| 单词 | 断头台 |
| 释义 | 〔Babeuf〕French communist and revolutionary who was guillotined after his plot to overthrow the government was exposed.巴贝夫，弗朗索瓦·诺尔：(1760-1797) 法国共产党和革命家，当他推翻政府的阴谋暴露之后被送上了断头台〔guillotine〕"At half past 12 the guillotine severed her head from her body.”So reads the statementcontaining the first recorded use ofguillotine in English, found in theAnnual Register of 1793. The word occurs in a context clearly illustrating the function of theguillotine, "a machine with a heavy blade that falls freely between upright guides to behead a condemned person.” Ironically, the guillotine, which became the most notable symbol of the excesses of the French Revolution,was named for a humanitarian physician, Joseph Ignace Guillotin.Guillotin, a member of the French Constituent Assembly,recommended in a speech to that body on October 10, 1789,that executions be performed by a beheading device rather than by hanging, the method used for commoners, or by the sword, reserved for the nobility.He argued that beheading by machine was quicker and less painful than the work of the rope and the sword.In 1791 the Assembly did indeed adopt beheading by machine as the state's preferred method of execution.A beheading device designed by Dr. Antoine Louis, secretary of the College of Surgeons, was first used on April 25, 1792, to execute a highwayman named Pelletier or Peletier.The device was called alouisette or louison after its inventor's name,but because of Guillotin's famous speech,his name became irrevocably associated with the machine. After Guillotin's death in 1814,his children tried unsuccessfully to get the device's name changed.When their efforts failed,they were allowed to change their name instead.“十二点半，断头台斩落了他的头颅。”这句话如此写道。这是英语文章中第一次使用guillotine 这个词， 它出现在1793年的年度文摘 中。 该文中，该词清楚地体现了guillotine 的功用——“利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的机器。” 令人啼笑皆非的是，这一成为法国大革命中恐怖暴行最显著标志的断头台，竟是因一个人文主义医生，约瑟夫·英格纳斯·吉约坦命名的。吉约坦是法国国民代表大会的成员，在1789年10月的一次发言中向大会提出，在处决犯人时以一种砍头的机器来代替处决普通犯人时所用的绞刑或是处决贵族时使用的宝剑。他认为用机器砍头比用绳子或宝剑快而且痛苦小。1791年，国民大会确实将用机器砍头定为国家处决犯人的方法。由外科医生院秘书长安东尼·路易医生设计的砍头装置在1792年4月25日处决拦路强盗佩尔蒂或佩尔捷时第一次使用。这个装置被称为路易塞特 或 路易森 ， 因由其发明者而得名。但是由于吉约坦那次著名的发言，他的名字不可避免地与这种机器联系在一起。1814年吉约坦死后，他的子孙试图为这种机器换个名字,但没有成功。当他们的努力失败后，他们得到允许，改换了自己的名字〔block〕Such a piece upon which persons are beheaded.断头台：斩首时用以放头之木块〔guillotine〕An instrument, such as a paper cutter, similar in action to a guillotine.闸刀：一种类似断头台的工具，如剪纸机〔guillotine〕A device consisting of a heavy blade held aloft between upright guides and dropped to behead the victim below.断头台：利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的装置〔Desmoulins〕French journalist and revolutionary who along with Danton urged moderation during the Reign of Terror. She was arrested and guillotined after a mock trial.德穆兰，（卢茜娅·辛普利斯）卡米丽（贝诺特）：(1760-1794) 法国记者，革命份子。她在暴政统治时期，与丹东一起强烈主张温和统治。她被逮捕后，经过一个虚假可笑的审判就被推上了断头台〔maiden〕A machine resembling the guillotine, used in Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries to behead criminals.断头机：类似断头台的机器，苏格兰在16世纪和17世纪用于斩首处死罪犯〔scaffold〕A platform used in the execution of condemned prisoners, as by hanging or beheading.断头台：用于绞死犯人或砍罪犯人头的刑台〔guillotine〕To behead with a guillotine.斩决：在断头台上斩决 |
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