| 单词 | 推行 |
| 释义 | 〔mesmerism〕When the members of an audience sit mesmerized by a speaker,their reactions do not take the form of dancing, sleeping, or falling into convulsions.But if Franz Anton Mesmer were addressing the audience,such behavior could be expected.Mesmer, a visionary 18th-century physician,believed cures could be effected by having patients do thingssuch as sit with their feet in a fountain of magnetized waterwhile holding cables attached to magnetized trees.Mesmer then came to believe that magnetic powers resided in himself,and during highly fashionable curative sessions in Parishe caused his patients to have reactions ranging from sleeping or dancing to convulsions.These reactions were actually brought about by hypnotic powers that Mesmer was unaware he possessed.One of his pupils, named Puységur, then used the termmesmerism (first recorded in English in 1802) for Mesmer's practices. The related wordmesmerize (first recorded in English in 1829), having shed its reference to the hypnotic doctor, lives on in the sense "to enthrall.”当一群观众被一位演讲者深深吸引时，他们的反应方式不会是舞蹈、睡眠或哄堂大笑。但是如果换了弗兰茨·奥顿·梅斯梅尔来给这群听众作演讲的话，那么这些行为是有可能发生的。梅斯梅尔，这位18世纪眼光远大的医师，认为可以通过诸如以下方法来治疗疾病，即让病人把脚放在有磁性的水中，同时手执与磁力场相连接的电线。此后，梅斯梅尔又认为他自己体内就存在着磁力，并且他在巴黎推行他的治疗方法的过程中，他又使他的病人们作出了睡眠、舞蹈直至抽搐等各种反应。这些反应实际上是他所拥有的催眠力导致的，但他自己却不知道自己拥有这样的力量。后来，梅斯梅尔的一个叫做皮勒塞格尔的学生采用了mesmerism （在英语中始见于1802年）这一字眼来给梅斯梅尔的治疗方法命名。 另一相关词汇mesmerize （在英语中始见于1829年）则摒弃了与这位催眠医师的关系， 现在这个词意是“迷惑住”〔voluntary〕 Intentional applies to something undertaken to further a plan or realize an aim: Intentional 用于为了推行一个计划或实现一个目的而做的事情： 〔Kruger〕South African politician. A founder (1852) and president (1883-1900) of Transvaal, he instituted nationalist policies that led to the Boer War (1899-1902).克留格尔，斯蒂凡诺斯·约翰内斯·保罗斯：(1825-1904) 南非政治家。他是德兰士瓦省的创立者（1852年）和省长（1883-1900年），他推行民族主义政策，由此引发了布尔战争（1899-1902年）〔Akbar〕Mongol emperor of India (1556-1605) who conquered most of northern India and exercised religious tolerance.阿克巴：印度莫卧儿帝国皇帝（1556-1605年），征服了印度北部大部分地区并推行宗教宽容政策〔dismiss〕dismissed the claim as highly improbable.驳回这项极不可能推行的主张〔Turgot〕French economist. Appointed controller general under Louis XVI (1774), he was dismissed (1776) after proposing reforms that were unpopular with the aristocracy.杜尔哥，安妮·罗伯特·雅克：(1727-1781) 法国经济学家，曾任路易十六的财政大臣(1774年），因他推行了令贵族不满的改革的被革职(1776年）〔Tito〕Yugoslavian politician who led the resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II, established independence from the U.S.S.R. (1948), and as president (1953-1980) pursued a national Communism that stressed neutrality in foreign affairs.铁托：南斯拉夫政治家，曾在二次世界大战期间领导抵抗纳粹占领的斗争，并使南斯拉夫脱离苏联控制取得独立(1948年），作为该国总统(1953-1980年）他推行一种在外交事务上保持中立的共产主义政策〔Brisbane〕American newspaper editor who practiced and encouraged techniques of yellow journalism in order to increase the circulation of his newspapers.布里斯班，阿瑟：(1864-1936) 美国报纸编辑，推行并鼓励采取黄色报刊技术，以扩大其报刊的销售量〔Osborne〕American prison reformer. As a member of the New York State Commission on Prison Reform (1913) and warden of Sing Sing state prison (1914-1916) he introduced a number of self-help programs for prisoners.奥斯本，托马斯·莫特：(1859-1926) 美国监狱改革家，纽约州监狱改革委员会的成员(1913年），并曾担任新心州立监狱的监狱长(1944-1916年），推行了许多犯人自助案〔impose〕impose a peace settlement.See Synonyms at dictate 强制推行和平解决 参见 dictate〔McCormick〕American newspaper editor and publisher of theChicago Tribune (1911-1955), through which he espoused his conservative views. 麦考密克，罗伯特·卢瑟福：(1880-1955) 美国《芝加哥论坛报》 （1911-1955年）的编辑和出版发行者，通过该报推行了他的保守派观点 〔introduce〕introduced the new product in several test markets; introduced the tango into their circle of friends.在试卖会中提倡新产品；在他们的朋友圈中推行探戈〔Ambrose〕Writer, composer, and bishop of Milan (374-397) who imposed orthodoxy on the early Christian Church.安布罗斯：作家、作曲家、米兰主教（374-397年），曾在早期基督教会中推行正统观念〔pitch〕"showed up on local TV to pitch their views"(Business Week)“在当地电视台大做广告，推行他们的观点”(商务周刊)〔voluntarism〕The use of or reliance on voluntary action to maintain an institution, carry out a policy, or achieve an end.自愿捐助主义：用或依赖自愿行动来支持一个组织、推行一个政策或达到一个目的〔introduce〕To bring into currency, use, or practice; originate:推行，提倡：引入到流通、使用或运行中；引起：〔Mazzini〕Italian patriot who spurred the movement for an independent, unified Italy with his political writings and machinations, conducted mostly from exile in London.马志尼，朱森珀：(1805-1872) 意大利爱国者，以其政治性文章和秘密策划推行独立、统一的意大利的运动，大部分是在伦敦流亡期间实施的〔obtrusive〕Tending to push self-assertively forward; brash:强迫的：倾向于推行自己的主观武断地；强行地：〔Chamberlain〕British politician and prime minister (1937-1940) who advocated a policy of appeasement toward the fascist regimes of Europe. He was forced to declare war on Germany after its invasion of Poland in 1939.张伯伦，（阿瑟）内维尔：(1869-1940) 英国政治家和首相（1937-1940年），他对欧洲法西斯政权推行绥靖政策。在德国于1939年入侵波兰后，他被迫对德宣战〔Boylston〕American physician who was the first to administer the smallpox vaccine in America (1721).波尔斯顿，查布迪尔：(1679-1766) 美国医生，他首次在美国推行天花种痘（1721年）〔routinize〕a government that routinized mass murder while carrying out its totalitarian policies.在推行集权政治时，政府把大屠杀看成是一种惯常行为〔push〕To advance despite difficulty or opposition; press forward.奋勇向前：排除困难或反对而前进；推行〔Johnson〕The 17th President of the United States (1865-1869). Elected Vice President (1864), he succeeded the assassinated Abraham Lincoln as President. His administration was marked by reconstruction policies in the South and the purchase of Alaska (1867). An attempt to unseat Secretary of War Edwin Stanton led to Johnson's impeachment on purely political charges brought by Republican senators (1868). Johnson was acquitted by one vote.约翰逊，安德鲁：(1808-1875) 美国第17任总统(1865-1869年）。他于1864年当选副总统，在阿伯拉罕·林肯遇刺后继任总统。他执政时推行南部重建政策，并于1867年买下了阿拉斯加。因试图罢免国防部长埃德温·斯坦顿，约翰逊还受到共和国参议员们关于纯粹政治性原因的指控(1868年）。约翰逊在一次投票后被宣告无罪 |
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