| 单词 | 文明 |
| 释义 | 〔Tarascan〕A member of a Mesoamerican Indian people of southwest Mexico whose civilization was at its height from the 14th century until the Spanish conquest.塔拉斯科人：中美印第安人的一支，墨西哥西南部的印第安人，自14世纪起开始其文明鼎盛时期，直到西班牙占领为止〔humanity〕Those branches of knowledge, such as philosophy, literature, and art, that are concerned with human thought and culture; the liberal arts.人文科学：研究人类思想和文明的学科，如哲学、文学、艺术；自由主义艺术〔Sumer〕An ancient country of southern Mesopotamia in present-day southern Iraq. Archaeological evidence dates the beginnings of Sumer to the fifth millenniumb.c. By 3000 a flourishing civilization existed, which gradually exerted power over the surrounding area and culminated in the Akkadian dynasty founded (c. 2340) by Sargon I. Sumer declined after 2000 and was later absorbed by Babylonia and Assyria. The Sumerians are believed to have invented the cuneiform system of writing. 苏美尔：美索不达米亚平南部一古国，位于今伊拉克南部。据考古学的证据显示，苏美尔的建立可追溯到公元前 五千年，到公元前3000年，就已出现了繁荣的文明，它逐渐地影响并控制了周围的地区，到萨尔贡世建立的古阿卡德王朝时（前2340年）、文明达到顶峰的公元前2000年前后，苏美尔开始衰落，后来被巴比伦和亚述吞并，人们相信苏美尔人发明了象形文字 〔Reconstructionism〕The branch of Judaism founded in the United States in the 20th century that regards Judaism as a religious civilization and questions the doctrine that the Jews are God's chosen people.犹太复兴运动：20世纪源于美国的犹太教的一支，认为犹太教是一个宗教文明，并对认为犹太人是上帝选定的子民的教条提出质疑〔kurgan〕The culture that produced these tumuli or barrows.库尔干文明：产生这种古冢或古坟的文明〔Olmec〕A member of any of various peoples who contributed to the Olmec civilization.奥尔梅克人：共同创造奥尔梅克文明的任一民族的成员〔incivility〕An uncivil or discourteous act.不文明或粗鲁的行为〔Oldowan〕Of or relating to an early stage of African Paleolithic tool culture characterized by choppers and bifacial chopping tools.奥杜威文化的：非洲旧石器时代工具文明早期的或与其相关的，特征为制造切刀与双面切刀作为工具〔lady〕Lady, a social term, is properly used as a parallel togentleman in order to emphasize norms expected in civil society or in situations requiring civil courtesies: 女士 这个社会称谓， 常与先生 对称，目的是用来强调文明社会所需要的规矩或在需要文明礼节的场合所应有的规矩： 〔civilization〕An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions.文明：人类社会知识、文化和物质发展的高级阶段，标志为艺术和科学上的发展、文字的广泛使用和复杂的政治及社会机构的出现〔Durant〕American historian who wroteThe Story of Civilization (1935-1975), an 11-volume history of the world on which his wife Ariel (1898-1981) collaborated. 杜兰特，威廉·詹姆斯：(1885-1981) 美国历史学家，著作有《文明的故事》 （1935-1975年），与其妻 爱瑞尔 (1898-1981年）合写有11卷世界历史 〔futurism〕An artistic movement originating in Italy around 1910 whose aim was to express the energetic, dynamic, and violent quality of contemporary life, especially as embodied in the motion and force of modern machinery.未来主义：一种1910年左右发源于意大利的文艺思潮，意在表现当代生活有力的、充满活力的和激烈的特点，尤其主张表现现代机械文明的动感和暴力〔Toynbee〕British historian and educator who studied cyclical patterns in the growth and decline of civilizations. His most famous work is the 12-volumeStudy of History (1934-1961). 汤因比，阿诺德·约瑟夫：(1889-1975) 英国历史学家和教育学家，他研究文明兴衰的循环类型，其最著名的著作是十二卷的《历史研究》 （1934-1961年） 〔Zapotec〕A member of a Mesoamerican Indian people centered at Monte Albán in southern Mexico, whose civilization reached its height arounda.d. 300-900. 萨波特克人：居住在墨西哥南部瓦哈尔州的中美洲印第安人，他们的文明在公元 300-900年达到了顶点 〔Teutonism〕German character or civilization.日耳曼风尚：日耳曼特点或文明〔Crete〕An island of southeast Greece in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its Minoan civilization was one of the earliest in the world and reached the height of its wealth and power c. 1600b.c. Crete subsequently fell to the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Venetians, and Ottoman Turks. The islanders proclaimed their union with modern Greece in 1908. 克里特岛：希腊东南沿海的一个岛屿，位于地中海东部。它的迈诺斯文明是世界是最早的文明之一，并在公元前 17世纪纪达到其财富和权势的顶峰。克里特岛先后被希腊人、罗马人、拜占廷人、阿拉伯人、威尼斯人和奥托曼土耳其人攻陷。岛上居民在1908年宣布与现代的希腊结成联盟 〔Mixtec〕A member of a Mesoamerican Indian people of southern Mexico whose civilization was overthrown by the Aztecs in the 16th century.米斯泰克部落：墨西哥南部中美洲印第安人的一个成员，它的文明在16世纪被阿兹特克人破坏〔Ebla〕An ancient city of southwest Asia near the site of present-day Aleppo, Syria. The cuneiform Ebla Tablets, discovered from 1974 to 1975, describe a thriving third-millenniumb.c. civilization centered around the city. 埃卜拉：亚洲西南部一古城，位于今叙利亚阿勒坡附近。1974年到1975年发现的埃卜拉楔形文字泥板，描述了公元前 3000年以埃卜拉城为中心的文明盛世 〔law〕a breakdown of law and civilized behavior.法制与文明行为的崩溃〔Comstockery〕Bowdlerism, named after Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825),has been around longer than Comstockery, named for Anthony Comstock (1844-1915). All Bowdler did to enter the world of common nouns was to expurgate Shakespeare, the Bible, and Gibbon'sHistory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. On the other hand, Comstock, the organizer and secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice,helped destroy 160 tons of literature and pictures that he deemed immoral.Comstockery, the word honoring his achievements, is first recorded in 1905 in a letter by George Bernard Shaw to the New York Times: “Comstockery is the world's standing Joke at the expense of the United States. . . . It confirms the deep-seated conviction of the Old World that America is a provincial place, a second rate country-town civilization after all.” 以汤姆斯·鲍德勒博士(1754-1825年）的名字命名的鲍德勒主义，存在时间要比以安东尼·康斯托克(1844-1915年）命名的康斯托克主义长一些。鲍德勒所做的只是删节莎士比亚作品、《圣经 》和吉伯恩的罗马帝国的衰落与灭亡 就使其名字成为一个通用名词了。 而另一方面，作为纽约反暴力社会党的组织者和秘书长，康斯托克协助销毁了160吨他认为不道德的作品与图片。Comstockery ，这一为了表彰他的成绩的词最初是出现于1905年乔治·伯那德·修在写给 纽约时报 的信中： “Comstockery 一词是世界对美国的嘲笑…它证实了在东半球中根深蒂固的观念，那就是美国是个粗鄙的地方，充其量只能算是一个二流的乡村文明” 〔polite〕"It costs nothing to be polite" (Winston S. Churchill). “举止文明得体是不花费本钱的” （温斯顿·S·邱吉尔）。 〔dehumanize〕To deprive of human qualities such as individuality, compassion, or civility:剥夺人性：剥夺人性，如个性、同情心或文明：〔caricature〕The history of the wordcaricature takes us back through the centuries to a time when the Romans occupied Gaul, offering the blessings of civilization to the Gaulsbut also borrowing from them as well.One such borrowing, the Gaulish word.karros, meaning "a wagon or cart,” became Latincarrus, "a Gallic type of wagon.” This Latin word has continued to roll through the English language,giving uscar, career, cargo, carry, and charge, among others. Caricature, another offspring of carrus, came to us via French from Italian,in whichcaricatura, the source of the French word, was derived from Italian caricare, "to load, burden, or exaggerate.” Caricare in turn came from Late Latin carricāre, "to load,” derived from the Romans' Gaulish borrowingcarrus. Caricature 一词的历史可上溯到很多世纪以前当古罗马人占领高卢的时候。 古罗马人给高卢人带去文明开化的好处，同时也从高卢人那里有所借鉴。其中一个借用语，即意为“运货马车或畜拉车”的高卢语词karros ， 演变成拉丁语carrus ，意为“一种高卢式运货马车”。 这一拉丁词语在英语中继续发展，使我们得到了car，career，cargo，carry 和 charge 等诸多词汇。 Caricature 是 carrus 的另一产物， 从意大利语经法语而演变过来的。演变过程中，做为法语词源的caricatura 是从意大利语，即意为“装货，使负重荷或夸张”的 caricare 衍生而来。 反过来，Caricare 源自后期拉丁语 carricare ，意为“装货”， 而它又衍生自古罗马人从高卢语中借来的carrus 〔Hellenize〕To make Greek in character, culture, or civilization.使希腊化：使在特性、文化或文明方面希腊化〔rhythm〕the rhythm of civilization; the rhythm of the lengthy negotiations.文明进程；长期谈判的节奏〔Knossos〕An ancient city of northern Crete near present-day Iráklion. The center of a Bronze Age culture that probably flourished from c. 2000 to 1400b.c. , it is the traditional site of the labyrinth of Daedalus and the palace of King Minos. 克诺索斯：克里特北部的一个古城，位于现在的伊腊克林附近。青铜时代文明的中心，它可能是从公元前 2000年到1400年很繁盛，它是代达罗斯迷宫和米诺斯国王宫殿传说的所在地 〔Khmer〕A member of a people of Cambodia whose civilization reached its height from the 9th to the 15th centuries.高棉人：柬埔寨的一个民族，其文明在9世纪至15世纪时达到高峰〔barbarous〕Primitive in culture and customs; uncivilized.野蛮的，未开化的：文化和习惯原始的；不文明的〔civilization〕The act or process of civilizing or reaching a civilized state.开化，教化：文明化的行为或过程，达到文明的状态〔margin〕the margin of reality; has crossed the margin of civilized behavior.接近真实；超越了文明行为的限度〔Thebes〕An ancient city of Boeotia in east-central Greece northwest of Athens. Originally a Mycenaen city, it reached the height of its power in the fourth centuryb.c. but was largely destroyed by Alexander in 336. 底比斯：位于雅典西北希腊中东部的彼奥提亚古城。起初是迈锡尼文明的古城，于公元前 4世纪达到权力最高峰，但在336年被亚历山大大帝严重破坏 〔nicety〕the niceties of civilized life.文明生活的雅致快乐〔barbarism〕There is a significant difference in meaning betweenbarbarism and barbarity. Both denote some absence of civilization,but the wordcivilization itself has several different senses, one the opposite ofbarbarism, the other the opposite of barbarity. On the one handcivilization may refer to the scientific, artistic, and cultural attainments of advanced societies; and it is this sense that figures in the meaning ofbarbarism. The English wordbarbarism originally referred to incorrect use of language, but it is now used more generally to refer to ignorance or crudity in matters of taste, including verbal expression:The New Yorker would never tolerate such barbarisms. On the other hand,civilization may refer to the basic social order that allows people to resolve their differences peaceably, and it is this sense—that is, civilization as opposed to savagery—that figures in the meaning ofbarbarity, which refers to savage brutality or cruelty in actions,as inThe accounts of the emperor's barbarity shocked the world. 在barbarism 与 barbarity 之间意义有明显的区别。 虽然两者都包含不文明的意思，但civilization 一词本身有好几种意思， 一种与barbarism 相反，另一种与 barbarity 相反。 一方面civilization 可以指在发达社会中科学、艺术、文化方面取得的成就， 这层意义能在barbarism 中得到体现。 英语词barbarism 最先指语音不正确的使用， 现在却更多地用来指品味方面的无知与鄙俗，包括动词表示法，例如：这个 纽约人 从不会容忍这些低级趣味。 另一方面，civilization 还可以指允许人们和平地彼此同化的社会基本规则。 在这个意义上，“文明”作为“残暴”的反义词，在barbarity 中得以体现， 指残酷的暴行或行为方面的残忍，例如句子这个皇帝的暴行被报道之后震惊了全世界 〔aggro〕"The Commons met in apprehensive mood yesterday following the ructions in the Chamber last week. Were we in for more aggro or were the lads on the Westminster terraces going to return to more civilized conduct?”(Financial Times)“在上周议院发生的骚乱后，下院昨天怀着忧虑的心情召开了会议。我们是赞成有更多的骚乱，还是希望在威斯敏斯特地区的年轻人恢复更文明的行为呢?”(金融时报)〔Arapaho〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting eastern Colorado and southeast Wyoming, with present-day populations in Oklahoma and central Wyoming. Traditional Arapaho life was based on the buffalo-hunting culture of the Great Plains.阿拉巴霍族：早期居住于科罗拉多东部和怀俄明东南部的美洲土著人，现在其人口分布于俄克拉荷马及怀俄明中部。传统的阿拉巴霍生活基于大平原上的猎捕野牛文明〔rude〕Lacking the graces and refinement of civilized life; uncouth.粗暴的，粗野的：缺少文明生活的文雅和教养的；不雅的〔Mesoamerica〕A region extending south and east from central Mexico to include parts of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In pre-Columbian times it was inhabited by diverse civilizations, including the Mayan and the Olmec.中美洲：从墨西哥中部向南向东延伸，包括危地马拉、伯利兹、洪都拉斯及尼加拉瓜在内的地区。在哥伦比亚以前的时代，这里曾存在过各种文明，包括玛雅文化及奥尔梅克文化〔Mochica〕A pre-Incan civilization that flourished on the northern coast of Peru from about 200b.c. to a.d. 600, known especially for its pottery vessels modeled into naturalistic human and animal figures. 莫奇卡文化：从公元前 200年至 公元 600年间秘鲁北部海岸上兴起的前印加人文明，尤以其模制自然人和动物形态的陶瓷器皿而闻名 〔Tiahuanaco〕A site of pre-Incan ruins in western Bolivia near the southern end of Lake Titicaca. The ruins, including statues, monoliths, and a temple of the sun, are evidence of a civilization that flourished here from c. 1000 to 1300.蒂亚瓦纳科：玻利维亚西部靠近的的喀喀湖南端的一个前印加时代遗址。该遗址包括雕像、巨石和一座太阳庙，这证明了从约1000年至1300年这里曾有鼎盛的文明〔uncultivated〕Socially unpolished, uncultured, or unrefined.无教养的：没有教养的，不文明的；粗野的 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。