| 单词 | 文化 |
| 释义 | 〔Spengler〕German philosopher who argued that civilizations and cultures are subject to the same cycle of growth and decay as human beings. His major work isThe Decline of the West (1918-1922). 施彭格勒，奥斯瓦尔德：(1880-1936) 德国哲学家，他认为文明和文化就象人类一样也要经历兴起与衰落的循环。他的主要著作为《西方的衰落》 （1918-1922年） 〔Mochica〕A pre-Incan civilization that flourished on the northern coast of Peru from about 200b.c. to a.d. 600, known especially for its pottery vessels modeled into naturalistic human and animal figures. 莫奇卡文化：从公元前 200年至 公元 600年间秘鲁北部海岸上兴起的前印加人文明，尤以其模制自然人和动物形态的陶瓷器皿而闻名 〔ideology〕The body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, a group, a class, or a culture.思想（体系），思想意识：反映社会需要和个人、组织、阶级或文化的愿望的思想总和〔semiliterate〕Having achieved an elementary level of ability in reading and writing.有初等文化的：有初级读写能力的〔vernacular〕Of, relating to, or characteristic of the style of architecture and decoration common in a particular region, culture, or period.民间风格的：属于、关于建筑和装饰风格的，或者具有此特征的，通常在某个具体的地区、文化或时期内〔Warsaw〕The capital of Poland, in the east-central part of the country on the Vistula River. Founded in the 13th century, it replaced Cracow as Poland's capital in 1596. Warsaw was ruled by Russia as an independent kingdom (1815-1917) and became capital of Poland again in 1918. Most of the city's Jewish residents were executed during the German occupation in World War II. Warsaw was rebuilt after 1945 and is today a major cultural, commercial, and industrial center. Population, 1,649,000.华沙：波兰首都，位于该国中西部，维斯杜拉河畔。建于13世纪，1596年该城取代克拉科夫而成为波兰首都。作为一个独立王国，华沙于1815-1917年处于俄国统治之下，1918年又成为波兰首都。该城大部分犹太居民都于二战中德军占领期间被处死。1945年之后，华沙得到重建，现在为一主要文化、商业和工业中心。人口1,649,000〔Burckhardt〕Swiss historian who was one of the founders of the culturally oriented school of modern historical writing. His classic work isThe Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). 伯尔克哈特，雅格布：(1818-1897) 瑞典历史学家，是具有文化导向的现代历史写作学校的创办人之一，他的经典著作是《艺复兴时期的意大利文化》 (1860年） 〔archaeology〕The systematic recovery and study of material evidence, such as graves, buildings, tools, and pottery, remaining from past human life and culture.考古学：对过去人类的生活及文化保存下来的物质证据，如坟墓、建筑物、工具及陶器等的系统的恢复与研究〔period〕An interval of time characterized by the prevalence of a specified culture, ideology, or technology:时期：以某特定文化、思想或技术的盛行为特征的一段时间：〔Quechuan〕Of or relating to the Quechua or their language or culture.奇楚亚族的：奇楚亚人或其语言或文化的，或之有关的〔preliterate〕Of, relating to, or being a culture not having a written language.没有文字的：没有文字语言的文化的、与之相关的或属于之的〔kitsch〕Culture or civilization in a degraded state of sentimentality and vulgarity.庸俗文化：处于感伤和粗俗的退化状态的文化或文明〔Hebraist〕A scholar who specializes in the study of Hebrew.希伯来语言学家，希伯来文化专家：专门研究希伯来语言或文化的学者〔Castilian〕Of or relating to Castile or its people, language, or culture.卡斯蒂利亚的：卡斯蒂利亚或其人民、语言或文化的或与之相关的〔nature〕A primitive state of existence, untouched and uninfluenced by civilization or artificiality:自然态：存在的原始状态，没有被文化和人为接触和影响的：〔Iberian〕Of or relating to the Iberian Peninsula or its modern peoples, languages, or cultures.伊比利亚半岛的：伊比利亚半岛或其现代民族、语言或文化的；或与这些有关的〔Levalloisian〕Of or relating to a western European stage in lower Paleolithic culture, characterized by a distinctive method of striking off flake tools from pieces of flint.勒瓦娄哇文化的：属于或关于西欧早期旧石器时代文化的一个阶段，特征为从扁平的燧石上打制石片石器的特殊方法〔Finnish〕Of or relating to Finland or its people, language, or culture.芬兰的或芬兰人、芬兰语及其文化有关的〔Norwegian〕Of or relating to Norway or its people, language, or culture.挪威的：是或与挪威或其人民，语言，或文化有关的〔Harappa〕A locality in the Indus River valley of the Punjab in Pakistan. Archaeological finds dating back to the third millenniumb.c. include the remains of a well-laid-out city and indicate a possible link between Indian and Sumerian cultures. 哈拉帕：巴基斯坦旁遮普印度河谷的一个地方，追溯到公元前 3000年的考古发现，包括一座设计不错的城市遗址，这表明在印度和苏美尔文化之间可能有联系纽带 〔Mozarab〕One of a group of Spanish Christians who adopted certain aspects of Arab culture under Moslem rule but practiced a modified form of Christian worship.莫扎勒布：穆斯林统治时期的一些西班牙基督教徒，他们采用穆斯林戒律统辖的阿拉伯文化的某些方面但仍按修改过的基督教徒方式做礼拜〔folkway〕A practice, custom, or belief shared by the members of a group as part of their common culture. Often used in the plural.社会习俗：作为他们共同文化的一部分，由一个团体的成员们共享的惯例、风俗或信仰，常用作复数〔culture〕Edwardian culture; Japanese culture; the culture of poverty.爱德华时代的文化；日本文化；贫困文化〔Bhutanese〕Of or relating to Bhutan or its people, language, or culture.不丹的：不丹或其人民、语言或文化的或与之相关的〔Creole〕A person descended from or culturally related to the original French settlers of the southern United States, especially Louisiana.土生法国人：美国南部尤其是路易斯安那州的早期法国殖民者的后裔或与其文化有联系的人〔Collier〕American sociologist and public official who as commissioner of Indian affairs (1933-1945) worked to preserve Native American territories and cultures.柯里尔，约翰：(1884-1968) 美国社会学家，印第安事务专员（1933-1945年），致力于保留北美土著的领地及文化〔knowledge〕"A knowledge of Greek thought and life, and of the arts in which the Greeks expressed their thought and sentiment, is essential to high culture" (Charles Eliot Norton). “对希腊的思想和生活方式，及希腊人用以表现他们的思想和感情的艺术的理解，对严肃文化是非常重要的” （查尔斯·艾略特·诺顿）。 〔Iberian〕Of or relating to the ancient peoples that inhabited the Iberian Peninsula or their languages or cultures.伊比利亚人的：居住在伊比利亚半岛的古代人或其语言或文化的；或与这些有关的〔Mesoamerica〕A region extending south and east from central Mexico to include parts of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In pre-Columbian times it was inhabited by diverse civilizations, including the Mayan and the Olmec.中美洲：从墨西哥中部向南向东延伸，包括危地马拉、伯利兹、洪都拉斯及尼加拉瓜在内的地区。在哥伦比亚以前的时代，这里曾存在过各种文明，包括玛雅文化及奥尔梅克文化〔Anatolian〕Of or relating to Anatolia or its people, language, or culture.安纳托利亚的：属于或有关安纳托利亚的、安纳托利亚人民、语言或文化的〔Singhalese〕Of or relating to Sri Lanka, the Singhalese, or their language or culture.斯里兰卡的僧伽罗人的、他们的语言、文化的或与之相关的〔Philistine〕It has never been good to be a Philistine.Samson, Saul, and David in the Bible helped bring the Philistines into prominence because they were such prominent opponents.Even though the Philistines have long since disappeared,their name has lived on in the Old Testament.The English name for them,Philistines, which goes back through Late Latin and Greek to Hebrew, is first found in Middle English,wherePhilistiens, the ancestor of our word, is recorded in a work composed before 1325. Beginning in the 17th centuryphilistine was used as a common noun usually in the plural to refer to various groups considered the enemy,such as literary critics.In Germany in the same centuryit is said that in a memorial at Jena for a student who had been killed in a town-gown quarrel,the minister preached a sermon from the text "Philister über dir Simson! [The Philistines be upon thee, Samson!],”the words of Delilah to Samson after she attempted to render him powerless before his Philistine enemies.From this usage it is said that German students came to usePhilister, the German equivalent of Philistine, to denote nonstudents and hence uncultured or materialistic people.Both usages were picked up in English in the early 19th century.做非利士人从来没有好处。《圣经》中的参孙、索尔和大卫使非利士人出名是因为他们是很优秀的对手。尽管非利士人已消失很久了，他们的名字却仍存在于《旧约》当中。他们的英文名称Philistines 可由晚期拉丁语和希腊语追溯到希伯来语， 是在中世纪英语中首先发现的，其中我们所用词的前身Philistines 记载在一部1325年前的著作中。 17世纪以来，Philistine 被用作普通名词并且常以复数形式出现， 意指被认为是敌人的各种团体，如文学批评家。在同一世纪的德国，据说在耶拿举行的纪念一名在市民和大学生争执中被杀的学生的纪念会上，牧师从“［非利士人比你强，参孙!］”中选取了一段做布道，就是迪莱勒在试图使参孙在他的非利士手面前变得软弱无力后说的那些话。这段话的用法中可见德国学生开始使用philister 作为 philistine 的德语替代语， 意指不是学生因此也就是没有文化以及不务实的人。这两种用法在19世纪早期的英语中均能找到〔Caribbean〕Of or relating to the Caribbean Sea, its islands, or its Central or South American coasts or to the peoples or cultures of this region.加勒比的：加勒比海诸岛的、与加勒比海诸岛有关的，加勒比海中南部美洲海岸的、加勒比海人或文化的，与加勒比海中南部美洲海岸有关的、与加勒海人或文化有关的〔Philistine〕"our plastic, violent culture, with its philistine tastes and hunger for novelty"(Lloyd Rose)“我们易受影响的扭曲的文化，趣味低级而且缺乏新颖性”(劳埃德·罗斯)〔Polish〕Of or relating to Poland or its people, their language, or culture.波兰的；波兰语的：属于或关于波兰或其民族、语言或文化的〔Venetian〕Of or relating to Venice, Italy, or its people, language, or culture.威尼斯的：属于或关于意大利威尼斯的或者其人民、语言或文化的〔Scythian〕Of or relating to Scythia or its people, language, or culture.锡西厄的：锡西厄的或者锡西厄人、语言或者文化有关的，或与其有关的〔Solutrean〕Of or relating to the Old World Upper Paleolithic culture that succeeded the Aurignacian and was characterized by improved flint implements and stylized symbolic forms of art.梭鲁特文化的：旧世界奥瑞纳文化之后旧石器时代后期文化的或与之有关的，其特征是使用改进的火石工具及格式化象征性的艺术形式〔Melanesian〕Of or relating to Melanesia or its peoples, languages, or cultures.美拉尼西亚的：美拉尼西亚的，美拉尼西亚人的，美拉尼西亚语的，美拉尼西亚文化的，与他们有关的〔Australian〕Of or relating to Australia or its peoples, languages, or cultures.澳大利亚的：属于或关于澳大利亚或其民族、语言或文化的 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。