| 单词 | 放弃 |
| 释义 | 〔desert〕When Shakespeare says in Sonnet 72,"Unless you would devise some virtuous lie,/To do more for me than mine own desert,”he is using the worddesert in the sense of "worthiness; deserving,” a word that is perhaps most familiar to us in the plural, meaning "something that is deserved,”as in the phrasejust deserts. This word goes back to the Latin worddēservīre, "to devote oneself to the service of,”which in Vulgar Latin came to mean "to merit by service.” Dēservīre is made up ofdē-, meaning "thoroughly,” and servīre, "to serve.” Knowing this,we can distinguish thisdesert from desert, "a wasteland,” and desert, "to abandon,” both of which go back to Latindēserere, "to forsake, leave uninhabited,” which is made up ofdē-, expressing the notion of undoing, and the verb serere, "to link together.” We can also distinguish all threedeserts from dessert, "a sweet course at the end of a meal,” which is from the French worddesservir, "to clear the table.” Desservir is made up ofdes-, expressing the notion of reversal, and servir (from Latin servīre ), "to serve,” hence, "to unserve" or "to clear the table.”当莎士比亚在第72首十四行诗中说：“除非你能编出善意的谎言/把我说得比我本人强得多”，这里desert 的意思就是“应得的东西”。 对这个词，我们最熟悉的大概是其复数形式（意思是“应得的东西”）。例如在词组just deserts 中。 该词的起源可以追溯到拉丁词deservire ， 意为“为…而献身”，在俗拉丁语中，意思就变成了“依据服务应得…”。 Deservire 由de- 意思是“完全地，彻底地”和 servire “服务”组成。 知道了这些，我们就可以把desert 与 desert “荒原”和 desert “放弃”区别开来。 后面两个意义可追溯到拉丁语deserere “遗弃，无人居住”， 它由de- 表示“不做”的概念和动词 serere “连接到一起”组成。 我们也能把所有这三个deserts 与 dessert “正餐最后上的一道甜食”区分开来， 后者来自法语词desservir “收拾桌子”。 Desservir 由表达“反，逆”概念的des- 和 servir 组成（来自拉丁语 servire ）， 意为“服务”、“因此“、“不上菜”或“清理桌子”〔despond〕Latin dēspondēre [to give up] 拉丁语 dēspondēre [放弃] 〔waiver〕A dispensation, as from a rule or penalty.撤消：放弃，如放弃法令或惩罚〔renunciation〕A declaration in which something is renounced.放弃声明书：某物被放弃的声明书〔oppose〕I don't contest your right to dispose of your property as you see fit,but I doubt the propriety of this bequest. 我不反对你放弃你的财产的权力，但是我怀疑这遗产的合法性 〔release〕To relinquish (a right or claim).让渡：放弃（权力和要求）〔retraction〕The act of recanting or disavowing a previously held statement or belief.撤回，收回：放弃或否定早先持有的声明或信仰的行为〔quit〕To give up, as in defeat; stop.放弃斗争：放弃，如在失败中；停止〔deport〕French déporter [to banish] 法语 déporter [放弃] 〔abjure〕"For nearly 21 years after his resignation as Prime Minister in 1963, he abjured all titles, preferring to remain just plain ‘Mr.’”(Time)"1963年辞掉总理后，近21年来他放弃了所有称号，只保留了一个平常的称呼‘先生’”(时代)〔delivery〕The act of giving up; surrender.放弃；交出，引渡〔throw〕He threw up his hands and abandoned the argument.他举手放弃了争论〔jettison〕jettisoned the whole marketing plan.放弃全部的营销计划〔outgoing〕Retiring from or relinquishing a place, a position, or an office:即将离职的：从某一地位、职位、官职退休的或放弃的：〔abnegate〕To give up (rights or a claim, for example); renounce.放弃（如权力或要求）；弃权〔change〕To lay aside, abandon, or leave for another; switch:改变，转换：搁置一边，放弃，换另一个；转换：〔give〕gave up the apartment; gave up all hope.让出公寓；放弃所有的希望〔sacrifice〕Something so relinquished.亏本出售的物品：以这种方式放弃的事物〔expat〕An expatriate.被流放(国外)者；放弃原国籍者；移居国外者〔derelict〕Latin dērelictus [past participle of] dērelinquere [to abandon] 拉丁语 dērelictus dērelinquere的过去分词 [放弃] 〔desert〕To withdraw from, especially in spite of a responsibility or duty; forsake:远离，遗弃：远离，尤指不管责任或义务而远离；放弃：〔unalienable〕Not to be separated, given away, or taken away; inalienable:不可剥夺的：不可分割的，不可放弃的或不可剥夺的：〔leik〕Nasalized zero-grade form*li-n-k w- . delinquent , ( derelict ), relinquish , from Latin linquere , to leave. 鼻音化的零级形式*li-n-k w- . delinquent , ( derelict ), relinquish , 源自 拉丁语 linquere , 放弃. 〔bag〕To cease discussion of an issue:放弃；停止：停止问题的讨论：〔sacrifice〕Something so forfeited.牺牲品：这样放弃的事物〔give〕To abandon what one is doing or planning to do. Often used withon : 中止：放弃某人正在做的或打算做的。常与on 一起用： 〔concession〕Something, such as a point previously claimed in argument, that is later conceded.让步：开始坚持而后来又放弃的事物，如在辩论中开始坚持的论点〔capitulation〕The act of surrendering or giving up.See Synonyms at surrender 投降：投降或放弃的行为 参见 surrender〔poverty〕Renunciation made by a member of a religious order of the right to own property.（财产的）放弃：作为宗教会社成员，放弃拥有财产之权〔derelict〕Abandoned property, especially a ship abandoned at sea.弃物：放弃的财产，尤指在海中遗弃的船只〔expatriate〕One who has renounced one's native land.放弃自己国籍的人〔shed〕To pour forth, fall off, or drop out:脱落：向前涌、消减或放弃：〔cede〕The debater refused to cede the point to her opponent.辩论者拒绝向她的对手放弃其主张〔than〕Since the 18th centurygrammarians have insisted thatthan should be regarded as a conjunction in all its uses, so that a sentence such asBill is taller than Tom should be construed as an elliptical version of the sentence Bill is taller than Tom is. According to this view,the case of a pronoun followingthan is determined by whether the pronoun serves as the subject or object of the verb that is "understood.” Thus, the standard rule requiresPat is taller than I (not me ) on the assumption that this sentence is elliptical forPat is taller than I am but allowsThe news surprised Pat more than me, since this sentence is taken as elliptical forThe news surprised Pat more than it surprised me. However,than is quite commonly treated as a preposition when followed by an isolated noun phrase, and as such occurs with a pronoun in the objective case:John is taller than me. Though this usage is still widely regarded as incorrect,it is predominant in speechand has reputable literary precedent.It is also consistent with the fact thatthan is clearly treated as a preposition in the than whom construction, as ina poet than whom (not than who ) no one has a dearer place in the hearts of his countrymen. Still, the writer who risks a sentence such asMary is taller than him in formal writing must be prepared to defend the usage against objections of critics who are unlikely to be dissuaded from their conviction that the usage is incorrect. · Comparatives usingas . . . as can be analyzed in a parallel way to those using than. Traditional grammarians insist thatI am not as tall as he is the only correct form, and though both literary precedent and syntactic arguments can be marshaled in support of the analysis of the secondas as a preposition (which would license I am not as tall as him ), one should treat this use ofas as a conjunction in formal writing. See Usage Note at as 1自18世纪以来，语法学家坚持以为than 在其所有用法中均应被看作连词， 因此，在诸如Bill is taller than Tom 的句子中应解释为句子 Bill is taller than Tom is 的省略说法。 根据这一观点，than 后跟随代词的情况取决于该代词作为所“理解”的动词的主语还是谓语。 这样，标准规则要求Pat is taller than I （而不是 me )， 考虑到这个句子是Pat is taller than I am 的省略， 但允许The news surprised Pat more than me ， 因为这个句子被认当是The news surprised Pat more than it surprised me 的省略。 然而，当than 跟随一个独立名词短语时常被看作是介词， 如代词用于宾语的情况：John is taller than me 。 尽管这种用法仍然被广泛认为是错误的，但它仍在口语中占主要地位，并且有著名的文学先例。它也符合than 在 than whom 结构中显然被认为是介词的事实， 就象在a poet than whom （而不是 than who ) no one has a dearer place in the hearts of his countrymen 。 然而，冒险在正式写作中应用诸如Mary is taller than him 的作者必须准备针对那些不可能被劝服放弃坚信这种用法是错误的批评家们的反对意见而对此种用法进行辩护。 用比较级as…as 可以用与 than 相同的方式进行分析。 传统的语法学家坚持认为I am not as tall as he 是唯一正确的形式， 尽管文学先例和语法规则都能支持第二个as 作为介词（即允许 I am not as tall as him )的分析， 我们仍应该把这个as 作为正式写作中的连词 参见 as1〔identify〕In the sense "to associate or affiliate (oneself) closely with a person or group,”identify has developed two distinct subsenses. In one, the verb suggests a psychological empathy with the feelings or experiences of another person,as inMost young readers readily identify (or identify themselves ) with Holden Caulfield. This usage derives originally from psychoanalytic writing,where it has a specific technical sense,but like other terms from that field,it was widely regarded as jargon when introduced into the wider discourse.In particular,critics seized on the fact that in this sense the verb was often used intransitively,with no reflexive pronoun.As Wilson Follett wrote in 1966,"The critic . . . could help restore the true notion in these words if he would give upidentifying at large and resume identifying himself with Ivan Karamazov, Don Quixote, Mary Poppins, or whomever.” In recent years, however, this use ofidentify with without the reflexive has become a standard locution. Eighty-two percent of the Usage Panel accepts the sentenceI find it hard to identify with any of his characters; whereas only 63 percent now accepts this same usage when the reflexive pronoun is used,as inI find it hard to identify myself with any of his characters. · Omission of the reflexive with this use ofidentify serves among other things to distinguish it from use of the verb to mean "to associate (oneself) with the goals, interests, or principles of a group.” This use of the verb can be traced back to the 18th century,but it is now somewhat less acceptable to the Panel than the first sense under discussion:58 percent of the Panel accepts the sentenceShe identified herself with the campaign against drug abuse, and only 40 percent acceptsShe identified with the campaign against drug abuse, where no reflexive pronoun is used. 在“使（自己）密切联系或依附于别人”这一意思中的。identify 一词又有两种不同的含义。 第一，这个动词表现了对其他人的感情或经历在心理上的认同，例如大多数青年读者很快认同了 （或 identify themselves ) 霍尔顿·科尔菲德。 这种用法来源于有关心理分析的著作，在这些著作中，这个词具有特殊的科技含义，不过就象从该领域引入的其它词语一样，这个词在日常生活使用中还带有专业术语的痕迹。特别指出的是，批评家们在发现这个词常常作为不及物动词来用，后面不带反身代词。正如威尔逊·福勒特1966年写到的，“如果评论家们很早就全面放弃identifying 而重新使用 identifying himself with 伊万·卡拉玛佐夫、堂吉诃德、玛丽·波普斯等人物，那就会有助于探询出这些词的真实含意。” 不过，近年来使用identify with 中间不加反身代词已成为一种标准搭配。 用法专题小组中82%的成员认为我觉得很难认同于他小说中的人物 一句是正确的； 而现在只有63%的成员接受使用反身代词来表达同一意思的句子，即I find it hard to identify myself with any of his characters。 省略反身代词以及其它一些方法，使identify 这种用法区别于它作为动词在“与某个集团的目标、利益或原则相联系”一句中的意思。 它作为动词的用法可追溯到18世纪，不过对于用法专题小组来说它没有第一种解释那样被易于接受：58%的小组成员接受她支持反对滥用药物的运动 这一说法， 只有40%的成员接受不要反身代词的She identified with the campaign against drug abuse 这一说法 〔denuclearize〕To remove or ban nuclear weapons from:使非核武器化：从…转移或放弃核武器：〔release〕The document authorizing such relinquishment.弃权证书，让渡证书：授权此种权利放弃的文件〔pass〕pass up a chance for promotion; an opportunity too good to pass up.放弃一次提升的机会；一次不能放过的好机会〔staging〕The act of jettisoning a stage of a multistage rocket.级分离：多极火箭放弃一级的行为〔put〕"We've given up saying we only kill to eat; Kraft dinner and freeze-dried food have put paid to that one"(Margaret Atwood)“我们已经放弃说我们只是尽力地吃；卡夫晚餐和冻干的食物已经使我们停止了”(玛格丽特·阿特伍德) |
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