| 单词 | 新大陆 |
| 释义 | 〔beignet〕New Orleans, Louisiana, has been a rich contributor of French loan words and local expressions to American English.One variety of speech in this city is so distinctive that it has a name:yat. Many of the words, such asbeignet, café au lait, faubourg, lagniappe, and krewe, reflect the New World French cuisine and culture characterizing this city and much of southern Louisiana. Other words reflect distinctive physical characteristics of the city:banquette, a raised sidewalk, and camelback and shotgun, distinctive architectural styles found among New Orleans houses. 路易斯安娜州的新奥尔良对法语词汇和当地表达方式溶入美式英语起了很大贡献。这个城市里的语言是如此独特以致人们叫它yat。 许多词如beignet，cafè au lait，faubourg，lagniappe 和 krewe 反映了该城和南路易丝安娜州大部地区的新大陆上法式的烹饪和文化特色。 其它词反映了该城独特的外貌和特征：banquette 高起的人行道， camelback 和 shotgun 新奥尔良房屋的独特建筑形式 〔gaillardia〕Any of several New World plants of the genusGaillardia in the composite family, having red or yellow florets grouped into large solitary flower heads. Also called blanket flower 天人菊：一种天人菊 属新大陆菊科植物，长有大的冠状花序，由红色或黄色小花组合而成 也作 blanket flower〔Standish〕English colonist in America. Hired by the English Pilgrims to accompany them on their voyage to the New World (1620), he emerged as a military and political leader in the difficult early years of the colony.斯坦迪什，迈尔斯：(1584?-1656) 美洲的英国殖民者，1620年被英国清教徒雇用陪同其启程到新大陆，他在殖民地早期的艰苦年月里担任军政长官〔arrowroot〕The arrowroot is just one of many plants that the European settlers and explorers discovered in the New World.The Arawak, a people who formerly lived on the Caribbean Islands and continue to inhabit certain regions of Guiana, named this plantaru-aru, meaning "meal of meals,” so called because they thought very highly of the starchy, nutritious meal made from the arrowroot.The plant also had medicinal value because its tubers could be used to draw poison from wounds inflicted by poison arrows.The medicinal application of the roots provided the impetus for English speakers to remakearu-aru into arrowroot, first recorded in English in 1696. Folk etymology—the process by which an unfamiliar element in a word is changed to resemble a more familiar word,often one that is semantically associated with the word being refashioned—has triumphed once again,thus denying us the direct borrowing ofaru-aru and giving us arrowroot instead. 竹芋仅是欧洲探险家和拓荒者在新大陆发现的多种植物中的一种。曾居住在加勒比海各岛，现仍在圭亚那部分地区居住的阿拉瓦克人把这种植物称为aru-aru 意思是“餐中餐”， 这样称呼是因为他们非常看重这种用竹芋粉做成的淀粉状的，非常有营养的食物。这种植物同时还有医疗价值，因为其块茎可用来从毒箭箭伤处把毒吸出来。这种植物的医疗作用促使讲英语的人重新将aru-aru 命名为 arrowroot ，1696年首次在英语中予以记载。 词的通俗变化就是比较陌生的词被比较熟悉的词所替代的过程，常常是被一个语义上与被翻新的词有联系的词。这里，通俗词汇学又一次取得胜利，不允许我们直接借用aru-aru ，而是另给了我们一个 arrowroot 。 〔agave〕Any of numerous plants of the genusAgave, native to hot, dry regions of the New World and having basal rosettes of tough, sword-shaped, often spiny-margined leaves. Agaves are grown for ornament, fiber, and food. Also called century plant 龙舌兰：一种原产于新大陆炎热干燥地区的龙舌兰属 数种植物，具有由粗糙、呈剑形、带刺边的叶子构成的基生莲座。龙舌兰作为装饰品、纤维和食品而被种植 也作 century plant〔sneezeweed〕Any of several New World herbs of the genusHelenium of the composite family, having yellow to red-purple rayed flower heads. 堆心菊：一种产于新大陆的菊科堆心菊 属草本植物，有黄色到紫红色的放射状花头 〔lingo〕A look at the entry in the Indo-European roots entry fordöghū- will show that the wordstongue, language, and lingo are related, all going back to the Indo-European rootdöghū-, "tongue.” The relationship betweenlanguage and lingo is not particularly surprising given their related meanings and common root, but one might be curious as to the routes by which these two words came into English.Language, as did so many of our important borrowings from Latin, passed through French into English during the Middle Ages, the forms involved being Latinlingua, "language,” its descendant, Old French langue, and its derivative, langage. Lingo, on the other hand, entered English after the end of the Middle Ages when Europe had opened itself to the larger world. We have probably borrowedlingo from lingoa, a Portuguese descendant of Latin lingua. The Portuguese were great traders before the English were,and it is not unlikely that the sense "foreign language" was strengthened as the Portuguese traveled around the world.Interestingly enough,the first recorded instance oflingo in English is in the New World (1660) in a reference to the "Dutch lingo.” The development in sense to "unintelligible language" and "specialized language" is an obvious one.当我们看到印欧语系词根条目dnghu- 时， 我们就可以看出tongue，language 和 lingo 之间的联系， 它们都拥有共同的印欧语系词根dnghu- “舌头”。 当我们知道language 和 lingo 拥有共同的词根并且在意思上有关联时，我们就不会惊异于他们之间的联系， 但我们可能会对这两个词是通过何种方式进入英语的感到很好奇。和许多重要的从拉丁语借来的词一样，language 是在中世纪时通过法语传入英语的， 变换的形式为拉丁语的lingua “语言”、它的变体，古法语中的 langue 和它的派生词 langage。 另一方面，Lingo是在欧洲向一个更广阔的世界开放自己的时候即在中世纪结束后期进入英语的。 我们可能从拉丁文lingua 的葡萄牙语变体 lingoa 借入了 lingo 。 葡萄牙人是英国人之前的大商人，当他们在周游世界的同时，很可能那种“外语”的意义得到了加强。很有趣的是，最先出现在英语中的lingo 新大陆（1660年）一书中用来指“荷兰语”。 所以变成“难懂的话”和“行话”的意思的发展过程是很明显的〔racerunner〕Any of several fast-moving New World lizards of the genusCnemidophorus. 六线鞭尾蜥：一种新大陆蜥蜴 属的移动迅速的蜥蜴 〔Seville〕A city of southwest Spain on the Guadalquivir River north-northeast of Cádiz. Settled in ancient times, it was an important settlement under the Romans, Vandals, and Visigoths and later under Ferdinand III of Castile, who made it his royal residence in 1248. The city especially prospered after the discovery of the New World and served as the chief port of colonial trade until the early 18th century. Population, 672,435.塞维利亚：西班牙西南城市，位于卡地兹东北偏北，瓜达维尔河畔。建于古代，是罗马、汪达尔和西哥德人的主要殖民地，后来成为卡斯提尔的斐迪南德三世的殖民地，1248年，他使该城成为皇家居住地。该城在发现新大陆后尤其繁荣，且直到18世纪早期一直是殖民贸易主要港口。人口672,435〔lagniappe〕Lagniappe derives from New World Spanish la ñapa, "the gift,” and perhaps ultimately from Quechua yapay, "to give more.” The word came into the rich Creole dialect mixture of New Orleans and there acquired a French spelling. It is still used chiefly in southern Louisiana to denote a little bonus that a friendly shopkeeper might add to a purchase. By extension, it may mean "an extra or unexpected gift or benefit.” Lagniappe 源于新大陆西班牙语中的 la~napa （“礼物”），而且也许最终来自盖丘亚语中的 yapay （“给得更多”）。这个词进入了新奥尔良富有的克里奥耳人的对话用语并因此具有了法语的拼法。直至今日它还是主要用于路易斯安那州的南部，用来形容那些友好的店主们可能会在你所购物之外给予额外的东西。根据它的延伸意，该词可以指“额外的或意料不到的礼物或收益。” 〔offer〕"Mr. van der Luyden . . . proffered to Newland low-voiced congratulations" (Edith Wharton).Totender is to offer formally; it may connote polite observance of amenities: “范·德·卢伊顿先生…向新大陆表示了低声的祝贺” （伊迪丝·华顿）。Tender 是正式地给予， 暗含对事物的礼貌的遵从： 〔veery〕A New World thrush(Hylocichla fuscescens) having a reddish-brown head, back, and tail and an indistinctly spotted breast. Also called Wilson's thrush 棕色夜鸫：一种新大陆的鸫（褐林鸫 鸫属） ，具有红棕色的头部、背部和尾巴以及斑点不清晰的胸部 也作 Wilson's thrush〔vireo〕Any of various small insect-eating New World songbirds of the genusVireo, having grayish or greenish plumage. 绿鹃：新大陆的几种绿鹃 属的食虫小鸟之一，善鸣叫，有灰色或绿色的羽毛 〔immigrate〕Britain immigrated many colonists to the New World.英国把大量殖民者移居到了新大陆〔verbena〕Any of various New World plants of the genusVerbena, especially one of several species cultivated for their showy spikes of variously colored flowers. Also called vervain 马鞭草：马鞭草 属的多种新大陆植物的统称，尤指因其色彩众多而绚丽的穗状花序而种植的几种马鞭草之一 也作 vervain〔Lima〕[lēʹmə] The capital and largest city of Peru, in the west-central part of the country near the Pacific Ocean. Founded by Francisco Pizarro in 1535, it was the capital of Spain's New World empire until the 19th century. The city was largely rebuilt after earthquakes in 1687 and 1746. Population, 371,122.[lēʹmə] 利马：秘鲁首都和最大城市，位于太平洋附近秘鲁中西部。在1535年由弗朗西斯科·皮扎罗建立，在19世纪前一直是西班牙在新大陆的帝国的首都。在1687年及1746年地震后被大规模地重建。人口371,122〔mesquite〕Any of several small spiny trees or shrubs of the genusProsopis in the pea family, native to hot, dry regions of the New World and important as plants for bees and forage for cattle, especially: 牡豆树：任一种豆科牡豆树 属的带刺小树或灌木，原产于新大陆的炎热干燥地带，是蜜蜂采蜜的重要树种，也是家畜的重要饲料，尤指 〔topminnow〕Any of various small viviparous New World fishes of the family Poeciliidae, of fresh or brackish waters.浮鲦：产于新大陆的一种杂色鱼科小型胎生鱼，生活在淡水或半淡水中〔mustang〕A small, hardy wild horse of the North American plains, descended from Arabian horses and brought to the New World by Spanish explorers.北美野马，半野马：一种美国北部平原的小型强壮野马，是阿拉伯马的后裔并且被西班牙殖民者带入新大陆〔topminnow〕Any of several small New World freshwater fishes of the genusFundulus, related to the killifishes. 鳉科鱼：产于新大陆的一种底鳉 属小型淡水鱼，与弹鱼有亲源关系 〔Yeardley〕English colonial administrator who as governor of Virginia (1619-1621 and 1626-1627) convoked the first representative assembly in the New World (1619).耶尔德利，乔治：(1587?-1627) 英国殖民地行政长官，曾任弗吉尼亚总督(1619—1621及1626—1627年），他召集了新大陆的第一次代表会议(1619年）〔orange〕Oranges imported to China from the United States reflect a journey come full circle,for the orange had worked its way westward for centuries, originating in China,then being introduced to India,and traveling on to the Middle East, into Europe,and finally to the New World.The history of the wordorange keeps step with this journey only part of the way. The word is possibly ultimately of Dravidian origin, that is, it comes from a language or languages in a large non-Indo-European family of languages,including Tamil and Telugu, that are spoken in southern India and northern Sri Lanka.The Dravidian word or words were adopted into the Indo-European language Sanskritwith the formnāraṅgaḥ. As the fruit passed westward,so did the word,as evidenced by Persiannārang and Arabic nāranj. Arabs brought the first oranges to Spain,and the fruit rapidly spread throughout Europe.The important word for the development of our term is Old Italianmelarancio, derived from mela, "fruit,” and arancio, "orange tree,” from Arabicnāranj. Old Italianmelarancio was translated into Old French as pume orenge, theo replacing the a because of the influence of the name of the town of Orange, from which oranges reached the northern part of France.The final stage of the odyssey of the word was its borrowing into English from the Old French formorenge. Our word is first recorded in Middle English in a text probably composed around 1380,a time preceding the arrival of the orange in the New World.从美国进口到中国的桔子恰恰反映出兜圈子似的行进里程，因为原产于中国的桔子几个世纪以来不断向西行进，先是被引入印度，之后传播到中东国家、欧洲，最后引进了新大陆，orange 这个词的发展历史只与桔子的发展历程在一部分时段上是有其同步性的， 它最可能是来源于达罗毗荼，也就是说，它来源于非印一欧语系中的一种或多种语言，包括用于印度南部和斯里兰卡北部的泰米尔语和泰卢固语。达罗毗荼语是以梵文形式引入印欧语系的，形式如narangch。 当这种水果向西传播时，这个单词也同样西传，从以下可得到明证，如波斯语中的narang 和阿拉伯语中的 naranj。 阿拉伯人把第一批桔子带到西班牙后，这种水果又迅速传遍整个欧洲。我们现时所用的这个词的发展期中重要的一词便是古意大利语melarancio ，源于 mela， “水果”及 arancio， “桔树”， 来源于阿拉伯语naranj。 古意大利语melarancio 翻译成古法语为 pume orenge， o 变换为 a 是因为受奥伦奇城名的影响， 桔子即由此地进入法国北部。这一单词长途跋涉的最后一站是它由古法语orenge 进入英语词汇。 我们所用的这一词汇最初载入中世纪英语是在大约1380年左右的一份文本当中，早于桔子进入新大陆的时间〔mockingbird〕Any of several species of New World birds of the family Mimidae, especiallyMimus polyglottos, a gray and white bird of the southern and eastern United States, noted for the ability to mimic the sounds of other birds. 嘲鸫：一种嘲鸫科的新大陆鸟，尤指嘲鸫， 一种美国南部和东部的灰、白色鸟，以其能模仿其它鸟的声音的能力而著称 〔opossum〕The wordopossum takes us back to the earliest days of the United States. The settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, was founded in 1607 by the London Company, chartered for the planting of colonies.Even though the first years were difficult,promotional literature was glowing.In one such piece,A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colonie in Virginia, published in 1610, we find this passage: "There are . . . Apossouns, in shape like to pigges.”This is the first recorded use ofopossum, although in a spelling that differs from the one later settled on to reproduce the sound of the Virginia Algonquian word from which our word came.The wordopossum and its shortened form possum, first recorded in 1613 in more promotional literature, remind us of a time when the New World was still very new, settlers were few,and the inhabitants for whom the New World was not new were plentiful.词语opossum 把我们带回到了早期的美国社会。 伦敦公司，作为开拓殖民地的委托者，在1607年建立了弗吉尼亚詹姆斯敦的居民点。即使在最初的年代里很困难，激进文学也开始抬头。在其中有一篇于1610年出版的弗吉尼亚殖民地的真实宣言 ， 其中有一段“一种形似猪的动物”，就是最早的关于opossum 的记录， 虽然它的拼写和现在我们所使用的弗吉尼亚阿尔贡金语的拼写有所不同。词语opossum 和其缩写形式 possum 最初于1613年记录在更加激进的文学作品中， 让我们回想起当新大陆还很陌生而且只有很少的居住者时，已有许多对于新大陆并不陌生的土著居民〔Parkman〕American historian whose works includeThe California and Oregon Trail (1849) and Pioneers of France in the New World (1865). 派克门，弗朗西斯：(1823-1893) 美国历史学家，其著作有《加利福尼亚和俄勒冈遗迹》 （1849年）和 《新大陆的法国先驱者》 （1865年） |
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