| 单词 | 文学 |
| 释义 | 〔Yangzhou〕A city of east-central China on the Grand Canal. It was a capital of China in the sixth centurya.d. and an important literary and cultural center. Marco Polo was governor of the city from 1282 to 1285. Population, 255,000. 扬州：中国东部一城市，位于大运河上。公元 6世纪时，它是中国的首都和重要的文学和文化中心，从1282年到1285年，马可·波罗为该市的长官。人口255,000 〔literary〕Of or relating to writers or the profession of literature:文学的：与作家或文字职业有关的：〔Gogol〕Russian writer considered the founder of realism in Russian literature. His works include the short stories "Diary of a Madman" (1835) and "The Overcoat" (1842) and the novelDead Souls (1842). 果戈理，尼科莱·瓦斯列维奇：(1809-1852) 俄国作家，被认为是俄国现实主义文学的奠基人。他的作品包括短篇小说《狂人日记》（1835年）和《外套》（1842年）及小说《死魂灵》 （1842年） 〔treasury〕A collection of literary or artistic treasures:名作集：一个文学或艺术珍品选集：〔freedom〕 License sometimes denotes deliberate deviation from normally applicable rules or practices to achieve a desired effect, as in literature or art: License 总意味着（如在文学或艺术上）为达到理想的效果而故意偏离通常适当的准则或惯例： 〔fodder〕romantic novels intended as fodder for the pulp fiction market.专供庸俗文学市场的大量言情小说〔poetry〕Poems regarded as forming a division of literature.诗歌：被视为一个文学分支的诗篇〔meticulous〕"Your true lover of literature is never fastidious" (Robert Southey).“真正的文学爱好者从不挑剔” （罗伯特·骚塞）。〔classic〕Abbr. class.Of or characteristic of the literature, art, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome; classical.缩写 class.经典的：有古希腊和古罗马的文学、艺术和文化特征的；经典的〔mimesis〕The imitation or representation of aspects of the sensible world, especially human actions, in literature and art.模仿：文学或艺术中对可感知世界的某些侧面的模仿或表现，尤指人类的行为〔bohemian〕A person with artistic or literary interests who disregards conventional standards of behavior.放荡不羁的文化人：对艺术和文学感兴趣，不混同世俗标准和行为的人〔style〕The combination of distinctive features of literary or artistic expression, execution, or performance characterizing a particular person, group, school, or era.独特的风格，体裁：一个人、一群人、流派或一个时代的文学与艺术表达、其作品特征的总和〔repulse〕A number of critics have maintained thatrepulse should only be used to mean "to drive away, spurn,” as inHe rudely repulsed their overtures, and not to mean "to cause repulsion in,”as inTheir hypocrisy repulsed me. In recent years, however, there has been an increasing tendency to userepulse in the sense "cause repulsion in.” Reputable literary precedent exists for this usage,and the confusion is understandable,given that the stigmatized use ofrepulse is parallel to the unexceptionable uses of repulsion and repulsive. Still, writers who want to stay on the safe side may prefer to use onlyrepel when the intended sense is "cause repulsion in.” 一些评论家坚持认为repulse 一词应该只用来指“赶走；摒弃，” 如在他粗鲁地拒绝了他们的提议 中， 而不应用来表示“使产生反感，”如在他们的虚伪使我产生了反感 中。 然而近来却越来越倾向于在“使产生反感”的意义上使用repulse 一词。 这一用法有着为优秀作家所认可的文学先例，而且这一困惑是可以理解的，如果repulse 这一被指责的用法是与 repulsion 以及 repulsive 的无懈可击的用法相对应的。 然而，想站在安全一边的作家在其意思是“使产生反感”时，可能只愿意使用repel 一词 〔imagery〕The use of expressive or evocative images in art, literature, or music.象征：在美术、文学或音乐上运用象征手法进行的表达或宣传〔quote〕As a transitive verbquote is appropriately used to describe the use of an exact wording drawn from another source. When the original source is paraphrased or alluded to,the more general termcite is usually preferable. · The nounquote is well established as a truncation of quotation, though many critics regard it as unduly journalistic or breezy.As such, it is best avoided in formal literary discussions.The use of the noun was acceptable to only 38 percent of the Usage Panel in the sentenceHe began the chapter with a quote from the Bible. But the usage is less objectionable in informal contexts or in reference to less august sources;the word was acceptable to 53 percent of the Panel in the sentenceHe lightened up his talk by throwing in quotes from Marx Brothers movies. · The nounquote is sometimes used as a synonym for "dictum, saying,” as inHis career is just one more validation of Andy Warhol's quote that "in the future, everybody will be famous for fifteen minutes.” This example was unacceptable to 76 percent of the Usage Panel.作为一个及物动词，用quote 一词来指从另一出处中抄取完全一样的用语是很恰当的。 当原文出处被意译或是间接提及时，一个意义更广泛的词cite 更可取。 quote 这名词形式是由 quatation 削减而来，也已被普遍接受， 虽然许多批评家认为这个词染有不恰当的记者文风或不太正式。因此，在正式的文学讨论中最好避免使用。在用法专题使用小组的调查中，只有38%的人认为这个名词在这章的开始他引用了《圣经》中的一段 文字 这个句子中的用法是可行的。 但在不正式的语境下或提及的出处不很严肃时，对于这种用法的反对意见要少一些。在他插入了一段引自马克斯兄弟电影中的 话 来活跃谈话气氛 这个句子中， 53%的小组成员认为这个词可以接受。 Quote 这个名词有时也可用作“格言、名言”的同义词， 如在他的一生再一次证实了安迪·霍尔的 格言 “将来，每个人都将享有十五分钟的知名度” 这个句子中， 用法专题使用小组中76%的成员认为这个例句无法接受〔allegory〕A literary, dramatic, or pictorial device in which characters and events stand for abstract ideas, principles, or forces, so that the literal sense has or suggests a parallel, deeper symbolic sense.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力，从而使表面含义含有或表达一种对等的，但更深刻的象征意义〔convention〕A widely used and accepted device or technique, as in drama, literature, or painting:传统手法：被广泛使用并接受的手法或技巧，如在戏剧、文学或绘画中：〔classical〕Of or relating to the ancient Greeks and Romans, especially their art, architecture, and literature.古希腊罗马的：古希腊和古罗马的，或与其有关的，尤指其艺术、建筑和文学〔Heidenstam〕Swedish writer whose subjective works of poetry and fiction led the literary reaction to Swedish naturalism. He won the 1916 Nobel Prize for literature.海登斯塔姆，（卡尔·古斯塔夫）维尔纳·冯：(1859-1940) 瑞典作家，他的主观主义作品包括诗和小说，引导了文学反应到瑞典自然主义的复古文学。1916年获诺贝尔文学奖〔literature〕A body of writings in prose or verse.文学：用散文体或韵文体所写的文字〔objectivism〕An emphasis on objects rather than feelings or thoughts in literature or art.客观主义：在文学或艺术中对客观物体的强调而并非对情感或思想的强调〔athenaeum〕An institution, such as a literary club or scientific academy, for the promotion of learning.文学协会，科学协会：促进学问增长的机构，如文学俱乐部或科学研究院〔bluestocking〕After the Blue Stocking Society, a nickname for a predominantly female literary club of 18th-century London 源自 Blue Stocking 社会，18世纪伦敦的主要由女子参加的文学俱乐部的绰号 〔sarcastic〕"a man of eccentric charm, ironic humor, and—above all—profound literary genius" (Jonathan Kirsch).“一个具有奇妙魔力、讽刺性幽默以及—特别是—高深的文学天份的人” （乔纳森·基尔希）。〔historiography〕A body of historical literature.历史文学的主体：〔Homer〕Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Western literature, theIliad and the Odyssey, are attributed to him. 荷马：希腊史诗作者创作了西方文学最伟大的两部作品《伊利亚特》 和 《奥德赛》 〔degree〕received the Bachelor of Arts degree at commencement.在毕业典礼上接受文学学士学位〔obstacle〕"Literature is my Utopia . . . No barrier of the senses shuts me out from the sweet, gracious discourse of my book friends" (Helen Keller).“文学是我的乌托邦…没有任何感官的障碍能阻止我与书中朋友们的美妙、优雅的交谈” （海伦·凯勒）。〔Trotsky〕Russian revolutionary theoretician. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin and his emphasis on world revolution. His writings includeLiterature and Revolution (1925) and the autobiographical My Life (1930). Trotsky was murdered while in exile in Mexico. 托洛茨基，利昂：(1879-1940) 俄国革命理论家。是布尔什维克革命(1917年）领导人，后被逐出共产党(1927年）并因其反对斯大林政权和强调世界革命而被驱逐。他的著作包括《文学与革命》 （1925年）及自传 《我的一生》 （1931年）。托洛茨基在流亡墨西哥时被谋杀 〔Harlem〕A section of New York City in northern Manhattan bordering on the Harlem and East rivers. Peter Stuyvesant established the Dutch settlement of Nieuw Haarlem here in 1658. A rapid influx of Black people beginning c. 1910 made it one of the largest Black communities in the United States. In the 1920's a flowering of Black art and literature was known as the Harlem Renaissance. After World War II many Hispanics settled in East (or Spanish) Harlem.哈莱姆区：纽约市一地区，位于曼哈顿北部，傍倚哈莱姆河和东河。1658年彼得·斯图佛逊在此建立起荷兰人寄居地——新哈莱姆区。自1910年以来，迅速增大的黑人居民使该地成为美国最大的黑人聚居地，20世纪20年代黑人艺术及文学的兴起被称为哈莱姆文艺复兴，二次大战后，许多西班牙人定居在东（或西班牙）哈莱姆区〔Hale〕American Unitarian cleric and writer whose more than 150 literary works include the story "The Man Without a Country" (1863). His sisterLucretia Peabody Hale (1820-1900) wrote two noted children's books, The Peterkin Papers (1880) and The Last of the Peterkins (1886). 黑尔，爱德华·埃弗里特：(1822-1909) 美国一神论派牧师和作家，他写了150多部文学著作，包括的小说《没有祖国的人》（1863年）。他的妹妹卢克瑞提亚·皮博迪·黑尔 （1820-1900年）写了两部著名的儿童书籍 《彼得金文集》 （1880年）和 《彼得金加最后一人》 （1886年） 〔genre〕A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content:体裁，样式：以鲜明的风格、形式或内容为标志的艺术作品的一个流派，如在音乐或文学中：〔surrealism〕A 20th-century literary and artistic movement that attempts to express the workings of the subconscious and is characterized by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtaposition of subject matter.超现实主义：20世纪的文学和艺术运动，它试图表达潜意识的活动，以怪诞的意象和主题的不协调并存为特征〔schlock〕Something, such as merchandise or literature, that is inferior or shoddy.劣品：低劣或劣质的商品或文学等〔empty〕Barren stresses lack of productivity in both literal and figurative applications: Barren 强调在文学或象征性的应用中缺乏创造性： 〔inerrantism〕Belief in the inerrancy or literal truth of a particular writing or document.确信主义：坚信某个书面材料或文件的正确无误或文学真实性〔literature〕The art or occupation of a literary writer.文学；作家：一个文学作者的艺术或职业〔Gotha〕A city of central Germany west of Erfurt. First mentioned in the tenth century, it is an industrial and cultural center. TheAlmanach de Gotha, a record of Europe's aristocratic and royal houses, was first published here in 1763. Population, 57,662. 哥达：德国中部一城市，埃尔富达的西面。第一次有该市名称是在10世纪，是工业和文学中心。《哥达的建筑》 ，一本对欧洲贵族和皇家建筑进行记载的书，于1763年第一次在这儿出版。人口57,662 〔criticism〕The art, skill, or profession of making discriminating judgments and evaluations, especially of literary or other artistic works.评价：尤指对文学或其它艺术作品作出的有见识的判断和评价方法、技艺或职业〔hierology〕The sacred literature of a people.一个民族的宗教文学 |
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