| 单词 | 斯坦 |
| 释义 | 〔constrain〕"Failing to control the growth of international debt will also constrain living standards"(Ronald Brownstein)“若不能控制外债的增长还将会影响到生活水平”(罗纳德·布朗斯坦)〔providence〕"Some sought the key to history in the working of divine providence"(William Ebenstein)“有人试图从神的意旨中寻找解决历史之谜的钥匙”(威廉·埃本斯坦)〔nouveau〕"The perfect[Los Angeles] combination: a gas station that is also a nouveau convenience store" (David Mermelstein)“[洛城] 的完美组合：加油站也是崭新的便利商店” (戴维·莫麦斯坦)〔Kisangani〕A city of northern Zaire on the Congo River northeast of Kinshasa. It was founded in 1883 by the explorer Henry M. Stanley. Population, 282,650.基桑加尼，斯坦雷维尔：扎伊尔北部一城市，位于刚果河边金沙萨东北。1883年由探险家亨利·M·斯坦利建立。人口282,650〔archetype〕“‘Frankenstein’ . . . ‘Dracula’ . . . ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ . . . the archetypes that have influenced all subsequent horror stories"(New York Times)“‘弗兰肯斯坦’…‘德秋拉’…‘杰基尔博士和海德先生’影响了所有继之而来的恐怖故事的原型”(纽约时报)〔Mott〕American feminist and social reformer who was active in the antislavery movement and with Elizabeth Cady Stanton called the first convention for women's rights, held at Seneca Falls, New York (1848).马特，卢克雷蒂娅·科芬：(1793-1880) 美国女权运动者和社会改革家，她在反奴隶制度的运动中表现积极并和伊丽莎白·凯蒂·斯坦东一起在纽约的塞尼卡·福尔斯召集关于妇女权利的首次大会（1848年）〔Costello〕American comedian. As part of the Abbott and Costello comedy team he made a number of films, includingBuck Privates (1941) and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948). 科斯特洛，洛：(1908-1959) 美国喜剧家。作为艾博特和考斯坦罗喜剧团的一部分，他演过许多电影，有《巴克列兵们》 （1941年）和 《艾博特与考斯坦罗遇到弗兰肯斯坦》 （1948年） 〔Turkistan〕A historical region of west-central Asia extending east from the Caspian Sea to the border of China and south from the Aral Sea into Afghanistan. It has long been a crossroads for trade and conquest between East and West. Much of the region is now part of the U.S.S.R.土耳其斯坦：亚洲中西部的一个历史上的区域，自里海向东延伸至中国的边境，向南从里海延伸至阿富汗。它很久以来就是东西方贸易和军事交通要道。这个地区的大部分属于今天的俄罗斯〔Gansu〕A province of north-central China. It was long a corridor for the Silk Road to Turkistan, India, and Persia. Lanzhou is the capital. Population, 20,410,000.甘肃：中国中北部一省份。它很长时间以来是通往土耳其斯坦、印度和波斯的丝绸之路的门廊。兰州是其首府。人口20,410,000〔Herkimer〕American Revolutionary general who led reinforcements toward the beseiged Fort Stanwix, New York (1777), but was ambushed and mortally wounded in the ensuing fight.赫基默，尼古拉：(1728-1777) 美国革命将领，他领导了对被围困的纽约斯坦维克斯要塞（1777年）的增援行动，但在随后的战斗中遭伏击，身受重伤而死〔nature〕"She was only strong and sweet and in her nature when she was really deep in trouble"(Gertrude Stein)“她仅是外表坚强和纯真，实质上在她的心中却充满烦恼”(格特鲁德·斯坦)〔stanhope〕After the Reverend Fitzroy Stanhope (1787-1864), British clergyman 源自神父菲茨罗伊 斯坦诺普 （1787-1864年），英国神职人员 〔psychobiography〕"We are given a kind of psychobiography which ultimately pictures a deeply egotistical individual, unable to tolerate anyone else's success"(Leon Botstein)“我们看到一种心理传记，这部传记最终刻画了一个以自我为中心忍受不了他人成功的人”(莱昂·鲍特斯坦)〔torr〕After Evangelista Torricelli 源自 伊凡吉利斯坦 Torricelli〔Auden〕British-born American writer and critic whose poems, published in collections such asThe Dance of Death (1933) and The Double Man (1941), established his importance in 20th-century literature. 奥登，威（斯坦）·于（格）：(1907-1973) 英裔美国作家及评论家，他的诗集，如《死亡之舞》 （1933年）和 《双重人》 （1941年）中的诗篇，奠定了他在20世纪文坛上的重要地位 〔Tocharian〕A member of a people of possible European origin, living in Chinese Turkistan until about the tenth century.吐火鲁人：一个在10世纪以前一直居住在中国土耳其斯坦的可能为欧洲人后裔的部族的成员〔Karloff〕British-born American actor noted for his portrayals of monsters and other evil characters in a number of horror films, includingFrankenstein (1931) and The Mummy (1932). 卡洛夫，鲍里斯：(1887-1969) 出生于英国的美国演员，因在大量恐怖片中刻画了怪物和恶魔等人物而闻名。其作品包括《弗兰肯斯坦的新娘》 （1931年）和 《木乃伊》 （1932年） 〔Modena〕A city of northern Italy west-northwest of Bologna. An ancient Etruscan settlement and later (after 183b.c. ) a Roman colony, Modena became a free commune in the 12th century a.d. and passed under the control of the powerful Este family in 1288. Population, 179,933. 摩德纳：意大利北部，博洛尼亚西北偏西的一座城市。曾为古伊特鲁斯坦定居地(公元前 183年之后）和罗马殖民地。摩德纳在 公元 12世纪成为自由市，并于1280年经历了强有力的伊斯特家族的统治。人口179,933 〔Baluchi〕A member of a traditionally nomadic Moslem people of Baluchistan.俾路支人：穆斯林族传统的游牧俾路支斯坦成员〔Turkmen〕A member of a traditionally nomadic Turkic people inhabiting Turkmenistan and neighboring areas in Iran and Afghanistan.土库曼人：一个传统的游牧突厥族的成员，居住在土尔其斯坦以及伊朗和阿富汗境内的邻近区域的〔Torricelli〕Italian mathematician and physicist who invented the mercury barometer.托里切利，伊凡吉利斯坦：(1608-1647) 意大利数学家和物理学家，他发明了水银温度计〔Shelley〕British writer best known for the Gothic novelFrankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus (1818). She married Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1816. 雪莱，玛丽·戈德温·沃尔斯顿克拉夫特：(1797-1851) 英国作家，以其哥特式小说《弗朗肯斯坦，又名现代的普罗米修斯》 （1818年）最为著名，她与珀西·比希·雪莱于1816年结婚 〔lifestyle〕Whenlifestyle began to gain wide currency a generation ago, a number of critics objected to it as voguish and superficial,perhaps because it appeared to elevate habits of consumption, dress, and recreation to a primary basis of social classification.Nonetheless, the word has proved durable and useful,if only because such categories doin fact figure importantly in the schemes that Americans commonly invoke in explaining social values and social behavior,whether appropriately or not,as in Rachel Brownstein's remark that 当life style 在上一代人中开始广泛使用时， 许多评论家认为这个词浅薄且只风行一时，因此反对它，这可能是因为它看上去把消费习惯、衣着和享乐上升为社会阶级划分的主要基点。但是，这个词证明是持久有用的，如果仅仅因为这些范畴，事实上确实成为美国人解释社会价值与社会行为时所采用的极其重要的标准，无论合适与否，例如在雷切尔·布朗斯坦的话中 〔Stone〕American journalist who championed liberal causes inI.F. Stone's Weekly (1953-1971). 斯通，伊（西多）·费（恩斯坦）：(1907-1989) 美国记者，他以《I·F·斯通周刊》 为阵地支持自由事业(1953-1971年） 〔pal〕Pal, like buddy and chum, has an informal,thoroughly "American" ring to it.One might think thatpal had been a fixture in the English language forever. In fact,pal is a fairly recent acquisition from a rather exotic source—the language of the Gypsies. First recorded in English in the 17th century,pal was borrowed from Romany, the Indic language of the Gypsies,specifically from a word meaning "brother, comrade,”which occurs asphal in the Romany spoken in England andphral in the Romany spoken in Europe. Gypsies speak an Indic languagebecause they originally migrated to Europe from the border region between Iran and India.In other Indic languages we find related words meaning "brother,”such as Hindustanibhāi, Prakritbhāda or bhāyā, and Sanskrit bhrātā. All these terms trace their ancestry to the same Indo-European word that our wordbrother does. Pal 与 buddy 和 chum 一样， 都有不正式的，完全“美国式”的圈。一个人可能会认为pal 永远是英国语言中的固定词。 但实际上，pal 是最近从外来语源——吉普赛语言中获得的。 最早在17世纪被记录于英语中，pal 借自吉普赛语， 即吉普赛人说的印度语言，特别是从意为“兄弟，同志”的一个词而来，它在英格兰的吉普赛语中写成phal， 在欧洲所讲的吉普赛语中写成phral 。 因为吉普赛人最初是从伊朗和印度的边界地区移居到欧洲的，因此他们讲一种印度语言，在另一种印度语言里我们可以找到意为“兄弟”的相关词，如兴都斯坦的bhai， 帕拉克里语的bhada 或 bhaya 以及梵语的 bhrata 。 所有这些词和我们的词语brother 一样都可追溯到相同的印欧词源 |
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