和吹牛而出名的美国拓荒者和民间英雄人物〔woolly〕Having the characteristics of the rough, generally lawless atmosphere of the American frontier:粗犷的，不受法律约束的：具有粗野的特征的，通常指美国拓荒者的无法律气氛的：〔Johnson〕British-born American pioneer and public official. In the French and Indian Wars he defeated the French at Lake George (1755) and captured Niagara (1759).约翰逊爵士，威廉：(1715-1774) 生于英国的美国拓荒者，政府官员。在英法七年战争中，他在乔治湖击败法军(1755年）并占领了尼亚加拉(1759年）〔oater〕A movie about frontier or cowboy life; a western.西部电影：关于拓荒者或牛仔生活的电影；西部片〔Burk〕American frontierswoman and legendary figure of the Wild West. Often dressed in men's clothing, she was reputed to be a crack shot and an expert rider.伯克，马莎·简：(1852?-1903) 美国女拓荒者和西部的传奇人物。她经常身着男装，被认为是一位神枪手和技艺高超的骑手〔Clark〕American military leader and frontiersman who led numerous raids on British troops and Native Americans in the Northwest Territory during the Revolutionary War.克拉克，乔治·罗杰斯：(1752-1818) 美国军事领袖和拓荒者，独立战争期间在西北地区领导了多次对英国军队和美国土著人的袭击〔Hoosier〕As the fame of Indiana basketball grows ever greater,perhaps a larger number of people have become curious about the origins of the wordHoosier, the nickname for a native or resident of Indiana. As more than one of the curious has discovered,the origins are rather opaque.The most likely possibility is thatHoosier is an alteration of hoozer, an English dialect word recorded in Cumberland,a former county of northwest England, in the late 19th century and used to refer to anything unusually large.The transition betweenhoozer and Hoosier is not clear. The first recorded instance ofHoosier meaning "Indiana resident" is dated 1826; however, it seems possible that senses of the word recorded later in theDictionary of Americanisms, including "a big, burly, uncouth specimen or individual; a frontiersman, countryman, rustic,”reflect the kind of use this word had before it settled down in Indiana.随着印第安纳州篮球的名声越来越响，也许很多人对Hoosier， 印第安纳州人或定居者的别称这个词的来源感到好奇。 正如若干好奇者所发现的那样，其来源非常隐晦。最大的可能性是Hoosier 是 hoozer 的变体， 这是记录于坎伯兰的英格兰方言，19世纪后期英格兰西北部以前的一个郡，用来指特别巨大的东西。Hoozer 和 Hoosier 之间的过渡并不清楚。 意思是“印第安那州居住者”的Hoosier 的首次记载是在1826年； 但是可能该词的解释后来收录于美国俗语词典 中， 包括“一个庞大的、粗壮的、野蛮的种类或个体；拓荒者，乡巴佬，庄稼人，”可能反映了它在落户印第安那之前所有的用法〔Bent〕American pioneer and fur trader who with his brotherWilliam (1809-1869) established Bent's Fort (1832), a principal trading post in the early Southwest. 本特，查尔斯：(1799-1847) 美国拓荒者及毛皮商人，与其兄弟威廉姆 （1809-1869年）共同建立本特堡垒（1832年），是早期西南部主要贸易站 〔Roberts〕American writer whose works, including the novelThe Great Meadow (1930), concern the pioneers and impoverished people of Kentucky and Virginia. 罗伯兹，伊丽莎白·马多克斯：(1886-1941) 美国作家，其作品包括涉及美国肯塔基和弗吉尼亚拓荒者和贫民的小说《大草原》 （1930年） 〔Bean〕American frontiersman in Texas who in 1881 appointed himself justice of the peace and handed down judgments based on one law book and one six-shooter.比恩，罗伊：(1825?-1903) 美国得克萨斯州拓荒者，1881年任命自己为治安法官，以一本法律书和一支六发式左轮手枪作为自己宣判的依据〔pioneer〕One who ventures into unknown or unclaimed territory to settle.拓荒者，开辟者：冒险进入不可知或无人占有的地方定居的人〔Chapman〕American pioneer and subject of many legends. He traveled widely in the Ohio River valley, planting apple seeds and pruning apple trees.查普曼，约翰：(1775?-1845) 美国拓荒者，也是许多传奇中的角色。他游历过俄亥俄河谷的广大地区，在那里种植苹果树苗、修剪苹果树〔Cutler〕American cleric, botanist, and pioneer noted for his study of New England flora and as a central figure in the settlement of the Ohio River valley.卡特勒，玛拿西：(1742-1823) 美国牧师、植物学家和拓荒者，以其对新英格兰植物群的研究而著称。他作为俄亥俄河河谷殖民地的中心人物而闻名〔trail〕the pioneers' trail across the prairies.拓荒者们穿越草原的路线〔lean〕a white-haired pioneer, her face gaunt from overwork and worry. 一位白发苍苍的拓荒者，由于过度劳累和担忧而面容憔悴 〔popcorn〕Popcorn is very much an American institution.Particularly enjoyed by people in the United States,it is grown as a native product and denoted by a word that is an Americanism,a word or expression that was first used in English in the United States.Popcorn, from the verb pop and the noun corn, fits these criteriabecause the first recorded use of the word is found inMemorable Days in America, an account written by the British traveler William Faux and published in London in 1823: "I crossed the Big Wabash . . . at La Valette's ferry,where is beautiful land . . . and two lonely families of naked-legged French settlersfrom whom I received two curious ears of poss corn.”Notice that either Faux misunderstood the termor the French settlers mispronounced it.This type of corn, introduced to the settlers by Native Americans,was long grown by them,little knowing that their benefaction would one day be consumed by countless moviegoers while watching Westerns.爆玉米是美洲人非常熟知的事物。尤其为美国人喜欢，这种作物被他们作为本地作物而大量种植并以一个美国单词来命名，这个词首先在美国被用于英语中。Popcorn 源于动词 pop 和名词 corn， 并且它适应这些标准，因为有关这个词的最早记录见于由英国旅行者威廉·福克斯所著的、1823年在伦敦出版的游记在美国的难忘日子 中，福克斯在其中写道： “我在瓦莱特码头渡过大沃巴什河，那儿有美丽的田地…及两个孤零零的法国家庭，他们都是赤脚的法国拓荒者，从他们那儿我得到了两根奇怪的玉米棒。”请注意，要么也许是福克斯误解了该词，要么也许是法国拓荒者发错了音。这种类型的玉米是美洲印第安人介绍给这些拓荒者的，且已被这些印第安人种植很久了，但他们几乎无法料到他们的施惠有一天会被无数电影观众一边嚼着一边看西部片。 |
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