| 单词 | 推理 |
| 释义 | 〔induce〕To infer by inductive reasoning.归纳：通过归纳的方式去推理〔fallacy〕Incorrectness of reasoning or belief; erroneousness.错误：推理或信仰上错误；错误〔tortuous〕tortured reasoning. 极为复杂的推理 〔cerebrum〕The large, rounded structure of the brain occupying most of the cranial cavity, divided into two cerebral hemispheres that are joined at the bottom by the corpus callosum. It controls and integrates motor, sensory, and higher mental functions, such as thought, reason, emotion, and memory.大脑：占据颅腔的大部分的大而圆的脑组织，分成两个在基部由胼胝体相连结的脑半球。起控制和协调运动、感觉和高级心理运行的功能，如思想、推理、情绪和记忆〔mind〕 Intelligence implies the capacity for solving problems, learning from experience, and reasoning abstractly: Intelligence 表示解决问题、从经验中学习及抽象推理的能力： 〔logic〕The study of the principles of reasoning, especially of the structure of propositions as distinguished from their content and of method and validity in deductive reasoning.逻辑：一门研究推理规律的科学，尤其是研究命题中区别于内容的结构和演绎推理中的方法和有效性〔think〕To exercise the power of reason, as by conceiving ideas, drawing inferences, and using judgment.思辩：通过想象、推理和判断进行辩护〔syllogism〕Reasoning from the general to the specific; deduction.演绎推理：由一般到个别的推理；演绎〔deductive〕Involving or using deduction in reasoning.演绎法推理的：包含或用演绎法推理的〔Platonic〕Often platonic Speculative or theoretical. 常作 platonic 纯理想的，空谈的：推理的、推测性的或理论的〔Logos〕In pre-Socratic philosophy, the principle governing the cosmos, the source of this principle, or human reasoning about the cosmos.逻各斯：在苏格拉底之前的哲学中，支配宇宙的原则、这种原则的来源或人类关于宇宙的推理〔show〕To demonstrate by reasoning or procedure:证实；证明：通过推理或程序演示：〔speculation〕Reasoning based on inconclusive evidence; conjecture or supposition.推测：根据不确定的证据的推理；推测或假定〔proof〕The validation of a proposition by application of specified rules, as of induction or deduction, to assumptions, axioms, and sequentially derived conclusions.证明：通过运用特定的规则对一个命题的证实，如运用演绎法和归纳法进行假设、推理，最后得出结论〔arbitrary〕Determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not by necessity, reason, or principle:任意的，武断的：由偶然、一时兴致或冲动而非由必然、推理或原则决定的：〔tortuous〕a tortuous plot; tortuous reasoning.变化多端的情节；曲折推理〔analytic〕Reasoning or acting from a perception of the parts and interrelations of a subject:分析法的：根据一个主题的组成部分及各部分之间的关系来推理或执行的：〔logical〕The central meaning shared by these adjectives is "capable of or reflecting the capability for correct and valid reasoning": 这些形容词所共有的中心含义是“能够或表现出正确地、合理地推理的能力的”： 〔persuade〕To induce to undertake a course of action or embrace a point of view by means of argument, reasoning, or entreaty:劝导，说服：通过讨论、推理或哀求的方式诱导从事一项活动或接受一种观点：〔remonstrate〕To reason or plead in protest; present an objection.See Synonyms at object 抗议；反对：以抗议形式推理或声明；提出反对 参见 object〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔inference〕Something inferred.推论：由推理而得出的东西〔form〕Method of arrangement or manner of coordinating elements in literary or musical composition or in organized discourse:形式：有规则地将文字、乐章或推理要素排列起来的方式：〔consider〕 Consider suggests objective reflection and reasoning: Consider 含有客观的思考和推理之意： 〔logical〕Reasoning or capable of reasoning in a clear and consistent manner.合逻辑的：推理的或能以清晰、严谨的方式推理的〔demonstrate〕To show to be true by reasoning or adducing evidence; prove:证实，论证：通过推理或引证说明真实性；证明：〔head〕The seat of the faculty of reason; intelligence, intellect, or mind:推理：思考能力的中心；智力、才能或理智：〔reason〕 Reason is the power to think rationally and logically and to draw inferences: Reason 是指通过理性且逻辑地思考并作出推理的能力： 〔theologize〕To speculate about theology.作神学理论上的阐述：作神学的推理〔opinion〕"If men are to be precluded from offering their sentiments on a matter which may involve the most serious and alarming consequences . . . reason is of no use to us" (George Washington). “如果不能使人们避免在可能导致严重后果的事情上感情用事…推理对于我们是没有用的” （乔治·华盛顿）。 〔unconsidered〕Not reasoned or considered; rash:未经考虑的：未作推理的，未加考虑的，鲁莽的：〔data〕Factual information, especially information organized for analysis or used to reason or make decisions.档案资料：事实资料，尤指为分析或用作推理或做决定而组织起的信息〔sanity〕Soundness of judgment or reason.明智：充分有力的判断或推理〔tight〕a tight argument; a tight style of writing.推理严密的论证；简洁的写作风格〔conjecture〕Infer involves reasoning from evidence about which some doubt may be but is not necessarily suggested: Infer 指基于一些可能有疑问的证据而进行的推理： 〔illative〕Of, relating to, or of the nature of an illation.推论的，与推理有关的，或具有推理的性质的〔intuitionism〕The theory that truth or certain truths are known by intuition rather than reason.直觉主义：通过直觉而不是通过推理得出的真理或某些真相的理论〔inferential〕Derived or capable of being derived by inference.推论出的：根据推理或可以根据推理得出的〔follow〕To grasp the meaning or reasoning of something; understand.理解：掌握某事的意义和推理；理解〔show〕To demonstrate to by reasoning or procedure; inform or prove to:教，告知，示范：通过推理或程序向…演示；告知…或向…证明： |
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