| 单词 | 拜占庭 |
| 释义 | 〔Clearchus〕Spartan military leader and governor of Byzantium (408). His rule was so severe that the people surrendered the city to the Athenians in his absence.克利阿科斯：斯巴达军事领导人，拜占庭统治者（公元前408年）。其统治的严酷导致在他不在时，人民献城给雅典人〔Calabria〕A region of southern Italy forming the toe of the Italian "boot.” Founded as a Greek colony, it was taken by the Romans in 268b.c. and by the Byzantine Empire in the ninth century a.d. . 卡拉布里亚：意大利南部的一个地区，形成“靴”状意大利的脚趾部分。作为希腊的殖民地而建立，公元前 268年被罗马人所夺取， 公元 9世纪又被拜占庭帝国夺取 〔Istanbul〕The largest city of Turkey, in the northwest part of the country on both sides of the Bosporus at its entrance into the Sea of Marmara. Founded c. 660b.c. as Byzantium, it was renamed Constantinople in a.d. 330 by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire. The city was sacked by Crusaders in 1204 and taken by the Turks in 1453. Istanbul was chosen as the official name in 1930. Population, 2,772,708. 伊斯坦布尔，君士坦丁堡：土耳其最大的城市，位于该国的西北部、博斯普鲁斯海峡的两岸、马尔马拉海的入口处。于公元前 660年建时称作拜占庭， 公元 330年由君士坦丁大帝改名为君士坦丁堡，他把它定为东罗马帝国的首都，或君士坦丁帝国。1204年，该城被十字军掠夺，1453年被土耳其人占领。1930年，“伊斯坦布尔”被指定为官方名称。人口2,772,708 〔Amman〕The capital and largest city of Jordan, in the north-central part of the country. Occupying a site inhabited since prehistoric times, the city was known as Philadelphia while the Romans and Byzantines controlled it. Population, 777,500.安曼：约旦首都和全国最大城市，位于该国的中北部。这个地方史前时代就有人居住，罗马和拜占庭统治时期称为费拉德尔菲亚（费城），人口777,500〔iconoclast〕An iconoclast can be unpleasant company,but at least the modern iconoclast only attacks such things as ideas and institutions.The original iconoclasts destroyed countless works of art.Eikonoklastēs, the ancestor of our word, was first formed in Medieval Greek from the elements eikōn, "image, likeness,” and -klastēs, "breaker,” fromklan, "to break.” The images referred to by the word are religious images,which were the subject of controversy among Christians of the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries, when iconoclasm was at its height.Those who opposed images did not, of course, simply destroy them, although many were demolished;they also attempted to have the images barred from display and veneration.During the Protestant Reformationimages in churches were again felt to be idolatrous and were once more banned and destroyed.It is around this time thaticonoclast, the descendant of the Greek word, is first recorded in English (1641), with reference to the Greek iconoclasts.In the 19th centuryiconoclast took on the secular sense that it has today, as in "Kant was the great iconoclast" (James Martineau).亵渎偶像者可能令人生厌，但至少现代的偶像毁坏者只是攻击思想和制度这类东西。最初的偶像破坏者却毁掉了无数的艺术作品。Eikonoklastes 最早见于中世纪希腊语，是我们现代词的前身，由 eikon 意为“图象，相象”和 -klastes 意为“毁坏者”组成， 它又来源于klan “打碎”的意思。 此词所说的肖像是指宗教的肖像，8至9世纪当毁坏偶像主义在拜占庭帝国盛行时，宗教偶像成为基督教徒中争执的焦点。反对宗教肖像的人尽管销毁了不少画像，但这并不是他们唯一的形式，他们也试图禁止偶像展览和偶像崇拜。在新教改革时期，教堂里的宗教画像再次被认为是盲目崇拜而遭到禁止和毁灭。正是在这一时期iconoclast 一词开始作为希腊语的衍生词在英语中出现， 第一次记录于1641年。到19世纪，iconoclast 一词开始有了现代的含意， 比如在“康德是一位伟大的传统叛逆者”（詹姆士·马提诺）〔patrician〕Used as a title for members of a class of honorary nobility appointed by the Byzantine emperors.贵族称号：用作拜占庭皇帝授予贵族阶层成员的称号〔Samos〕An island of eastern Greece in the Aegean Sea off the western coast of Turkey. First inhabited in the Bronze Age, it was later colonized by Ionian Greeks and became an important commercial and maritime power in the sixth centuryb.c. Subsequently controlled by Persia, Athens, Sparta, Rome, Byzantium, and the Ottoman Empire, the island became part of modern-day Greece in 1913. 萨摩斯岛：希腊东部爱琴海上一岛屿，位于土耳其西岸附近。最早于青铜器时代就有人居住，后被爱奥尼亚希腊人殖民，在公元前 6世纪成为重要的商业和海上力量。先后被波斯、雅典、斯巴达、罗马、拜占庭和奥托曼帝国占领，1913年此岛成为今天希腊的一部分 〔Trabzon〕A city of northeast Turkey on the Black Sea. Founded in the eighth centuryb.c. , the city was part of the Roman, Byzantine, Trebizond, and Ottoman empires. Population, 108,403. 特拉布宗：土耳其东北部一城市，濒临黑海。始建于公元前 8世纪。这一城市是罗马、拜占庭、特拉彼宗特及奥特曼帝国的一部分。人口108,403 〔Euboea〕An island of central Greece in the Aegean Sea east of the mainland. It was settled by Ionian and Thracian colonists and was later controlled by Athens, Rome, Byzantium, Venice, and Turkey before becoming part of Greece in 1830.埃维厄岛（优比亚岛）：希腊中部大陆以东爱琴海上的一个岛屿。来自小亚细亚和色雷斯的殖民者首先在此定居，在1830变成希腊领土的一部分以前曾被雅典、罗马、拜占庭、威尼斯和土耳其统治〔Nicomedia〕An ancient city of northwest Asia Minor near the Bosporus in present-day Turkey. It flourished from 264b.c. until it was sacked by Goths in a.d. 258. Diocletian chose it for the capital of his Eastern Roman Empire, but it was soon superseded by Byzantium. 尼科美底亚：位于小亚细亚西北部的一座古城，在当今土耳其境内临博斯普鲁斯海峡。自公元前 264年开始兴盛直至 公元 258年被哥特人掠走。戴科里先将它定为东罗马帝国的首都。但不久又被拜占庭取代 〔Byzantine〕A native or inhabitant of Byzantium or the Byzantine Empire.拜占庭人：拜占庭城或拜占庭帝国的本土人、居民〔bezant〕from Medieval Latin Bȳzantius 源自 中世纪拉丁语 拜占庭 〔Heraclius〕Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (610-641) who captured Syria, Palestine, and Egypt from Persia (613-628) but lost them all to Moslem invaders (635-641).赫拉克利乌斯：拜占庭帝国的皇帝(610-641年），他从波斯手中夺取了叙利亚、巴勒斯坦和埃及(613-628年），但又被穆斯林侵略者夺走(635-641年）〔marzipan〕from Arabic mawAabān [king on the throne, Byzantine coin with enthroned Christ figure] 源自 阿拉伯语 mawAabān [在位的国王，铸有基督坐像的拜占庭硬币] 〔Sardis〕An ancient city of western Asia Minor northeast of modern-day Izmir, Turkey. As the capital of Lydia it was the political and cultural center of Asia Minor from 650 to c. 550b.c. and remained an important city during Roman and Byzantine times. Sardis was destroyed by Tamerlane in 1402. 萨迪斯：小亚细亚西部的一座古城，位于今天的土耳其伊兹密尔东北，作为吕底亚的首都，该城从公元前 650至550年一直为小亚细亚的政治、文化中心，在罗马与拜占庭时代，该城仍是一重要城市，萨迪斯于1402年被帖木儿汗摧毁 〔Rome〕The capital and largest city of Italy, in the west-central part of the country on the Tiber River. Traditionally founded by Romulus and Remus, it was ruled first by Etruscans, who were overthrown c. 500b.c. The Roman Republic gradually extended its territory and expanded its influence, giving way to the Roman Empire during the reign of Augustus (27 b.c. - a.d. 14). As capital of the empire, Rome was considered the center of the known world, but the city declined when Constantine transferred his capital to Byzantium (323). Alaric I conquered the city in 410, leading to a lengthy period of devastation by barbarian tribes. In the Middle Ages the city revived as the spiritual and temporal power of the papacy increased. During the 1800's Rome was held at various times by the French until it became the capital of Italy in 1871. Vatican City remains an independent enclave within the confines of Rome. Population, 2,830,569. 罗马：意大利的首都及最大城市，在该国中西部，濒临台伯河。传统上认为罗马由罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯创建，伊特鲁里亚人最先统治罗马，并于公元前 500年被推翻。罗马共和国逐渐扩展领土和扩大势力，在奥古斯都( 公元前 27年- 公元 14年）统治时期成为罗马帝国。罗马作为帝国的首都，被认为是世界的中心，当康斯坦丁把国都迁往拜占庭后(323年），罗马衰落了。阿拉里克一世于410年征服了罗马从而使野蛮部落给罗马带来长期毁灭性的灾难。中世纪时，随着教皇宗教和世俗权力的上升，罗马又恢复了生机。19世纪期间，罗马不时受到法国人的统治，直至1871成为意大利的首都。梵蒂冈仍为罗马境内独立的外国领地。人口2,830,569 〔bezant〕from Latin [of Byzantium] 源自 拉丁语 [拜占庭的] 〔Thrace〕A region and ancient country of the southeast Balkan Peninsula north of the Aegean Sea. In ancient times it extended as far north as the Danube River. The region was colonized by Greeks in the seventh centuryb.c. and later passed under the control of Rome, Byzantium, and Ottoman Turkey. Northern Thrace was annexed by Bulgaria in 1885, and eastern Thrace passed to Turkey in 1923. 色雷斯：巴尔干半岛东南部一地区和古国，位于爱琴海北部。在古代它一直延伸到多瑙河。这一地区在公元前 7世纪为希腊占有，后为罗马人，拜占庭和奥斯曼土耳其所统治。北色雷斯于1885年并入保加利亚，东色雷斯在1923年并入土耳其 〔Byzantine〕Of the painting and decorative style developed in the Byzantine Empire, characterized by formality of design, frontal stylized presentation of figures, rich use of color, especially gold, and generally religious subject matter.属于拜占庭风格的：属于拜占庭帝国发展起来的绘画和装饰风格的，主要特征有：在设计上注重形式，其形状多为正面的，大量使用颜料，尤其是金黄色，通常以宗教为主题〔Byzantine〕Of or relating to the Byzantine Empire.拜占庭帝国的：拜占庭帝国的或与其有关的〔Erzurum〕A city of eastern Turkey east of Ankara. It was known in the fifth centurya.d. as an important Byzantine frontier post. Population, 190,241. 埃尔斯伦：土耳其东部一城市，位于安卡拉东部。公元 15世纪时作为拜占庭帝国的边境贸易站而闻名。人口190,241 〔Sliven〕A city of east-central Bulgaria east of Sofia. Contested by Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire in medieval times and by Russia and Turkey in the 19th century, it is now a textile center with varied industries. Population, 104,000.斯利文：保加利亚中东部一城市，位于索非亚市以东。中世纪时是保加利亚和拜占庭帝国争夺的地方，19世纪俄国和土耳其为之角逐，现在为一纺织业中心，有多种工业。人口104,000〔Byzantine〕Of or belonging to the style of architecture developed from the fifth centurya.d. in the Byzantine Empire, characterized by a central dome resting on a cube formed by four round arches and their pendentives and by the extensive use of surface decoration, especially veined marble panels, low relief carving, and colored glass mosaics. 具有拜占庭风格的：公元 5世纪在拜占庭帝国发展起来的建筑风格的，这种建筑风格的主要特征是在由四个圆拱及其三角穹隆形成的立方体结构上有一中心圆顶，且在建筑物表面上大量装饰，特别是在大理石方格上镂出纹理、塑出低度浮雕以及用彩色玻璃镶嵌 〔Hamadan〕A city of western Iran west-southwest of Tehran. An ancient city, it was captured by Alexander the Great in 330b.c. and later ruled by Seleucid kings, Romans, Byzantines, and Arabs (after a.d. 645). Population, 234,000. 哈马丹：伊朗西部城市，位于德黑兰的西南偏西。它是一座古城，公元前 330年被亚历山大大帝征服，后来被塞琉西地国王、罗马、拜占庭以及阿拉伯( 公元 645年以后）统治。人口234,000 〔Phrygia〕An ancient region of central Asia Minor in modern-day central Turkey. It was settled c. 1200b.c. and flourished from the eighth to the sixth century, after which it came under the influence of Lydia, Persia, Greece, Rome, and Byzantium. 弗里吉亚：小亚细亚中部一古代地区，位于今天的土耳其中部。从公元前1200年起就有人定居，并从公元前 8世纪到6世纪繁荣一时，之后受到吕底亚古国、波斯、希腊、罗马和拜占庭的统治 〔Trebizond〕A former Greek empire occupying much of the land bordering the Black Sea. It was founded as an offshoot of the Byzantine Empire by Alexius I Comnenus in 1204 and retained its autonomy until it was conquered by Ottoman Turks in 1461.特拉勃森：古希腊的一个帝国，曾占据了黑海附近的大片土地。1204年作为拜占庭帝国的一个分支，阿列克塞一世康尼努斯建立了该帝国，在1461年被奥斯曼土耳其帝国征服以前一直保持自治〔architecture〕Byzantine architecture.拜占庭建筑式样〔Romagna〕A historical region of north-central Italy. It was the center of Byzantine influence in Italy and later came under papal rule. The region now forms part of Emilia-Romagna.罗马涅区：意大利中北部一历史地区，该地区曾是拜占庭帝国在意大利的势力中心，后来受教皇统治，现为艾米利亚-罗马涅区的一部分〔palatine〕Used as a title for various administrative officials of the late Roman and Byzantine empires.宫廷官吏：用来作为各种各样管理官员的头衔，在罗马和拜占庭帝国后期〔despot〕A Byzantine emperor or prince.君主：一个拜占庭帝国皇帝或王子〔Giotto〕Florentine painter, architect, and sculptor. Considered the greatest painter of pre-Renaissance Italy, he turned from the formulaic Byzantine style to a more natural representation of human expression and movement.乔托：佛罗伦萨画家、建筑师和雕塑家。被认为是文艺复兴之前意大利最伟大的画家，他从拜占庭形式化的风格转向对人类的表情和动作的更自然表现〔Cimabue〕Italian painter trained in the Byzantine style and considered the first master of the Florentine school.契马布埃，乔瓦尼：(1240?-1302?) 受训于拜占庭风格的意大利画家，被认为是佛罗伦萨学院的首任校长〔Belisarius〕Byzantine general under Emperor Justinian I who led campaigns against the barbarians in North Africa and Italy.贝里萨留斯：查士丁尼一世大帝部下的拜占庭将军，他率领了反击北部非洲野蛮人和意大利的战役〔Iberia〕An ancient country of Transcaucasia roughly equivalent to the eastern part of present-day Georgia. Iberia was allied to Rome and later ruled by a Persian dynasty. It became a Byzantine province in the sixth centurya.d. 伊比利亚：外高加索的一个古代国家。大体相当于现在的格鲁吉亚的东部；伊比利亚曾经和罗马联盟，后来被波斯帝国统治。在公元前 6世纪成为拜占庭的一个省 〔Sivas〕A city of central Turkey east of Ankara. An important city of Asia Minor under the Romans, Byzantines, and Seljuk Turks, it was sacked by Tamerlane in 1400 and fell to the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century. Population, 172,864.西瓦斯：土耳其中部一城市，位于安卡拉东部。在罗马、拜占庭、塞尔柱突厥部落的统治下，该城市都是小亚细亚的重要城市。1400年，该城市被泰摩兰洗劫，并于15世纪落入奥斯曼土耳其统治之下。人口172,864〔Sofia〕The capital and largest city of Bulgaria, in the west-central part of the country. Originally a Thracian settlement, it passed over the centuries to Rome, Byzantium, two Bulgarian kingdoms, Ottoman Turkey, and Russia. In 1879 it became the capital of independent Bulgaria. Population, 1,102,100.索非亚：保加利亚首都和最大城市，位于保加利亚中西部。最初是色雷斯人的一个定居点，在几个世纪之间，先后属于罗马、拜占庭、两个保加利亚王国、奥斯曼土耳其和俄国。于1879年成为独立的保加利亚首都。人口1,102,100〔Procopius〕Byzantine historian during the reign of Justinian I. He wrote histories of the Persian, Vandal, and Gothic wars andAnecdota, an attack on Justinian. 普罗科匹厄斯：查士丁尼一世统治时期的拜占庭历史学家，写了关于波斯人、汪达尔人和哥特人的战争的史书和著作《秘史》 以攻击查士丁尼 〔Ravenna〕A city of northeast Italy near the Adriatic Sea northeast of Florence. An important naval station in Roman times, it was an Ostrogoth capital in the fifth and sixth centuriesa.d. and the center of Byzantine power in Italy from the late sixth century until c. 750, when it was conquered by the Lombards. Ravenna eventually became part of the papal dominions and was included in the kingdom of Italy in 1860. Population, 101,000. 拉文纳：意大利东北部邻亚德里亚海的一城市，位于佛罗伦萨市东北。罗马时代是一重要海军基地公元 5到6世纪是东哥特人王国的首都，从6世纪末到公元750年是拜占庭帝国在意大利的中心城市，公元750年被伦巴底族人征服。拉文纳最后成为教皇领地，1860年并入意大利王国，人口101,000 〔exarch〕The ruler of a province in the Byzantine Empire.总督：拜占庭帝国一个省的统治者〔Romanesque〕Of, relating to, or being a style of European architecture containing both Roman and Byzantine elements, prevalent especially in the 11th and 12th centuries and characterized by thick walls, barrel vaults, and relatively unrefined ornamentation.罗马式的：属于、有关或具有一种包含了古罗马和拜占庭特色的欧洲建筑风格的，该风格尤盛行于11世纪和12世纪，特点为包括厚实的墙、筒珙穹顶及相对不精细的装饰品 |
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