| 单词 | 指称 |
| 释义 | 〔Asian〕The termAsian is now preferred for persons of South and East Asian ancestry (Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, Indonesians, Filipinos, and others) in place of the term Oriental, an older usage that denotes some of these groups.Oriental has been objected to on two grounds: because it suggests racial, rather than cultural identity,and because it identifies the place of origin in terms of its location relative to the West (i.e., "from the East"), rather than in absolute terms.这个名称亚洲 现在用来称呼南亚和东亚人的后裔（包括印度人，东南亚人，中国人，朝鲜人，日本人，印尼人，菲律宾人和其他人），而不用 oriental， 这是一个老的用法，用来指这些亚洲人中的一些人。反对使用oriental 这个词有两个理由： 因为它暗示着种族的而非文化的特征，还因为它把人与相对于西方（如“来自东方”）的出生地混为一谈，而不以很清楚的名称指称。〔Kanaka〕Kanaka, which simply means "human being" in Hawaiian, is mostly found today in historical contextsand is not usually appropriate in ordinary discourse.As with many terms that refer to ethnic identity,Kanaka can suggest ethnic pride in some contexts while in others it may be taken as derogatory.Kanaka 在夏威夷语中意思是“人”。 现今该词主要在历史语境中出现，通常不适用于普通的交谈中。正如许多指称种族特性的术语，Kanaka 在某些语境中含有种族自豪的意思， 而在另一些语境中也许被当作贬义语〔singular〕Of, relating to, or being a noun, pronoun, or adjective denoting a single person or thing or several entities considered as a single unit.单数的：指称一个人或物或作为一个个体的几个实体的名词、介词或形容词的或与之相关的〔referent〕Something that refers, especially a linguistic item in its capacity of referring to a meaning.能指事物：能指称之物，特指有能够指称某种意思的能力的一语言成份〔deixis〕The function of a deictic word in specifying its referent in a given context.指示：在所给的上下文中，指称字的功用：明确指出它的指示名词〔shipping〕The body of ships belonging to one port, industry, or country, often referred to in aggregate tonnage.船舶总量：属于一个港口、行业或国家的一批船只，经常用总吨位指称〔Yankee〕Yankee is an excellent example of a widely known word whose origins cannot be determined. The best hypothesis is thatYankee comes from Dutch Janke, a nickname forJan, "John.” Evidence can be found in theOxford English Dictionary that the forms Yankey, Yanky, and Yankee were used as surnames or nicknames in the 17th century. The wordYankee is first found in one of our modern senses in 1758, the sense being "a New Englander.” The 17th-century nickname forJan was derisive, and the first instances of our word show the term being used derisively by the British for New Englanders.After the Battle of Lexington (1775) New Englanders dignified the name.The British were responsible for application of the term to all Americans (a use first recorded around 1784);and Southerners, for application of the term to Northerners (first recorded in 1817).Yankee 是一个广为人知但来源不明的单词的极好例证。 最好的假设是Yankee 来自于荷兰语 Janke, 是Jan “约翰”的浑名。 从《牛津英语字典》 可以找到证据证明 Yankey,Yanky 和 Yankee 这些形式在17世纪曾被用作姓氏或浑名。 Yankee 一词的第一个现代意义出现于1758年，即“新英格兰人”。 17世纪Jan 的浑名含有嘲弄意味， 该词的第一例用法也说明英国人用它来嘲弄新英格兰人。在莱克星顿战役(1775年）后，新英格兰人赋于了它尊严与荣誉。英国人用该词来指称所有美国人（首次出现于1784年）；美国南方人则用它指称北方人（首次出现于1817年）〔Paki〕Used as a disparaging term for a person from Pakistan or neighboring countries or for the descendant of such a person.巴基斯坦人：贬抑的名词，用来指称巴基斯坦与来自临近国家的人或其后裔〔tin〕The history of the wordtin may take us back to a time before Europe had been settled by speakers of Indo-European languages, such as the Germanic and Celtic languages. Related words for this metal are found in almost all Germanic languages,such as GermanZinn, Swedish tenn, and Old English tin (as in Modern English), but no other Indo-European language family has such a word.The word may have been borrowed into the Germanic languages from a pre-Indo-European language of Western Europe.Such borrowing is supported by the factthat during the Bronze Age the Near East imported most of its tin and copper from Europe, where the metals were produced and metal objects were manufactured.Lest we be too amazed by this accomplishment,we might remember another remarkable achievement of pre-Indo-European society, the construction of huge megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge.单词tin 的历史可以把我们带回讲印欧语系语言（如日耳曼和凯尔特语）的民族在欧洲定居以前的那个时代。 在几乎所有的日耳曼语言中都可以找到指称这种金属的相关词，如德语中的zinn ，瑞典语中的 tenn 以及古代英语中的 tin （与现代英语一样）， 但是其它印欧语系语言中都没有这样的一个词。这个词可能是从西欧的前印欧语系语言借入日耳曼语的。这种转借是有据可依的，因为在青铜时代近东地区的大多数锡和铜都是从生产金属和金属器具的欧洲输入的。我们可能对当时欧洲的这种成就感到惊异，但是如果我们想到前印欧语系社会的另一个杰出成就——大型巨石纪念碑，如巨石阵的建造，我们就不会感到那么奇怪了〔style〕To call or name; designate:称呼：称为，叫做；指称： |
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