| 单词 | 斯大林 |
| 释义 | 〔Stalin〕Soviet politician. The successor of Lenin, he was general secretary of the Communist Party (1922-1953) and premier (1941-1953) of the U.S.S.R. His rule was marked by the exile of Trotsky (1929), a purge of the government and military, the forced collectivization of agriculture, a policy of industrialization, and a victorious but devastating role for the Soviets in World War II.斯大林，约瑟夫：(1879-1953) 苏联政治家列宁的继承人，曾担任苏联共产党的总书记(1922-1953年），苏联总理(1941-1953年），其统治以驱逐托洛茨基(1929年）、肃清政府和军队、强迫农业集体化、工业化政策为特点，他在苏联第二次世界大战期间扮演了一个虽取得胜利却造成破坏的角色〔Zinoviev〕Soviet politician. A close colleague of Lenin, he shared power with Kamenev and Stalin after Lenin's death (1924). Joining Trotsky and Kamenev in opposition to Stalin, he was expelled from the party (1927) and was ultimately executed during a Stalinist purge.季诺维也夫，格里高利·伊夫塞耶维奇：(1883-1936) 苏联政治家，列宁亲密的战友，在列宁死后(1924年），与加米涅夫和斯大林共同执政，因加入反对斯大林的托洛茨基和加米涅夫一派，被开除出党(1927年）,最后在斯大林清党中被处死〔Yevtushenko〕Soviet antiestablishment poet. Much of his work, including "Babi Yar" (1961) and "The Heirs of Stalin" (1962), is critical of Soviet government and society.叶甫图申科，叶夫基尼·亚历山德罗维奇：(生于 1933) 苏联反体制诗人，他的许多诗作，包括“娘子谷”(1961年）和“斯大林的继承者”（1962年），都批判了苏联政府和社会〔Ehrenburg〕Russian writer whose novels includeThe Storm (1948) and The Thaw (1954), which is set amid the repressive regime of Joseph Stalin. 爱伦堡，伊里亚·格里戈雷维奇：(1891-1967) 前苏联作家，著有《暴风雨》 （1948年）和背景为处于约瑟夫·斯大林的强制政权下的 《解冻》 （1954年） 〔Vorkuta〕A city of extreme northeast European U.S.S.R. above the Arctic Circle. It was founded in 1932 to accommodate extensive penal-labor camps. The camps were reportedly closed after the death of Stalin in 1953. Population, 108,000.沃尔库塔：苏联欧洲部分东北端的一个城市，位于北极圈以内。建立于1932年以容纳大量的劳改犯营。据报告1953年斯大林死后这些营被关闭。人口108,000〔Khrushchev〕Soviet politician. A Stalin loyalist in the 1930's, he was appointed first secretary of the Communist Party in 1953. As Soviet premier (1958-1964) he denounced Stalin (1956), thwarted the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and improved his country's image abroad. He was deposed (1964) for his failure to establish missiles in Cuba (1962) and improve the Soviet economy.赫鲁晓夫，尼基塔·谢尔盖耶维奇：(1894-1971) 苏联政治家。三十年代斯大林的忠实追随者，1953年被任命为共产党第一书记。作为苏联领导人（1958-1964年），他指责斯大林（1956年），挫败了1956年匈牙利革命，提高了苏联的国际形象。因在古巴建导弹（1962年）和改善苏联经济（1962年）双双失败而被罢免（1964年）〔Malenkov〕Soviet politician. An aide of Joseph Stalin, he served as deputy premier (1946-1953) and premier (1953-1955).马林科夫，格鲁吉·马克斯米连诺维奇：(1902-1988) 原苏联政治活动家。作为约瑟夫·斯大林的助手，他曾担任部长会议副主席(1946-1953年）和部长会议主席(1953-1955年）等职〔quadrumvirate〕“[Chiang Kai-shek] was . . . the last survivor of the World War II quadrumvirate that included Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin" (Newsweek)“［蒋介石］ 是…第二次世界大战中四人集团的最后幸存者，这四人包括罗斯福、丘吉尔和斯大林” (新闻周刊)〔Kamenev〕Russian Communist leader who ruled with Stalin and Zinoviev after the death of Lenin (1924) but was expelled as a Trotskyite (1927) and was later imprisoned (1934) and executed.加米涅夫，莱夫·伯利索维奇：(1883-1936) 苏联共产党领导人，列宁逝世后（1924年），与斯大林和季诺维也夫共同掌权，1927年作为托洛茨基分子遭到清除，1934年被监禁，后被处决〔Mandelstam〕Russian poet, translator, and critic. Although his early works were highly regarded, he went unpublished in the Soviet Union after 1933, when he denounced Stalin and refused to comply with Soviet censors. He endured years of internal exile and eventually died in a concentration camp.曼德斯坦：俄罗斯诗人、翻译家和评论家。他的早期作品受到高度评价，但1933年后因其指责斯大林并拒绝遵守苏联出版品检查，在苏联未有作品问世。经历了国内的多年流放后最终死于集中营.〔destalinization〕The process of discrediting and eliminating the political policies, methods, and personal image of Joseph Stalin.贬斯大林运动：消除斯大林的政治政策、方法和个人崇拜或使之丧失名誉的过程〔Kirov〕Russian revolutionary who was a chief aid of Stalin. His assassination, possibly on Stalin's order, formed the pretext of a major purge of the Communist Party.基洛夫，谢尔盖·米洛诺维奇：(1886-1934) 俄国革命者，斯大林的主要助手。他的被杀（可能是斯大林的命令）为共产党内的一次主要清党提供了藉口〔heel〕under the heel of Stalinism; the heel of an autocrat.斯大林主义暴政之下；独裁者的专制统治〔Stalinism〕The bureaucratic, authoritarian exercise of state power and mechanistic application of Marxist-Leninist principles associated with Stalin.斯大林主义：与斯大林有关的官僚、国家权威和对马克思-列宁主义理论的机械运用〔Trotsky〕Russian revolutionary theoretician. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin and his emphasis on world revolution. His writings includeLiterature and Revolution (1925) and the autobiographical My Life (1930). Trotsky was murdered while in exile in Mexico. 托洛茨基，利昂：(1879-1940) 俄国革命理论家。是布尔什维克革命(1917年）领导人，后被逐出共产党(1927年）并因其反对斯大林政权和强调世界革命而被驱逐。他的著作包括《文学与革命》 （1925年）及自传 《我的一生》 （1931年）。托洛茨基在流亡墨西哥时被谋杀 〔Yalta〕A city of southwest European U.S.S.R. in the southern Crimea on the Black Sea. A popular resort, it was the site of an Allied conference (attended by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin) in February 1945. Population, 86,000.雅尔塔：苏联西南欧部分一城市，位于黑海沿岸、克里米亚南部，是一个受欢迎的旅游胜地，它是1945年2月同盟国会议（由福兰克林·D·罗斯福，温斯顿·丘吉尔和约瑟夫·斯大林出席）的会址。人口86,000〔monolithic〕the monolithic proportions of Stalinist architecture.斯大林主义者建筑的巨大面积〔personify〕"Stalin now personified bolshevism in the eyes of the world"(A.J.P. Taylor)“在整个世界看来，现在斯大林象征着布尔什维克主义”(A.J.P.泰勒)〔loom〕"Stalin looms over the whole human tragedy of 1930-1933"(Robert Conquest)“斯大林赫然耸现在1930—1933年整个人类的悲剧中”(罗伯特·康奎斯特)〔Beria〕Soviet secret police chief (1938-1953) during the brutal regime of Joseph Stalin. In the power struggle following Stalin's death, Beria was convicted of conspiracy and executed.贝里亚，拉夫连季·帕夫洛维奇：(1899-1953) 在斯大林暴政期间的苏联秘密警察局局长（1938-1953年）。在斯大林死后的权力斗争中，贝里亚被判有阴谋罪并被处死〔Mikoyan〕Soviet politician who served under Stalin and Khrushchev as an international trade expert. He was chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1964-1965).米高扬，阿纳斯塔斯·伊凡诺维奇：(1895-1978) 苏联政治家，在斯大林和赫鲁晓夫当政时为国际贸易专家。曾任苏联最高苏维埃主席团主席(1964-1965年）〔roughshod〕Stalin's roughshod treatment of the kulaks.斯大林对富农采取的残暴政策 |
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