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单词 文本
释义 〔lection〕A variant reading or transcription of a text or copy.异文:一文本或抄本的变体读本或抄本〔literalism〕Adherence to the explicit sense of a given text or doctrine.写实:拘泥于文本或理论的直接意义〔PostScript〕A trademark used for an object-oriented computer language for describing the appearance and layout of documents, used to print high-resolution text and graphics.PostScript语言:为面向对象的计算机语言使用的商标,用于描述档的形状和格式,用以打印高清晰度的文本和图形〔Spackle〕A trademark used for a powder to be mixed with water or a ready-to-use plastic paste designed to fill cracks and holes in plaster before painting or papering. This trademark often occurs in lowercase in print:"In the Sierra . . . the snow generally is the consistency of spackle" (San Francisco Chronicle). It also occurs as a verb in various contexts: "Two young men quietly spackled and whitewashed the walls . . . for an exhibition" (New York Times). "Support compensates, underpins, retrofits, translates, spackles, patches and reinforces" (Computerworld). The trademark has also generated a derivative noun: 斯百克填料:一种涂料粉的商标,用水或即用石膏泥与粉末合成,用以在作画或裱纸前填补石膏上的裂缝或洞眼。该商标印刷时通常以小写字母排印:“在塞拉…雪花通常都是斯百克填料组成的” (旧金山年鉴)。该词同时也在各种文本中以动词出现: “两个年轻人静静地抹墙并把墙刷白…为了展览” (纽约时报)。 “支持可以补偿、巩固、翻新、转化、填补、修补和加强” (计算机世界)。此商标还派生出一名词: 〔hypertext〕A computer-based text retrieval system that enables the user to provide access to or gain information related to a particular text.超文本:一种计算机文本检索系统,此系统能令使用者存取或获得某一特定文本的相关信息〔break〕A series of three dots ( . . . ) used to indicate an omission in a text.省略号:三个点(…),用来表示文本的省略〔recension〕A text so revised.校订本:经过了这种修订的文本〔sutra〕Also sut.ta [s‹tʹə] Buddhism A scriptural narrative, especially a text traditionally regarded as a discourse of the Buddha. 也作 sut.ta [s‹tʹə] 【佛教】 经,经典:经文性的叙述文,尤指传统上认为是释迦牟尼讲道的文本〔Mycenaean〕Of, relating to, or being the archaic dialect of Greek written in the Linear B script.希腊古体方言的:希腊古体方言的或与其有关的,该方言写在线性文字文本〔ciphertext〕A text in encrypted form, as opposed to the plain text.密文:用密码形式的文本,与明语电文相对〔recension〕A critical revision of a text incorporating the most plausible elements found in varying sources.校订:通过结合几个源本中最合理的因素来对某个文本进行评判性地修订〔subtext〕The underlying personality of a dramatic character as implied or indicated by a script or text and interpreted by an actor in performance.独白:剧本或文本中隐含的而由一演员在表演时加以阐释的一戏剧人物的内在性格〔Macpherson〕Scottish poet who claimed to have translated the works of Ossian, a third-century Gaelic poet and warrior. Although based on unauthenticated original texts, the translations influenced many writers.麦克弗森,詹姆斯:(1736-1796) 苏格兰诗人,自称翻译了3世纪盖尔族诗人、战士奥西恩的作品。尽管译文所依据的并非原始作者文本,仍然影响了许多作家〔manifold〕One of several copies.复印件:几份文本中的一本〔orange〕Oranges imported to China from the United States reflect a journey come full circle,for the orange had worked its way westward for centuries, originating in China,then being introduced to India,and traveling on to the Middle East, into Europe,and finally to the New World.The history of the wordorange keeps step with this journey only part of the way. The word is possibly ultimately of Dravidian origin, that is, it comes from a language or languages in a large non-Indo-European family of languages,including Tamil and Telugu, that are spoken in southern India and northern Sri Lanka.The Dravidian word or words were adopted into the Indo-European language Sanskritwith the formnāraṅgaḥ. As the fruit passed westward,so did the word,as evidenced by Persiannārang and Arabic nāranj. Arabs brought the first oranges to Spain,and the fruit rapidly spread throughout Europe.The important word for the development of our term is Old Italianmelarancio, derived from mela, "fruit,” and arancio, "orange tree,” from Arabicnāranj. Old Italianmelarancio was translated into Old French as pume orenge, theo replacing the a because of the influence of the name of the town of Orange, from which oranges reached the northern part of France.The final stage of the odyssey of the word was its borrowing into English from the Old French formorenge. Our word is first recorded in Middle English in a text probably composed around 1380,a time preceding the arrival of the orange in the New World.从美国进口到中国的桔子恰恰反映出兜圈子似的行进里程,因为原产于中国的桔子几个世纪以来不断向西行进,先是被引入印度,之后传播到中东国家、欧洲,最后引进了新大陆,orange 这个词的发展历史只与桔子的发展历程在一部分时段上是有其同步性的, 它最可能是来源于达罗毗荼,也就是说,它来源于非印一欧语系中的一种或多种语言,包括用于印度南部和斯里兰卡北部的泰米尔语和泰卢固语。达罗毗荼语是以梵文形式引入印欧语系的,形式如narangch。 当这种水果向西传播时,这个单词也同样西传,从以下可得到明证,如波斯语中的narang 和阿拉伯语中的 naranj。 阿拉伯人把第一批桔子带到西班牙后,这种水果又迅速传遍整个欧洲。我们现时所用的这个词的发展期中重要的一词便是古意大利语melarancio ,源于 mela, “水果”及 arancio, “桔树”, 来源于阿拉伯语naranj。 古意大利语melarancio 翻译成古法语为 pume orenge, o 变换为 a 是因为受奥伦奇城名的影响, 桔子即由此地进入法国北部。这一单词长途跋涉的最后一站是它由古法语orenge 进入英语词汇。 我们所用的这一词汇最初载入中世纪英语是在大约1380年左右的一份文本当中,早于桔子进入新大陆的时间〔highlight〕To mark (important passages of text) with a usually fluorescent marker as a means of memory retention or for later reference.标示记号:用荧光笔标出(文本中重要的段落)以便帮助记忆或日后查找参考〔chaperon〕The chaperon at a high-school dance seems to have little relationship to what was first signified by the English wordchaperon, "a hood for a hawk,” and not even that much to what the word later meant, "a protectress of a young single woman.”The sense "hood for a hawk,” recorded in a Middle English text composed before 1400,reflects the original meaning of the Old French wordchaperon, "hood, headgear.” In order to understand why ourchaperon came to have the sense "protectress,” we need to know that in French the verbchaperonner, meaning "to cover with a hood,” was derived from chaperon and that this verb subsequently developed the figurative sense "to protect.”Under the influence of the verb sensethe French nounchaperon came to mean "escort,” a meaning that was borrowed into English,being found first in a work published in 1720.In its earlier useEnglishchaperon referred to a person, commonly an older woman, who accompanied a young unmarried woman in public to protect her. The English verbchaperon, "to be a chaperon,” is first recorded in Jane Austen'sSense and Sensibility, begun in 1796 as a sketch called "Elinor and Marianne"and published as a novel in 1811.中学舞会上的年长监护者似乎与英语词chaperon 的最初含义关系极微,(当时其意为“鹰的羽冠”), 与后来该词的意思“年轻单身女子的伴护人”,关系也不甚大。“鹰的羽冠”的意思,最初见于作于1400年以前的一个中古英语文本,反映了这个古法语词chaperon 的最初的“羽冠”的含义。 为了理解为什么我们所用的chaperon 一词具有了“女伴护人”的意思, 我们需要知道法语中表示“覆以羽冠”意思的动词chaperonner 是从 chaperon 派生出来的, 这个词后来逐渐发展具有了“保护”的意思。受动词意义的影响,法语名词chaperon 也有了“伴护”的含义, 英语借用了这个含义,首见于1720年发表的一部作品。在早期用法上,英语词chaperon 是指一个在社交场合陪伴并保护一名未成婚少女的人,尤指年长妇女。 英语动词chaperon “做伴护人”, 最初见于简·奥斯丁的理智与情感 , 此作品开始是1796年动笔的一部名为“艾利诺和马利恩”的文学速写,1811年作为一部小说出版〔polyglot〕A book, especially a Bible, containing several versions of the same text in different languages.多种文字对照本:包含同一文本的几种语言版本的书,尤其指《圣经》〔Chartism〕from Latin [paper, document] * see card 1源自 拉丁语 [文本,文件] * 参见 card1〔counterpart〕A copy or duplicate of a legal paper.复制品,副本:法律文本的复制品或副本〔Scaliger〕Italian physician and scholar noted for his scientific and philosophical writings. His sonJoseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), a French scholar, pioneered the modern study of classical texts. 斯卡利哲,尤里乌斯·凯撒:(1484-1558) 意大利医生和学者,以其科普和哲学著作出名。其子约瑟夫·尤斯图斯·斯卡利哲 (1540-1609年)是法国学者,为对古典文本作现代研究的先驱 〔conveyance〕The document by which a property transfer is effected.产权转让证书:产权转让得以生效的文本〔hectic〕In the Usage Panel survey done for the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary (1969), 92 percent of the Panel approved of the use ofhectic in its most familiar sense, "characterized by feverish activity, confusion, or haste.”The question was put to the Panelbecause in earlier usage that sense was sometimes deprecated as a loose extension of the term's meaning in medicine.Unless one has some medical knowledgeone probably does not know the older medical uses of the term,for example, "relating to an undulating fever, such as those accompanying tuberculosis,”and unless one has some acquaintance with Middle Englishone would not recognize the first recorded instance of the word,etik, in a text written before 1398. The Middle English term comes from the Old French development of the Late Latin wordhecticus, whose form helped reshape our word in the 16th century.Late Latinhecticus in turn comes from Greek hektikos, "formed by habit or forming habit" and "consumptive,” developing the last sense because of the chronic nature of tuberculous fevers.Thus a word that once simply meant "habitual"eventually had an English descendant used to refer to circumstances that would be undesirable if they were habitual.在针对美国经典辞书 (1969年)第一版对用法专题使用小组的调查中, 92%的成员赞成hectic 一词最常用的意思, “以紧张的活动、忙乱或慌忙为特征的”。之所以要向这些成员提这个问题,是因为作为该词医学含义的模糊延伸,这个意义有时不为人们所接受。除非某人有医学方面的知识,否则他就很可能不知道这个词在医学方面的古老用法,比如“和起伏不定的热病有关的,如肺结核的伴随症”。另外,除非某人对中古英语有一度程度的了解,否则他也认不出1398年以前的一个文本中该词的首例etik 。 这个中古英语单词是由古法语经后期拉丁语hecticus 一词的发展而来的, 其形式在16世纪帮助重新形成了这个单词。而后期拉丁语中的这个词hecticus 又是由希腊语中的 hektikos 一词而来,这个词在希腊语中意指“由习惯形成的或形成习惯的”及“患肺痨的,肺痨的”, 之所以得到最后的意思,是出于肺痨病的特性。这样一来,原来只是表示“习惯性的”这个词,传到英语中最后竟变成了指一旦成为习惯则不被人所喜爱的情形〔deconstruction〕A philosophical movement and theory of literary criticism that questions traditional assumptions about certainty, identity, and truth, asserts that words can only refer to other words, and attempts to demonstrate how statements about any text subvert their own meanings:解构,拆析:哲学运动和文学评论理论对传统的关于事实、象征和真理的设想提出疑问,断言词组只能指代其它词组,并试图表明文本的表述是如何推翻它本身的意义的:〔hypermedia〕A computer-based information retrieval system that enables a user to gain or provide access to texts, audio and video recordings, photographs, and computer graphics related to a particular subject.超媒体:一种计算机信息检索系统,此系统能令使用者获得或存取某一特定主题的文本、视听记录、照片或计算机图象〔vulgate〕A widely accepted text or version of a work.标准文本:一个作品广泛接受的文本〔deconstruction〕"In deconstruction, the critic claims there is no meaning to be found in the actual text, but only in the various, often mutually irreconcilable, ‘virtual texts’ constructed by readers in their search for meaning"(Rebecca Goldstein)“在结构中,评论家宣称在真正的文本中不可能找到含义,只能通过各种各样方式并通常是双方不可互相调和的,读者为了寻找含义而构建起来的‘虚拟文本’上才能找到”(丽贝卡·戈尔茨坦)〔constructionist〕A person who construes a legal text or document in a specified way:诠释者:以特定方式对法律文本或文件作出解释的人:
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