| 单词 | 撒克逊 |
| 释义 | 〔heptarchy〕Often Heptarchy The informal confederation of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from the fifth to the ninth century, consisting of Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia. 常作 Heptarchy 七王国：从5世纪到9世纪盎格鲁·撒克逊王国的非正式联盟，由肯特、南撒西克斯、西撒西克斯、东撒西克斯、诺森布里亚，东英格兰和麦西亚组成〔alderman〕A noble of high rank or authority in Anglo-Saxon England.贵族，当权者：盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英格兰的高等贵族或当权者〔Angle〕A member of a Germanic people that migrated to England from southern Jutland in the 5th centurya.d. , founded the kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia, and together with the Jutes and Saxons formed the Anglo-Saxon peoples. 盎格鲁人：公元 5世纪从日德兰南部迁到英格兰的日耳曼民族的成员，建立了诺森伯利亚、东盎格鲁和麦西亚三个王国，并同朱特人和撒克逊人形成了盎格鲁-撒克逊民族 〔ceorl〕A freeman of the lowest class in Anglo-Saxon England.平民中的最底层：英格兰盎格鲁-撒克逊的最底层的自由民〔Dorset〕A region of southwest England on the English Channel. Part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, it was used as the setting for many of Thomas Hardy's novels.多塞特：英格兰西南部地区，位于英吉利海峡之畔。盎格鲁-撒克逊王国之一韦塞克斯王国的一部分，被用作托马斯·哈代许多小说的背景〔Northumbria〕An Anglo-Saxon kingdom of northern England formed in the seventh century by the union of Bernicia and Deira, Angle kingdoms originally established c.a.d. 500. Much of Northumbria fell to invading Danes in the ninth century and was annexed to Wessex in 954. 诺林伯利亚：北英格兰-盎格鲁-撒克逊王国，公元7世纪由伯尼西亚和德伊勒联盟建立，盎格鲁王国始建于公元 500年。诺森伯利亚的大部分在9世纪被入侵的丹麦人占领，954年被韦塞克斯吞并 〔March〕American philologist and lexicographer noted for his work in comparative Anglo-Saxon linguistics.马奇，弗朗西斯·安德鲁：(1825-1911) 美国的语言学家和词典编纂家，以他在盎格鲁-撒克逊比较语言学方面的研究而闻名〔alderman〕The chief officer of a shire in Anglo-Saxon England.郡长：盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英格兰一个郡的首要官员〔Saxonism〕An English word, phrase, or idiom of Anglo-Saxon origin.撒克逊语风：源于盎格鲁-撒克逊的英语单词、短语或成语〔witan〕The witenagemot.盎格鲁-撒克逊时代的议会〔gavelkind〕An English system of land tenure from Anglo-Saxon times to 1926 that provided for the equal division of land among all qualified heirs.财产保有权：一种英国的土地保有制度，始于盎格鲁-撒克逊时期，废于1926年，即把其土地平均分配给有资格的继承人〔ealdorman〕The chief magistrate of a district in Anglo-Saxon England.郡长：盎格鲁·撒克逊时代的地区长官〔Essex〕A historical region and Anglo-Saxon kingdom of southeast England. Probably settled by Saxons in the early sixth century, the kingdom was long dominated by Mercia and later by Wessex before and after its inclusion in the Danelaw territories from 886 to 917. There are important Roman and Saxon remains in the area.东撒克斯：位于英国东南部一个历史悠久的地区，曾为盎格鲁-撒克逊族王国。大概由撒克逊人于6世纪早期建立的，长期被麦西亚王国统治，后来又为韦塞克斯统治，再后来于886年至917年占领了丹麦的法定地区。该地区有大量的罗马和撒克逊人遗迹〔pollster〕An understanding of the history of the-ster in pollster may perhaps raise more questions than it answers. In the first place apollster does not have to be a woman, despite the fact that the suffix-ster, originally-estre in Old English, was used to form feminine agent nouns.Hoppestere, for example, meant "female dancer.” But in Old English-estre was occasionally applied to men, although perhaps largely or completely in the case of translations of Latin masculine nouns denoting occupations that were held by women in Anglo-Saxon society.An example isbæcester, "baker,” glossing Latinpistor; it survives as the Modern English nameBaxter. In Middle Englishthe suffix was still largely feminine in the south of Englandbut masculine and feminine in the north,a tendency that became general in English starting with the 16th century.As an example of this tendencyseamster was remade into the feminineseamstress. In Modern English the suffix is usually derogatory.This use probably arose from the occurrence of the suffix with ambiguous verbs,such asgame, "to play at sports, to play at sex,” or with pejorative verbs,such asrime or rhyme. In some modern formations on neutral words-ster is not derogatory, as inyoungster (1589), but in most cases,as withpollster (1939), -ster has pejorative force. 对于pollster 中的 -ster 的历史的理解也许会引发比它能回答的问题更多的问题。 首先pollster 不一定非得是妇女， 尽管-ster 这一后缀， 源于古英语中的-estre ， 被用来构成阴性名词。比如hoppestere 一词意为“女舞蹈者。” 但在古英语中-estre 也偶尔可以用在男性身上， 虽然也许这种情况大多或者完全出现在表示盎格鲁-撒克逊社会中由妇女从事的职业的一些阳性拉丁文名词的翻译中。其中一个例子是boecester 意为“面包师”， 来自拉丁语的pistor； 这个词在现代英语名字Baxter 中保存了下来。 在中世纪英语中，该后缀在英格兰南部仍然主要地被用作阴性，但在英格兰北部却被同时用作阳性和阴性，而后一种趋势自16世纪以来逐渐在英语中变得普遍。反映这种趋势的一个例子是seamster ， 该词被改造成了阴性的seamstress。 在现代英语中这一后缀通常是含贬义的。这种用法可能是因为此后缀与一些有歧义的动词合用而产生的，比如game 可表示“进行体育活动，进行性游戏，” 或者是因为与轻蔑动词合用而产生的，比如rime 或 rhyme。 在某些现代英语中性名词中，-ster 不是贬损的， 如在youngster (1589年）中， 但在大多数情况下，如pollster (1939年）这个词中 -ster 仍是有贬义的 〔Sussex〕An Anglo-Saxon kingdom of southern England bordering on the English Channel. Founded in the fifth centurya.d. , it was captured by the kingdom of Wessex in 825. 苏塞克斯：英格兰南部濒临英吉利海峡的盎格鲁-撒克逊王国，建立于公元 5世纪，在825年被西撒克斯王国所俘 〔doom〕A statute or ordinance, especially one in force in Anglo-Saxon England.法规：尤指盎格鲁-撒克逊时期生效的法规或命令〔gemot〕A public meeting or local judicial assembly in Anglo-Saxon England.集会：英国盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的公共集会或地方审判会〔wergeld〕In Anglo-Saxon and Germanic law, a price set upon a person's life on the basis of rank and paid as compensation by the family of a slayer to the kindred or lord of a slain person to free the culprit of further punishment or obligation and to prevent a blood feud.赔偿金：在盎格鲁-撒克逊法律中，为了使凶手避免更多的惩罚或义务以及为了避免世代仇杀，根据受害人的地位而规定的凶手家族应付给被害人家属或主人的金额〔Bury〕A borough of northwest England north-northwest of Manchester. It was founded on the site of a Saxon settlement and has been a textile center since the 14th century. Population, 177,600.贝里：英格兰西北部一个自治市，位于曼彻斯特西北偏北。建于一个撒克逊部落的旧址上，自14世纪以来一直是个纺织中心。人口177,600〔Shropshire〕A historical region of western England on the Welsh border. It was part of the kingdom of Mercia during Anglo-Saxon times.什罗普郡：英格兰西部一历史地区，与威尔士接壤，在盎格鲁-撒克逊时代是麦西亚王国的一部分〔witan〕The members of the witenagemot in Anglo-Saxon England.议会议员：英格兰盎格鲁-撒克逊时代的议会议员〔frankpledge〕An Anglo-Saxon legal system in which units or tithings composed of ten households were formed, in each of which members were held responsible for one another's conduct.十户联保制：一种盎格鲁-撒克逊的法律体系，其中形成含有十户人家的单位或十户区，在一单位或十户区里，成员们对彼此的行为都负有责任〔Fens〕A lowland district of eastern England west and south of the Wash. Early attempts by the Romans to drain the area were abandoned by Anglo-Saxon times. Modern-day reclamation of the Fens began in the 17th century.芬斯：东英格兰西部和瓦士湾南部的一片低地，早期被罗马人夺取并排水而在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期被遗弃，现在开垦利用的芬斯是从17世纪开始的〔Sunderland〕A borough of northeast England on the North Sea east-southeast of Newcastle. It was established as a shipbuilding center in the 14th century on the site of a Saxon community. Population, 299,100.桑德兰：英格兰东北部的一个市镇，临北海，位于纽卡斯尔东南偏东，在14世纪作为造船中心建于一个撒克逊聚居地上。人口299,100〔Bede〕Anglo-Saxon theologian and historian whose major work,Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (731), written in Latin, remains an important source of ancient English history. He introduced the method of dating events from the birth of Christ. 比德：盎格鲁-撒克逊神学家和历史学家，他以拉丁文写的主要著作《英格兰民族教会的历史》 （731年），一直是英国古代历史的一个重要原始资料。他引进了以基督诞生之日来确定历史事件年代的方法 〔Midlands〕A region of central England. It roughly corresponds with the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia and is today a highly industrialized area.英格兰中部地区：英格兰中部地区。与盎格鲁-撒克逊的麦西亚王国疆域大体相当，今为一高度工业化的地区〔Saxon〕The West Germanic language of any of the ancient Saxon peoples.撒克逊语：古撒克逊民族的西日耳曼语〔Saxony〕A historical region of northern Germany. The original home of the Saxons, it was conquered by Charlemagne in the 8th century and became a duchy after his death. Its borders were eventually extended southeastward as the region was subdivided and redivided. The dukes of Saxony became electors of the Holy Roman Empire in 1356, and in 1806 the elector was elevated to kingship but lost half his territory to Prussia in 1815. A later kingdom of Saxony was part of the German Empire (1871-1918).撒克逊：德国北部的一个历史地区，原来是撒克逊人的家园，8世纪被查理曼征服，并在他死后成为一公国。由于分裂和重新划分，这一地区的边界最终向东南方向拓展，1356年撒克森大公成为神圣罗马帝国的诸侯，1860年撒克森大公加冕称帝，但是将他的一半领地给予普鲁士(1815年），后来的撒克逊王国成为德意志帝国(1871-1918年）的一部分〔Woden〕An Anglo-Saxon god identified with Odin.沃登：一位同奥丁同等地位的盎格鲁-撒克逊的神〔Aelfric〕Anglo-Saxon abbot who is considered the greatest Old English prose writer. His works includeCatholic Homilies, Lives of the Saints, and a Latin grammar. 埃尔弗里克：盎格鲁-撒克逊的大修道院院长，被认为是最伟大的古英语散文作家，其作品包括《天主教布道文集》，《圣徒传》 以及拉丁语法 〔atheling〕An Anglo-Saxon nobleman or prince, especially the heir to a throne.贵族，王子：盎格鲁-撒克逊贵族或王子，尤指王室中的继承者〔Kent〕A region and former kingdom of southeast England. Jutes settled in the area in the fifth centurya.d. , displacing the original inhabitants and establishing one of the seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Converted to Christianity in 597, the people of Kent later became subject to the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex. 肯特郡：英格兰东南部一区和以前的王国。公元 5世纪朱特人在此定居，赶走了原有居民并建立了盎格鲁-撒克逊七王国中的一个。597年，肯特郡人皈依基督教，后来成为麦西亚王国和西塞克斯王国的臣民 〔geld〕A tax paid to the crown by English landholders under Anglo-Saxon and Norman kings.捐税：盎格鲁-撒克逊和诺尔曼王朝时期英国地主向君王交纳的捐税〔Alcuin〕Anglo-Saxon prelate and scholar who was a leader in the revival of learning in medieval Europe.阿尔昆：盎格鲁-撒克逊高级教士及学者，为中世纪欧洲文化复兴的一个领袖〔thane〕A freeman granted land by the king in return for military service in Anglo-Saxon England.大乡绅：被国王授与土地作为在安格鲁一撒克逊英格兰服军役的回报的自由民〔thane〕A man ranking above an ordinary freeman and below a nobleman in Anglo-Saxon England.乡绅：安格鲁一撒克逊英格兰介于平民与贵族之间的人〔housecarl〕A member of the bodyguard or household troops of a Danish or Anglo-Saxon king or noble.国王（或贵族）侍卫：丹麦或盎格鲁-撒克逊国王或贵族的近卫军或御林军成员〔witenagemot〕An Anglo-Saxon advisory council to the king, composed of about 100 nobles, prelates, and other officials, convened at intervals to discuss administrative and judicial affairs.盎格鲁-撒克逊时代的国会：一种盎格鲁-撒克逊时代国王的顾问委员会，大约由100个贵族、高级教士和其它官员组成，间歇性地开会讨论行政和司法事务〔Surrey〕A historical region of southeast England. Dominated by Mercia and Wessex in Anglo-Saxon times, it was overrun by the Danes in the ninth century.萨里：历史上英格兰东南的一个地区，在盎格鲁-撒克逊时代由麦西亚和西撒克斯统治，在9世纪被丹麦人侵占〔Cynewulf〕Anglo-Saxon poet whose extant works areJuliana, Elene, The Ascension, and The Fates of the Apostles. 基涅武甫：盎格鲁-撒克逊诗人，其现存作品有《朱丽安娜，埃琳娜，耶稣升天》 和 《使徒们的命运》 |
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