| 单词 | 数学 |
| 释义 | 〔analysis〕A branch of mathematics principally involving differential and integral calculus, sequences, and series and concerned with limits and convergence.解析：数学的一个分支，主要包括微分、积分和序列，并侧重于极限和收敛〔Arnold〕British educator and historian who as headmaster of Rugby School (1827-1842) introduced classes in mathematics, modern languages, and modern history into the classical curriculum.阿诺德，托马斯：(1795-1842) 英国教育家和历史学家，在他担任卢格比公学校长（1827-1842年）时，在文科课程中引进了数学，现代语言和现代历史课程〔mathematical〕Possible according to mathematics but highly improbable:可能性极小的：可能根据数学的，但有很高的不可能性：〔Russell〕British philosopher, mathematician, social critic, and writer who had profound influence on the development of symbolic logic, logical positivism, and the set theory of mathematics. His written works includePrincipia Mathematica (1910-1913), written with Alfred North Whitehead, and A History of Western Philosophy (1945). He won the 1950 Nobel Prize for literature. 罗素，贝特朗·阿瑟·威廉：(1872-1970) 英国哲学家、数学家、社会评论家和作家。他对于符号逻辑、逻辑实证论和数学的体论体系的发展有很深的影响。他的书面作品有：《数学原理》 （1910-1913），与阿尔弗雷德·诺斯·怀特海合著和 《西方哲学史》 （1945年）。他获1950年诺贝尔文学奖 〔weak〕a weak student; weak in math.功课不好的学生；数学差〔Jeans〕British astronomer, physicist, and mathematician noted for his work on the kinetic theory of gases and his investigations into the relationships between mathematical concepts and the natural world.詹姆斯，詹姆斯·霍普伍德：(1877-1946) 英国天文学家、物理学家和数学家。以气体动力学的研究和探索数学同自然界之间的关系著称〔Helmholtz〕German physicist and physiologist who formulated the mathematical law of the conservation of energy (1847) and invented an ophthalmoscope (1851).亥姆霍兹，赫尔曼·路德维希·费迪南德·冯：(1821-1894) 德国物理学家，生理学家，创立了能量守恒的数学定律(1847年），并发明了一台检眼镜(1851年）〔fraction〕One might think that a word likefraction as well as its ancestors might have always referred to the mathematical fraction. Certainly the mathematical notion of a fraction was known to the Babylonians, perhaps as early as 2000b.c. But our wordfraction goes back only to the Latin word frangere, "to break.” From the stem of the past participlefrāctus is derived Late Latin frāctiō, "a breaking" or "a breaking in pieces,”as in the breaking of the Eucharistic Host.In Medieval Latin the wordfrāctiō developed its mathematical sense, which was taken into Middle English along with the word.The earliest recorded sense of our word is "an aliquot part of a unit, a fraction or subdivision,”found in a work by Chaucer written about 1400.One of the next recorded instances of the word recalls its origins, referring to the "brekying or fraccioun" of a bone.人们也许认为一个词如fraction 以及它的词源总是指数学上的分数。 当然，分数的数学概念也许早在公元前 2000年就已被巴比伦人所熟知。 但fraction 一词仅能追溯到拉丁词 frangere ，“打碎”。 源自过去分词fractus 的词干是派生的后期拉丁语 fractio ， 意为“破裂”或“碎成一片片的”，如感恩节的饼的碎块。在中世纪拉丁语中，fractio 一词出现了数学意义， 这个词连同此意义都被记入中世纪英语中。这个词最早记载的意义是“一个数学单元，繁分数或再分数的约数”，出现在约1400年乔臾写的一部作品里。后来此词有记录的例子之一，指骨头上的“裂痕或碎片”，使人回忆起它的起源〔Whitehead〕British mathematician and philosopher. A founder of mathematical logic, he wrotePrincipia Mathematica (1910-1913) with Bertrand Russell. 怀特海德，阿尔弗烈德·诺思：(1861-1947) 英国数学家及哲学家，是数学逻辑的创建人，他与伯特·罗素合著了《数学原理》 一书(1910-1913年） 〔parameter〕In recent yearsparameter has become the archetype for the borrowing of scientific terms into general usage and as such has occasioned a good deal of skeptical comment.Some of its new uses can be justified as useful extensions of the technical senses of the word.For example, the provisions of a zoning ordinance that limit the height or density of new construction can be reasonably likened to mathematical parameters that establish the limits of other variables.Therefore one can properly sayThe zoning commission announced new planning parameters for the historic Lamping district of the city. But other uses suggest that the writer has not understood the technical senseand has chosen it primarily as a way of injecting an aura of scientific precision into what would otherwise be a pedestrian communication.Thus there is no semantic justification for usingparameter as a general substitute for characteristic, as inThe Judeo-Christian ethic is one of the important parameters of Western culture, an example found unacceptable by 80 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Some of the difficulties with nontechnical use ofparameter appear to arise from its resemblance to the word perimeter, with which it shares the sense "limit,” though the two words differ in their precise meaning.This confusion doubtless explains the use ofparameter in a sentence such as U.S. forces report that the parameters of the mine area in the Gulf are fairly well established, where the wordperimeter would have expressed the intended sense more exactly. This example of a use ofparameter was unacceptable to 61 percent of the Usage Panel. 近些年来，parameter 已成为一个从科技术语借用到普通用法的原形， 同时也引起了大量的怀疑批评。它的某些新用法可被看作是该词科技含义的有益扩展。例如，某一区域性法规中关于新建筑高度或密度的条文能被合理地与制定其它变量限度的数学参量进行比较。因而，人们当然可以说地区委员会公布了历史上该城有名的灯区新计划方案 。 但其它的一些用法说明说话人还没有理解它的科技含义，并且选用了这个词主要作为给将是普通交流的东西注入一些精确的科学气息的途径。因此，用parameter 作为 characteristic 的一般等价词毫无语义上的合理性， 如在犹太教与基督教的道德规范是西方文化中重要的限制因素 ， 是80%的用法小组成员不接受的例子。Parameter 的非科技运用中的一些难点是由于它与 perimeter 都有“限制”的含义造成的， 尽管两个词的确切含义是不相同的。这种混淆无疑解释了parameter 在例如 美军报告说，海湾地雷区的环形防线设置得相当不错 的句子中的运用， 这里perimeter 可能会更确切地表达这种引申含义。 61%的用法小组成员不接受这个运用parameter 的例子 〔Maya〕A member of a Mesoamerican Indian people inhabiting southeast Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize, whose civilization reached its height arounda.d. 300-900. The Maya are noted for their architecture and city planning, their mathematics and calendar, and their hieroglyphic writing system. 马雅人：中美洲印第安人，居住在墨西哥的东南部、危地马拉和伯利兹，其文明在大约公元 300年-900年发展到最高点。马雅人以其建筑、城市规划、数学、历法和象形文字著称 〔Tinbergen〕Dutch economist. He shared a 1969 Nobel Prize for the application of mathematics and statistical methods to economics. His brotherNikolaas (born 1907), a Dutch-born British ethologist, shared a 1973 Nobel Prize for studies of individual and social behavior patterns. 延伯根，简：(生于 1903) 荷兰经济学家，他因用数学和统计学方法研究经济学而与人分享1969年的诺贝尔奖，他的弟弟尼古拉斯 （出生于1907年），荷裔英国人种学家，因其对个人和社会行为模式的研究而于1973年与人分享诺贝尔奖 〔Bessel〕Prussian astronomer who recalculated the orbit of Halley's comet (1804), verified by parallax the distance from the earth to the twin star 61 Cygni (1838), and developed a class of mathematical functions based on his study of planetary perturbation.贝塞耳，弗雷德里希·威廉：(1784-1846) 普鲁士天文学家，重新测量了哈雷彗星轨道（1804年），通过视差核实地球到双子星座61──天鹅星座的距离（1838年），在其行星摄动研究的基础上发展了一种数学函数〔constant〕A quantity assumed to have a fixed value in a specified mathematical context.恒量：在一个具体数学问题里被假设具有固定值的一个量〔computer〕A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information.计算机：用来计算的仪器，尤指可进行高速数学或逻辑运算或汇编、存储、整理或处理信息的可编程的电子机器〔endomorphism〕A homomorphism that maps a mathematical set into itself.自同态：一数学集映入自身的同态〔get〕got high marks in math and science.数学和自然科学得了高分〔econometrics〕Application of mathematical and statistical techniques to economics in the study of problems, the analysis of data, and the development and testing of theories and models.计量经济学：数学及统计技术在研究经济问题数据分析、理论和模型的发展及检测中的应用〔accumulator〕A register or electric circuit in a calculator or computer, in which the results of arithmetical and logical operations are formed.储蓄器，累加器，加法器：计算机或计算器中得出数学或逻辑运行结果的寄存器或电路〔sophist〕A Greek philosopher of pre-Socratic times who inquired about and speculated on theology, metaphysics, mathematics, and the natural and biological sciences.诡辩哲学家：前苏格拉底时代对神学、形而上学、数学以及自然和生物科学进行探索和思考的希腊哲学家〔Ohm〕German physicist noted for his contributions to mathematics, acoustics, and the measurement of electrical resistance.欧姆，格奥尔格·西蒙：(1789-1854) 德国物理学家，因其对于数学、声学和电阻测量做出的贡献而著名〔manipulative〕Any of various objects designed to be moved or arranged by hand as a means of developing motor skills or understanding abstractions, especially in mathematics.灵巧训练：由手移动或排列的各种物体，作为发展运动技巧或理解抽象概念的方法，尤指用于数学〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔prime〕One used to distinguish different values of the same variable in a mathematical expression.（在数学表达中用来）区别同一变量的不同值〔term〕from Late Latin [mathematical or logical term] 源自 后期拉丁语 [数学或逻辑用语] 〔parity〕A quantum number, either +1 (even) or -1 (odd), that mathematically describes this property.量子数的均衡：从数学含义来描述对称性的量子数＋1（偶）或－1（奇）〔Frisch〕Norwegian economist. He shared a 1969 Nobel Prize for the application of mathematics and statistical methods to economics.弗里施，朗纳尔：(1895-1973) 挪威经济学家。因在经济学中采用数学和统计学方法1969年获诺贝尔奖〔functional〕Of, relating to, or indicating a mathematical function or functions.函数的：一个或多个数学函数的、与此有关的或精于此的〔trigonometry〕The branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles and the calculations based on them, particularly the trigonometric functions.三角学：数学的分支研究三角形边、角关系以及在此基础上的计算，尤其是三角函数〔mathematics〕The study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities, using numbers and symbols.数学：运用数字和符号对量度、特质和数量关系进行的研究〔hot〕I'm not so hot at math.我对数学没有如此擅长〔Hamiltonian〕A mathematical function that can be used systematically and with great generality to generate the equations of motion of a dynamic system, equal for many such systems to the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the system expressed in terms of the system's coordinates and momenta treated as independent variables.汉密尔顿函数：一个数学函数，它可以被用来系统地、概括性地列出一个运动系统的动力变化率，以作为独立变量的该系统的坐标和动量来表示该系统的动能和势能的和〔semigroup〕A set for which there is a binary operation that is closed and associative.半群：结合二元运算下闭合和结合的数学集合〔mathematical〕Of or relating to mathematics.数学的：属于或关于数学上的〔problem〕math problems; the problem of how to hem a skirt evenly.数学问题；关于如何给裙子镶平整的边的问题〔geometry〕The mathematics of the properties, measurement, and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids.几何学：研究点、线、角度、面和立体实物的性质、度量和关系的数学〔Wallis〕English mathematician who formulated the concept of arithmetic limits and laid the theoretical foundation for the binomial theorem and differential and integral calculus.沃利斯，约翰：(1616-1703) 英国数学家，对数学极限的概念作了符号表达，奠定了二项式定理和微积分的理论基础〔subtrahend〕A quantity or number to be subtracted from another.减数：在数学减法运算中将从被减数中减去的量或数〔ALGOL〕An algebraic computer language for solving primarily mathematical and scientific problems using algorithms.算法语言：一种使用算法来解决首要的数学和科学问题的代数计算机语言〔alliance〕the ancient alliance between mathematics and music.数学和音乐之间的古老的联系 |
| 随便看 |
|
英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。