| 单词 | 文学上 |
| 释义 | 〔school〕She is well schooled in literature.See Synonyms at teach 她在文学上受过良好的训练 参见 teach〔kind〕To this may be added a word of caution to American writers:despite the existence of ample literary precedent forthese kind of films, the construction has been so thoroughly stigmatized by native grammariansthat its use would have to be reckoned indiscreet, if not strictly incorrect.关于这一点也许可以给美国作家加上一句警告：尽管有大量的像these kind of films 一样的文学上的先例存在， 这一结构已被本国的语法专家彻底否定掉，以至于它的用法即使不认为是严格的错误，也会被认作不慎重〔Lagash〕An ancient city of Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. It flourished c. 2400b.c. and after the fall of Akkad (2180) enjoyed a classical revival noted for its sculpture and literature. 拉加什：苏美尔的一座古城，位于美索不达米亚南部。它在公元前 2400年鼎盛一时，在阿卡得陷落（公元前2180年）后又在雕塑上和文学上出现了著名的古典主义复兴 〔heroine〕The wordhero should no longer be regarded as restricted to men in the sense "a person noted for courageous action,”thoughheroine is always restricted to women. The distinction betweenheroine and hero is still useful, however, in referring to the principal character of a fictional work, in as much as the virtues and qualities that become a traditional literary heroine like Elizabeth Bennet or Isabel Archer are generally quite different from those that become a traditional literary hero like Tom Jones or Huckleberry Finn.单词hero 不应该仅限于指男人， 因为它有“因勇敢行为而出名的人”的意思，尽管heroine 仅用于女人。 heroine 与 hero 之间的区别用于区分虚构的作品中的主要人物仍然有用， 因象伊丽莎白·贝内特或伊莎贝拉·阿彻这样的传统文学上的女主角与象汤姆·琼斯或哈克贝利·费恩这样的传统的文学上的男主角的美德与品质，一般说来，有很大不同〔serendipity〕We are indebted to the English author Horace Walpole for coining the wordserendipity. In one of his 3,000 or more letters, on which his literary reputation primarily rests,and specifically in a letter of January 28, 1754,Walpole says that "this discovery, indeed, is almost of that kind which I call Serendipity, a very expressive word.”Perhaps the word itself came to him by serendipity.Walpole formed the word on an old name for Sri Lanka,Serendip. He explained that this name was part of the title of "a silly fairy tale, calledThe Three Princes of Serendip : as their highnesses traveled, they were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things which they were not in quest of . . . One of the most remarkable instances of thisaccidental sagacity ( for you must observe thatno discovery of a thing you are looking for, comes under this description) was of my Lord Shaftsbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper],who happening to dine at Lord Chancellor Clarendon's [Edward Hyde],found out the marriage of the Duke of York [later James II] and Mrs. Hyde [Anne Hyde, Clarendon's daughter], by the respect with which her mother [Frances Aylesbury Hyde] treated her at table.”我们非常感激英国作家霍勒斯·沃尔浦尔创造了单词serendipity。 他文学上的声誉主要依靠他的三千封或更多的信件中的一封，尤其是写于1754年一月二十八日的信中，沃尔浦尔说道“这一发现，实际上几乎是我称作意外发现珍奇事物的本领，一个非常有意味的词。”可能他得到这个单词也是靠意外发现珍奇事物的本领。沃尔浦尔创造这个词源自斯里兰卡的旧称Serendip 。 他解释说这个名字是“一个朴素的神话故事，称作The Three Princes of Serendip （斯里兰卡的三个王子）的童话”的名字的一部分： 当这些殿下旅行时，他们总是通过意外和精明地发现他们并没有寻求的东西…这种accidental sagacity（意外的聪慧） 的最著名的实例( 你必须注意到根据这种描述你没有 发现你 正在 寻找的东西） 是我的沙夫茨伯里老爷，偶然在钱塞勒·克拉伦登老爷处用餐时，发现了约克的杜克同海德夫人的婚事是根据她的母亲在吃饭款待她时发现的”〔device〕A literary contrivance, such as parallelism or personification, used to achieve a particular effect.拟人：文学上的一种修辞方法，如比拟或似人法，用以达到某种特别的效果〔verism〕Realism in art and literature.真实主义：艺术和文学上的现实主义〔kinnikinnick〕Unami (Delaware language) kələkkəníikkan [literally, item for mixing in, kinnikinnick] 乌纳米语（特拉华语） kələkkəníikkan [在文学上，混合用的一项，烟草混合物] 〔wake〕The pairswake, waken and awake, awaken have formed a bewildering array since the Middle English period. All four words have similar meanings, though there are some differences in use.Onlywake is used in the sense "to be awake,” as in expressions likewaking (not wakening ) and sleeping, every waking hour. Wake is also more common than waken when used together with up; andawake and awaken never occur in this context: She woke up (rarely wakened up; never awakened up or awoke up ). Some writers have suggested thatwaken should be used only transitively and awaken only intransitively, but there is ample literary precedent for usages such asHe wakened early and They did not awaken her. In figurative sensesawake and awaken are more prevalent: wake,waken 和 awake,awaken 这两对词自中古英语以来就形成令人不解的一组词。 四个词有相似的意思，尽管在用法上有差异。只有wake 用于“保持清醒”的意义， 如在waking （而非 wakening ) and sleeping, every waking hour（清醒和睡眠，每一个醒着的时刻）。 Wake在与 up 一同用时也比 waken 更常用； 并且awake 和 awaken 从不出现在这种语言环境中： She woke up （很少用 wakened up ；从不用 awakened up 或 awoke up )。 有些作家指出waken 应只用作及物的而 awaken 只用作不及物的， 但有很多文学上的用法先例,如He wakened early（他醒得早） 和 They did not awaken her（他们没惊醒她）。 在比喻意义上awake 和 awaken 更普遍： 〔topos〕A traditional theme or motif; a literary convention.传统主题：传统的主题或思想；文学上的正宗传统 |
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