| 单词 | 推测 |
| 释义 | 〔guess〕To predict (a result or an event) without sufficient information.推测：没有足够的材料而预言（某一结果或事件）〔profane〕"Researchers have speculated that in years past people with [certain neurological disorders] were burned at the stake as witches for their unbridled use of blasphemous language" (Jay Siwek).“研究人员推测在过去的日子里， 人们被缚在火刑柱上当作女巫烧死，因为他们毫无节制地使用渎神的语言” （杰伊·西韦克）。〔speculation〕A conclusion, an opinion, or a theory reached by conjecture.推论，推断：通过推测得到的结论、观点或理论〔closet〕Based on theory and speculation rather than practice.不实际的：建于理论和推测之上而非实践的〔infer〕To reason from circumstance; surmise:猜想，推理：由特定情况可以推测；臆测：〔model〕A schematic description of a system, theory, or phenomenon that accounts for its known or inferred properties and may be used for further study of its characteristics:模式，图解：系统、理论或现象的图解性的描述，用来描绘其已知的或推测性质的特性，也可能用于深入研究它们的特点：〔could〕Used with hypothetical or conditional force:用来表推测或条件：〔presume〕To take for granted as being true in the absence of proof to the contrary.推测，假定：在没有证据证明是相反的情况下想当然是正确的〔surmise〕To make a guess or conjecture.See Synonyms at conjecture 推测或猜想 参见 conjecture〔ballyhoo〕The origin ofballyhoo has been the subject of much speculation. This spelling has actually graced four different words:ballyhoo, "sensational advertising"; ballyhoo, a spelling of balao, a kind of fish; ballyhoo, a part of the name ballyhoo bird, about which more later; andballyhoo, a sailor's epithet for a disliked ship. This lastballyhoo (first recorded in 1836) was thought to be related to, or the same as, the word ballahou, from Spanishbalahú, "a type of schooner common in the Antilles.” First recorded in 1867,ballahou, besides being a term for a specific kind of ship, was also used contemptuously of inferior ships.But the connection between these sailing terms or the name of the fish and our wordballyhoo, first recorded in 1901, has not been established. There may, however, be a tie betweenballyhoo and the creature called a ballyhoo bird. According to a July 1880 article inHarper's, the bird had four wings and two heads and could whistle through one bill while singing through the other.Anyone who has ever hunted a snipe will know what hunting ballyhoo birds was like.单词ballyhoo 的来源一直存在种种推测。 这个词的拼写实际上包含有四个不同的词：ballyhoo， 意为“耸人听闻的广告”； ballyhoo， 是 balao 的一种拼写，是一种鱼； ballyhoo， 是 ballyhoo bird 的一部分,其出现更晚； 还有一个是ballyhoo， 是水手对不喜欢的船的称呼。 这最后一个ballyhoo （最早记载于1836年）被认为与 ballahou 有关或相同， 该词来自西班牙语balahu， 意为“流行于安的列斯群岛的一种纵帆船。” 首次记载于1867年，ballahou 一词除表示一种特殊的船外， 还表示同时代的劣等船。但这些与航海有关的词或鱼类名称的词与我们所使用的、首次记载于1901年的一词ballyhoo 之间尚未建立联系。 然而也许ballyhoo 一词与被称为 ballyhoo bird 的生物之间有某种联系。 根据1880年7月哈帕斯 杂志中一篇文章的描写， 这种鸟有四翅双头，可以用其中一张嘴吹哨，同时用另一张嘴唱歌。任何曾经猎过鹬鸟的人将会知道捕猎“巴里嗬”鸟是怎样的一种情景〔conjecture〕from coniectus [past participle of] conicere [to infer] 源自 coniectus conicere的过去分词 [推测] 〔think〕speculating on what has happened. 推测发生了什么事 〔graviton〕A hypothetical particle postulated to be the quantum of gravitational interaction and presumed to have an indefinitely long lifetime, zero electric charge, and zero rest mass. See table at subatomic particle 引力微子：一种假想粒子，被假定为引力相互作用的量子，并被推测为具有无限长寿命、零电荷和零静止质量 参见 subatomic particle〔theater〕Those who have theories about the theater are no doubt quite observant,at least the etymology of the word leads one to think so.The wordstheory and theater are related in ancestry if we look back to the Greek sources of our words. The Greek ancestor oftheater is theatron, "a place for seeing, especially for dramatic representation, theater.” Theatron is derived quite logically from the verb theasthai, "to gaze at, contemplate, view as spectators, especially in the theater,” fromthea, "a viewing.” The Greek ancestor oftheory is theōria, which meant among other things"the sending oftheōroi (state ambassadors sent to consult oracles or attend games),” "the act of being a spectator at the theater or games,” "viewing,” "contemplation by the mind,” and "theory or speculation.” The source oftheōria, theōros, "an envoy sent to consult an oracle, spectator,” is a compound of thea, "viewing,” and -oros, "seeing.” Thus, viewing is at the root of a theory and the theater.有戏剧理论的人无疑是相当善于观察的，至少这个词的词源学让我们这么想。如果我们追溯它们的希腊词源，单词theory 和 theater 的起源相关。 theater 的希腊语前身是 theatron （“尤指看喜剧表演的地方，剧院”）。 theatreon 相当符合逻辑地来自动词 theasthai （“盯着，注视，观看，尤指在剧院作为观众”）， 来自thea, “观看”。 theory 的希腊语前身是 theoria ， 其意义介于其它几件事物之间，它们是“派遣theoroi （派出咨询神谕或参加竟技会的政府使节）”“在剧院或竞技会上作为观众的行为”，“观看”，“专心注视”，和“看法和推测”。 theoria,theoros （“派出咨询神谕的使节；观众”）是 thea （“观看”）和 -oros （“看见”）的复合词。 这样，观看是theory（理论）和theater（剧院）的根源〔conjecture〕To infer from inconclusive evidence; guess.猜测：根据非结论性的证据所作的推测；猜测〔speculative〕Given to conjecture or speculation.猜测性的，推测的〔incomprehensible〕Impossible to know or fathom:无法知道的或推测的：〔real〕True and actual; not imaginary, alleged, or ideal:实际存在的：真的及实际的；非想象、推测的或理想化的：〔suppositive〕Of the nature of, including, or involving supposition.假定的，推测的〔reputation〕from Latin reputātiō reputātiōn- [a reckoning] 源自 拉丁语 reputātiō reputātiōn- [推测] 〔presumption〕The act of presuming or accepting as true.推测；假定：推测或认定某事是真实的行为〔presumable〕That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition:理所当然的：可假定的或可被认为是理所当然的；推测合理的：〔Eratosthenes〕Greek mathematician, astronomer, and geographer who devised a map of the world and estimated the circumference of the earth and the distance to the moon and the sun.埃拉托色尼斯：希腊数学家、天文学家、地理学家，他设计了一种世界地图并推测了地球的周长及地球到月球和太阳的距离〔supposititious〕Hypothetical; supposed.See Synonyms at supposed 假定的；推测的 参见 supposed〔speculate〕speculated that high cholesterol was a contributing factor to the patient's health problems.推测高胆固醇含量是影响病人健康的一个因素〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔estimate〕To calculate approximately (the amount, extent, magnitude, position, or value of something).推测，估计：恰当地推测（物品的数量、程度、规模，状况或价值）〔perceptible〕"The advantages Mr. Falkland possessed . . . are palpable" (William Godwin).What isappreciable is capable of being estimated or measured: “福克兰德先生所具有的优势…是显而易见的” （威廉·戈德温）。Appreciable 形容可被推测或估算的事物： 〔theorize〕To formulate theories or a theory; speculate.使理论化：系统阐述理论；推测〔theory〕An assumption based on limited information or knowledge; a conjecture.学说：基于有限信息或知识的假说；推测〔surmise〕To infer (something) without sufficiently conclusive evidence.推测：没有充分的决定性的证据对（某事）加以推论〔conjectural〕Based on or involving conjecture.See Synonyms at supposed 推测：基于或涉及推测的 参见 supposed〔speculate〕To assume to be true without conclusive evidence:推测：没有确切证据地推测：〔harlot〕Harlot is first recorded in English in a work written around the beginning of the 13th century, meaning "a man of no fixed occupation, vagabond, beggar,” also the first main sense of the word herlot, which we borrowed from Old French. The recorded history of a word is sometimes all we need to scotch conjectures as to its ultimate origins. William Lambarde, in a 1570-1576 work, suggested that the word harlot came from the name of Arletta, or "Harlothe,” William the Conqueror's mother. As we have seen, Lambarde was unnecessarily besmirching her, for the history of harlot makes clear that "prostitute" was not its first sense. In fact, the word came to mean "male lecher" before it meant "prostitute,” but by the time Lambarde wrote, "prostitute" must have been thought to have been the main sense of the word, hence his etymology. Harlot 在英语中首次出现于某部创作于约13世纪初的作品中，意指“没有固定职业的人，流浪者，乞丐，”这也是 herlot 一词由古法语转借而来的第一个主要意思。单词的历史记载通常可供我们推测该词的最初渊源，威廉·兰巴德在他于1570年到1576年间创作的作品中指出： harlot 一词来自于英王威廉一世的母亲阿莉塔或“哈洛特”的名字，我们知道，兰巴德并无需玷污英王母亲的名誉，因为 harlot 一词的历史很明白地表明“妓女”之意并非该词的第一个意思，实际上，该词在意为“妓女”之前所具备的意思是“好色的男人”，但在兰巴德创作之时，“妓女”一定已经被认为是该词的主要意思，这便是它的词源 〔prevailing〕"The speculation which for some time was rife concerning [the book's] authorship made many turn to it" (Samuel Butler). “关于 作者的推测一度非常流行，这使得许多人都注意到了那本书” （塞缪尔·巴特勒）。 〔speculation〕Reasoning based on inconclusive evidence; conjecture or supposition.推测：根据不确定的证据的推理；推测或假定〔speculate〕To engage in a course of reasoning often based on inconclusive evidence.See Synonyms at conjecture See Synonyms at think 推测，猜测：根据不确定的证据所进行的推理过程 参见 conjecture 参见 think〔conjecture〕Inference or judgment based on inconclusive or incomplete evidence; guesswork.推测：基于非结论性的或不完全的证据作出的推论或判断；猜测〔opine〕from Latin opīnārī [to suppose] 源自 拉丁语 opīnārī [假定，推测] |
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