| 单词 | 按照 |
| 释义 | 〔order〕According to the buyer's specifications.按照买方提出的标准〔Krasnodar〕A city of southern European U.S.S.R. in the northern Caucasus south of Rostov. Founded by Cossacks on orders from Catherine II in 1794, it is now an industrial center. Population, 609,000.克拉斯诺达尔：苏联南欧部分一城市，位于高加索北部、罗斯托夫以南。1794年，由哥萨克人按照凯瑟琳二世的命令修建，现在是一个工业中心。人口609,000〔follow〕Though he disapproves of violence, it doesn't follow that he won't defend himself. Tosucceed is to come next after another in time or order, especially in planned order determined by considerations such as rank, inheritance, or election: 尽管他反对使用暴力，但这并不意味着他不保护自己。 Succeed 是一个接一个按时间或顺序产生， 尤其是按照如军衔、遗传或选举等考虑计划好的顺序： 〔humor〕To comply with the wishes or ideas of; indulge.迎合，迁就：按照（某人的）希望或打算；放纵〔turn〕Not in the proper order or sequence.未按照正当的次序或顺序地〔topical〕Of, arranged by, or relating to a particular topic or topics.主题的；话题的：主题的；按照主题进行安排的；与某主题有关的〔play〕To behave according to the accepted customs or standards.遵守规则：按照被接受的习惯或标准行事〔parallel〕In its mathematical usageparallel is an absolute term— two lines either do or do not intersect—and as such does not admit of qualification as to degree.Some grammarians have arguedthat this restriction should apply as well to nontechnical uses of the word.According to this logic,one may not sayThe two roads have been made more parallel, except perhaps as a loose way of saying what is rendered more precisely by expressions such asmore nearly parallel. Like the analogous objection that has been made to the comparison ofequal, the point betrays a misconception about the relation between mathematical concepts and their ordinary-language equivalents.Applied to objects in the world,parallel can only denote a rough approximation to a geometric ideal. A pair of rails or parked cars cannot be truly parallel in the mathematician's sense of the termbut only more or less so,just as a road or shelf cannot be truly straight in the geometric sensebut nonetheless may be described as very straight or relatively straight.The grammarians' compunctions make even less sense when applied to metaphorical uses ofparallel, as inThe difficulties faced by the Republicans are quite parallel to those that confronted the Democrats four years ago, in which the intended meaning has nothing to do with the possibility of intersectionbut instead suggests the structural correspondence of two distinct situations.In this sense, parallelism is clearly a matter of degreeand the wordparallel can be modified accordingly. See Usage Note at equal ,perfect ,unique 在数学用法中，parallel 是一个绝对的表达法—— 两条线要么相交，要么就不相交——它既没有限定性也没有程度差别。一些语法学家曾提出，这种限制也应该适用于该词在非科技方面的用法，按照这种逻辑，人们不能说这两条路已被修得更加平行了， 除非作为用例如更接近于平行 这样的表达方法更精确地表示的东西的不够精确的说出方法。 象对equal 的比较所做的类似反对一样， 这个观点使数学概念与普通用语中等价词之间的关系引起误解。当运用到世间的实物时，parellel 仅能指与几何理想状态大致接近的状况。 一对铁轨或停放的车辆不可能按数学家对于这个术语的理解来真正地相互并行，而不过是大致平行而已，正如公路和架子不可能是真正几何意义上的笔直，但仍可被描绘成很直的或相对而言的笔直。在用到parallel 的比喻用法时，语法学家的不安就更显得意义不大了， 例如：共和党人所面临的重重困难与四年前民主党人遇到的困难十分相似， 在这句话中，该词的引申意义与相交的可能性毫无关系，然而它暗指了两种不同情况结构上的一致。在此意义上，相似性明显是程度的问题，相应地，parallel 一词也能被其它词限定修饰了。 参见 equal,perfect,unique〔coastwise〕Along, by way of, or following a coast:沿海岸方向：沿着、取道或按照海岸：〔seriate〕Arranged or occurring in a series or in rows.顺序排列的：按照一系列或一排排列或发生的〔synchronize〕To cause to occur or operate with exact coincidence in time or rate:使同步：使按照完全相同的时间或速度出现或运作：〔canoness〕A member of a religious community of women living under a common rule but not bound by vows.女牧师会会员：按照一种教规生活但并不受宣誓约束的一个由女子组成的宗教团体的成员〔innerwear〕Clothing, such as lingerie, designed to be worn next to the skin.内衣：按照设计贴皮肤穿的衣服，例如女内衣〔term〕In relation to; with reference to:根据：按照；就…而言：〔originalism〕The belief that the U.S. Constitution should be interpreted according to the intent of those who composed and adopted it.原信念：认为美国的宪法应该按照那些编写它和采纳它的人们的意图来进行解释和说明的一种观念〔term〕"facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationships, instead of evolving haphazardly"(Wharton Magazine)“按照其内在的关系来营造设施以防止其产生灾难性的进展”(沃顿杂志)〔act〕We acted immediately. The governor has not yet acted on the bill.我们马上行动。州长还没有按照法案行事〔methodize〕To reduce to or organize according to a method; systematize.使有条理：使条理化或按照一定条理来组织；使系统化〔psychodynamics〕(used with a sing. verb)The study of personality and behavior in terms of such processes.（与单数动词连用）精神动力学：按照这种过程进行的对性格和行为的研究〔old〕Come back any old time. Don't give me any ol' excuse.按照原定时间回来。别又跟我提那个借口〔take〕To choose and then adopt (a particular route or direction) while on foot or while operating a vehicle:选择特定的路线或方向：走路或驾驶一辆运载工具时先选择然后按照（某一特定的路线或方向）前进：〔biblical〕Being in keeping with the nature of the Bible, especially:按照《圣经》的：主要指与圣经的精神相一致的，尤指：〔rally〕A competition in which automobiles are driven over public roads and under normal traffic regulations but with specified rules as to speed, time, and route.公路车赛：一种汽车赛，比赛中车辆在公路上按照正常的交通规则行驶但对速度、时间和路线有特殊的要求〔canon〕A member of certain religious communities living under a common rule and bound by vows.教士会会员：按照一种共同的教规生活并且受到其宣誓约束的某些宗教团体的成员〔intestate〕Not disposed of by a legal will:无遗嘱嘱明处置的：没有按照合法遗嘱处理的：〔magistral〕Prepared as specified by a physician's prescription. Used of medicine.按处方配制的：按照医生的药方特殊配制的。用于医药方面〔light〕acted according to their own lights.按照他们自己的方式行事〔weight〕According to weight rather than volume or other measure.按重量：按照重量而不是容积或其它计量法〔benefit〕A payment made or an entitlement available in accordance with a wage agreement, an insurance policy, or a public assistance program.津贴，救济金，保险费：按照工资协议、保险单或公共救助计划提供的费用或权利〔vaquero〕Used chiefly in southwest and central Texas to mean a ranch hand or cowboy,the wordvaquero is a direct loan from Spanish; that is, it is spelled and pronounced, even by English speakers, much as it would be in Spanish.In California, however, the same word was Anglicized tobuckaroo. Craig M. Carver, author ofAmerican Regional Dialects, points out that the two words also reflect cultural differences between cattlemen in Texas and California.The Texas vaquero was typically a bachelor who hired on with different outfits,while the California buckaroo usually stayed on the same ranch where he was born or had grown up and raised his own family there.主要用于得克萨斯西南部和中部，指经营牧场的人或牧童，vaquero 这个词是直接从西班牙语引借过来的； 就是说，即使是说英语的人，拼写和发音这个词也按照西班牙语的方式。然而在加利福尼亚同一个单词被英化成buckaroo。 克雷格·M·卡弗尔，美国区域性方言 的作者， 指出这两个词反应出得克萨斯和加利福尼亚两地牧民之间文化上的差异。得克萨斯的牧童特指在不同牧场上雇佣的单身汉，但是加利福尼亚的牧人通常指呆在他出生或长大并建立自己家园的同一牧场上〔unscripted〕Not adhering to or in accordance with a script written beforehand:不拘泥于或不按照预先写好的一个稿子的：〔beneficiary〕The recipient of funds, property, or other benefits, as from an insurance policy or will.受益人：基金、财产或其他好处的接受人，如按照保险单或遗嘱而得的〔sculpture〕To fashion (stone, bronze, or wood, for example) into a three-dimensional figure.雕塑：把（例如石头、青铜或者木头）按照三维空间的形式塑造成型〔lead〕To start a dance step on a specified foot.起舞：按照特定的节拍开始一舞步〔unscripted〕"his unscripted encounters with the press"(Eleanor Clift)“他在与新闻界的接触中示按照他先前所写的稿子来讲话”(埃莉诺·克利夫特)〔imitate〕 imitate is to act like or follow a pattern or style set by another: imitate 是象或按照其他人设立的方式或风格去做： 〔Platonic〕Plato did not invent the term or the concept that bears his name,but he did see sexual desire as the germ for higher loves.Marsilio Ficino, a Renaissance follower of Plato,used the termsamor socraticus and amor platonicus interchangeably for a love between two human beings that was preparatory for the love of God. From Ficino's usagePlatonic (already present in English as an adjective to describe what related to Platoand first recorded in 1533) came to be used for a spiritual love between persons of opposite sexes.In our own centuryPlatonic has been used of relationships between members of the same sex. Though the concept is an elevated one,the term has perhaps more often been applied in waysthat led Samuel Richardson to have one of his characters inPamela say, "I am convinced, and always was, that Platonic love is Platonic nonsense.”柏拉图并没有发明带有他名字的术语或概念，但他的确将性欲看作更高层次爱的根源。文艺复兴时期柏拉图的信徒马尔西利奥·菲奇诺，交替地使用术语amor socraticus 和 amor platonicus 表示为上帝之爱准备的两个人之间的爱。 按照菲奇诺的用法Platonic （已作为一个形容词在英语中出现， 描述与柏拉图有关的事物，首次记录于1533年）逐渐被用来指异性之间的精神恋爱。在我们这个世纪,Platonic 已用于指同性伙伴之间的关系。 尽管这个词的概念是高尚的，但这个术语可能被更多地应用于一些方式，其导致塞缪尔·理查森让他的小说帕美勒 中的人物说： “我确信，而且一直确信，柏拉图式的恋爱是柏拉图的胡言乱语”〔Calydon〕An ancient city of west-central Greece north of the Gulf of Patras. According to legend, the Calydonian boar, a gigantic beast sent by Artemis to devastate the city, was slain by Meleager, the son of the king of Calydon.卡里顿：希腊中西部的一座古代城市，位于帕特雷海湾北部。按照传说，卡里顿野猪，一头由阿耳忒弥斯所送的旨在摧毁这座城市的巨大野兽，被卡里顿国王之子梅利吉尔杀死〔letter〕To the last detail; exactly:严格按照文字；精确地：〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect |
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