| 单词 | 新英格兰 |
| 释义 | 〔Freeman〕American writer best known for her short stories about rural life in New England.弗里曼，玛丽·埃莉诺·威尔金斯：(1852-1930) 美国作家，以其描写新英格兰乡村生活的短篇小说最为著名〔ugly〕The standard sense of the adjectiveugly becomes figurative in the common expression an ugly temper. Regional American speech shares this figurative sense and makes it even more specific.In New Englandugly as applied to animals, especially large farm animals such as cows and horses, means "balky, hard to manage.”In the South, on the other hand,ugly with the specific sense of "rude" is used of persons: Don't be ugly, son. Interestingly, the wordclever (senses 4 through 6) follows the same regional pattern as ugly : in New England the specialized senses refer to animals; in the South, to persons.形容词ugly 的标准的意思在的表达 坏脾气 中变得借喻性了。 美国的地区性语言中都有这种比喻性意义并且使它更加具体化。在新英格兰ugly 被用于动物， 尤其是大型的家畜，如奶牛和马，其意思是“不好，很难控制”。在南部，另一方面，ugly 被用于人的具体意思为“粗鲁的”： 孩子，不要那么粗鲁。 有意思的是，单词clever （释义4到6）有着和 ugly 一样地方性形式： 在新英格兰，特指的意思用于动物；在南方用于人〔Frost〕American poet whose deceptively simple works, often set in rural New England, explore the relationships between individuals and between people and nature. His collections includeA Boy's Will (1913) and In the Clearing (1962). 弗罗斯特，罗伯特·李：(1874-1963) 美国诗人。他的看似简单的作品常以新英格兰农村为背景，探究人与人及人与自然之间的关系。他的全集包括《少年的意志》 （1913年）和 《林间空地》 （1962年） 〔Philip〕Wampanoag leader who waged King Philip's War (1675-1676) against New England colonists who had encroached on Native American territory.菲利普：万帕诺亚格领导人，曾对入侵美洲本土的新英格兰殖民者进行过菲利普国王战争（1675-1676年）〔Thoreau〕American writer. A seminal figure in the history of American thought, he spent much of his life in Concord, Massachusetts, where he became associated with the New England transcendentalists and lived for two years on the shore of Walden Pond (1845-1847). His works include "Civil Disobedience" (1849) andWalden (1854). 梭罗，亨利·戴维：(1817-1862) 美国作家，美国思想史上有创见的人物，他一生大部分时间在马萨诸塞州的康科德城度过，在这些地方他与新英格兰的超验主义者来往，且在沃尔登塘住了两年(1845-1847年)，他的作品包括《和平抵抗》（1849年）和《湖滨散记》 （1854年） 〔gutter〕Certain household words have proved important as markers for major U.S. dialect boundaries.The channels along the edge of a roof for carrying away rainwater (normally referred to in the plural) are variously known aseaves spouts or eaves troughs in New England and the Great Lakes states, spouting or rainspouts in New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, and the Delmarva Peninsula, andgutters from Virginia southward. The transition points mark unusually clear boundaries for the three major dialect areas—Northern, Midland, and Southern—traditionally acknowledged by scholars of American dialects.Atypically, Southerngutters seems to have become the standard U.S. term. 某些常用词作为区分美国各主要方言的标志是非常重要的。在新英格兰和五大湖区，这种装在屋顶边缘用来排走雨水的沟槽（一般都是用作复数）被叫做eaves spouts 或 eaves troughs ， 而在新泽西，宾夕法尼亚州东部和德马华群岛被叫做spouting 或 rainspouts ， 弗吉尼亚以南人们把它称为gutters 。 这些转变表明了美国方言三大区域通常中比较清楚的边界，这三个地区是北部，中部和南部地区，这通常已为美国的方言学者所确认。而南方人使用的gutters 似乎已经成为美国英语中正规的名称，这种情况是不太常见的 〔Smith〕English colonist, explorer, and writer whose maps and accounts of his explorations in Virginia and New England were invaluable to later explorers and colonists.史密斯，约翰：(1580?-1631) 英国殖民者、探险家和作家，他绘制的弗吉尼亚和新英格兰地区的地图以及关于他在该地探险的描述，对后来的探险家和殖民者有极高的价值〔shivaree〕Shivaree is the most common American regional form of charivari, a French word meaning "a noisy mock serenade for newlyweds"and probably deriving in turn from a Late Latin word meaning "headache.”The term, most likely borrowed from French traders and settlers along the Mississippi River,was well established in the United States by 1805;an account dating from that year describes a shivaree in New Orleans: "The house is mobbed by thousands of the people of the town, vociferating and shouting with loud acclaim . . . many[are] in disguises and masks; and all have some kind of discordant and noisy music, such as old kettles, and shovels, and tongs. . . . All civil authority and rule seems laid aside" (John F. Watson).The wordshivaree is especially common along and west of the Mississippi River, giving it an unusual north-south dialect boundary (most dialect boundaries run east-west in the United States).Alva L. Davis and Raven I. McDavid, Jr., callshivaree "one of the most widely distributed folk terms borrowed by American English from any European language.” Some regional equivalents arebelling, used in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio; horning, from upstate New York, Rhode Island, and western New England; andserenade, a term used chiefly in the South Atlantic states. Shivaree 是 charivari 这个词在美国的最普通的地方形式， charivari是个法语词，意思是“一种为新婚夫妇演奏的喧闹的嘲弄式小夜曲”，这个词本身可能是从一个意思为“头痛”的后期拉丁文演变而来。这个词极有可能是从密西西比河沿岸的法国商人和拓居者那儿借用而来，到了1805年这个词已经在美国深深地扎根了；一份可以追溯到这一年的记录描写了新奥良的演奏这种小夜曲的情况： “房子里挤满了成千从镇上来的人，喧嚷着，叫喊着，大声欢呼…许多人 化了装，带了面具，所有的人都搞出某种不和协、喧闹的音响，比如用旧水壶，铲子，钳子…一切世俗的权威和规则好象已经被放到了一边” （约翰F·华生） 。shivaree 这个词在密西西比河沿岸和该河以西尤为常见， 这样密西西比河就成了一个不寻常的方言区的南北分界线（而在美国大多数方言区的分界线都是东西向的）。阿尔瓦·L·戴维斯和小拉文·I·麦克戴维把shivaree 这个词称为“美国英语从欧洲语言中借来的民间用语中流传最广的一个”。 其它地方方言中相当于这个词的词有belling 在宾夕法尼亚州、弗吉尼亚西部和俄亥俄州流传； 纽约州上半部份，罗德岛州，新英格兰西部的horning ， 而大西洋沿岸南部各州主要用serenade 这个词 〔Brooks〕American literary historian, critic, and translator who wrote many books on the literary history of America, includingThe Flowering of New England (1936), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize. 布鲁克斯，范·威科：(1886-1963) 美国文学史家、批评家和翻译家。曾写有多部关于美国文学史的著作，作品有《新英格兰的繁荣》 （1936年），该书获普利策奖 〔tit〕Tit is an old Germanic word for "small" and is used in various northern European languagesto refer to small objects, animals, or people,especially girls—for example,titta is a Norwegian dialect word for "little girl.” The word is most common in American English in combinationsthat denote various small birds,such as thetitmouse or tomtit. Atitman in the 19th century could mean a small or stunted person,as Henry David Thoreau indicates when he calls his generation "a race of tit-men.”Tit and titman are still used in New England, mostly by farmers to refer to the runt of a litter of pigs.Tit 是古日耳曼语“小”的意思， 在各种北部欧洲语言中，这个词都用来指小的物体，动物或人，尤其是女孩儿——比如，titta 是挪威方言“小姑娘”的意思。 在美国英语中这个词以复合词的形式最为常见，表示各种小鸟类，比如titmouse 或者 tomtit 。 在19世纪，titman 指小个子的人或发育不良的人，正如亨利·戴维·梭罗把他那一代人称为“一个发育不良的人组成的种族”时所指的那样。Tit 和 titman 在新英格兰地区仍在使用， 主要被农民用它来叫一窝猪中最小的一个〔ted〕In 15th-century Englandthe verbted meant to spread newly cut hay to facilitate its drying. In the mid-19th centuryan American inventor produced a machine to ted the hay automaticallyand called it atedder. Since modern English is inclined to make verbs out of nouns meaning implements or machines,the nountedder became a verb with the same meaning as the original word ted. Tedder, a New England verb,also turns up in those parts of the Midwest that received settlers from New England.在15世纪的英格兰，动词ted 意为铺开新割的草来加速它的干燥。 在19世纪中叶，一位美国发明家制造了能自动摊晒干草的机器，并称之为翻晒机 。 自从现代英语正在倾向于将意为工具或机器的名词变成动词以来，名词tedder 变成了意思与其源词 ted Tedder 一样的动词， 一个新英格兰的动词，也出现在接受从新英格兰来的移民的中西部的地区〔pone〕A staple of the early American colonies from New England southward to Virginia waspone, a bread made by Native Americans from flat cakes of cornmeal dough baked in ashes.Derived from an Algonquian word meaning "to roast" or "to bake,”pone is one of several Virginia Algonquian words (including hominy and tomahawk ) borrowed into the English of the Atlantic seaboard. The wordpone, usually in the compound cornpone, is now used mainly in the South,where it means cakes of cornbread baked on a griddle or in hot ashes—as the Native Americans originally cooked it.从新英格兰往南至弗吉尼亚等早期的美洲殖民地人的一种主食玉米面包， 即由土著美洲人制作的一种面包，将扁平的玉米面团放在灰烬中烤制而成。pone 是由阿尔贡金语中一个意为“烤肉”或“烤面包”的词派生而来，它是被大西洋沿岸英语借用的几个弗吉尼亚阿尔贡金语词汇中的一个（还包括 homing牛奶玉米片粥 和 Bomahawk印第安战斧） 。 pone 这个词通常用在 cornpone 这一复合词中， 现在主要在美国南方使用，在那儿它意指在一只圆烤盘或热灰中烤出的玉米面糕——就象当初美洲土著人的那种做法〔so〕But in the absence of stylistic motive,this use ofso should be reserved for familiar discourse. · New England speakers often use a negative form such asso didn't where other varieties would use the positiveso did, as inSophie ate all her strawberries and so didn't Amelia. Since this usage may confuse a speaker who has not previously encountered it,it is best avoided in writing.See Usage Note at as 1但是在没有独树一帜的动机时，在相同的讲话中，so 应该少用。 新英格兰地区的人常使用如so didn't 这一否定形式， 而其他地区则用肯定的形式so did ， 如在索菲吃了她所有的草莓，亚美利亚没有 中， 由于这种用法可能使以前没有接触过这种用法的人混淆，所以最好还是避免使用 参见 as1〔hosey〕Children in New England, especially in the Boston area,use the expressionI hosey when they are choosing sides for a game. TheBoston Globe asked readers about it in late 1987 and received responses from Boston; Belmont, Massachusetts; New Hampshire; and Maine.Its users agree that it is a children's expressionbut are unsure of its origin—some think that it derives from a pronunciation ofchoose with a heavy Irish brogue. Another possible origin of the expression is French-Canadianchoisir, "to choose.” 新英格兰，特别是波士顿地区的孩子们在进行一种游戏时，用我加入 表示选择加入哪一边来分组。 波士顿环球 杂志在1987年后半年时就此用语向其读者进行征询， 得到了波士顿地区、马萨诸塞州贝尔蒙特地区、新罕布什尔州及缅因州的读者的响应。此语使用者同意此语为孩童用语这一说法，但都不能确定其来源。有些读者认为其来自choose 这一词的带有浓重爱尔兰土腔的发音。 另一可能的词源是加拿大法语中choisir 一词“选择” 〔dour〕the proverbially dour New England Puritan.See Synonyms at glum 一个抑郁的新英格兰清教徒 参见 glum〔Podunk〕After Podunk , name of two New England towns 源自 皮但克 ，两个新英格兰镇的名字 〔northeast〕Northeast A region of the northeast United States, generally including the New England states, New York, and sometimes Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Northeast 美国东北部：美国东北的地区，大致包括新英格兰州，纽约，有时也包括宾夕法尼亚州和新泽西州〔Robinson〕American poet whose works include long narratives and character studies of New Englanders, including "Miniver Cheevy" (1910).罗宾逊，埃德温：(1869-1935) 美国诗人，其作品包括长篇叙事诗和新英格兰人的性格研究，包括“米尼弗·切微”(1910年）〔plantation〕It has probably seemed ironic to more than one reader that the same wordplantation appears in the name Plimoth Plantation, a settlement of people seeking freedom of religion,albeit their particular form of religion,and also as the term for the estates of the pre-Civil War Southwith their beautiful mansions for the white elite and their hovels for the oppressed Black slaves.These two uses of the wordplantation illustrate two sense developments of the word, which is first recorded in Middle English asplantacioun in a work probably written during the first quarter of the 15th century. Latinplantātiō, the source of our English word, originally meant "propagation of a plant, as from cuttings,”but in Medieval Latin developed other related senses,such as "planting,” "foundation, establishment,” and "nursery, or collection of growing plants that have been planted.”The two senses that were used in New England and in the South can thus be explained.The Plimoth sense is derived from the notion of a settlement or colony that has been established or planted in a new country.The Southern sense goes back to the notion of simply planting crops,in this casecrops such as tobacco or cottonthat are grown on estates or farms in subtropical or tropical climatesand were at one time worked by slave labor.同样的单词plantation 出现在名称 Plimoth Plantation （普利茅斯种植园）中，这对不止一名读者来说，可能看起来是具讽刺意味的， 该名称指寻求宗教自由的人的小型社区，虽然他们的宗教形式很特别，也是作为内战前南方庄园的术语，指供高贵白种人居住的漂亮公馆和受压迫的黑人奴隶居住的破旧茅屋。单词plantation 的这两种用法说明了这个单词两种意思的发展， 其以可能于15世纪最初二十五年创作的一部作品中的plantacioun 形式首次记录进中世纪英语。 拉丁文plantatio 是我们这个英语单词的词源， 最初意为“植物的繁殖，如通过供插栽小枝，”但是在中世纪拉丁文中又发展了其它的相关的意思，例如“种植、”“建立、设立”和“苗圃或已被种植的活的植物的集合。”这样，用在新英格兰和南方的这两种意思就能够解释了。普利茅斯种植园的意思是从在新的国家中建立或移民的新拓居地或殖民地的概念中引申出来的。南方庄园的意思则可追溯到简易耕种作物的概念上来，在这种情况下，例如烟草或棉花等农作物，生长在亚热带或热带气候的庄园或农场，且一段时间以来由奴隶种植〔tumpline〕tump alteration of mattump [of Southern New England Algonquian origin] tump mattump的变化 [源于新英格兰南部的阿尔昆冈语] 〔Brahmin〕A member of a cultural and social elite, especially of that formed by descendants of old New England families:文人雅士：文化和社会名流成员，尤指由旧时新英格兰家族后裔组成的：〔complected〕Complected has a long history in American folk speech, showing up, for example, in 1806 in the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: “[The Indians] are . . . reather lighter complected . . . than the Indians of the Missouri" (Meriwether Lewis).Complected has long been treated as a dialectal term in dictionaries, but it actually should be regarded as informal Standard English,since its wide distribution (including New England, the Midwest, the South, and elsewhere)disqualifies it as a true regionalism.Its use by one western Texas informant quoted inDARE extends its semantic domain beyond skin color to general appearance: "a fat-complected man.” Complected 在美国民间传说中有一段很长的历史， 例如，1806年，在路易斯和克拉克的探险旅行中： “ …相对密苏里印第安人的脸色白皙一些” （玛丽维瑟尔·路易斯）。Complected 这个词长期以来在字典中一直被当作方言看待， 但是它实际上应该算作非正式标准英语，它的使用是如此广泛(包括新英格兰、中西部、南方和其它地区），所以它不是地区性的。据一位得克萨斯州西部的提供消息者在DARE 中所引用的用法已延伸了其语义上的范围，即从专指肤色到指整体形象： “一个肥胖男人” 〔Day〕English-born colonist who was the first printer in New England. HisBay Psalm Book appeared in 1640. 戴，斯蒂芬：(1594?-1668) 英裔殖民主义者，他是新英格兰的第一位印刷商，他的《荣誉赞美诗书》 于1640年问世 〔Benjamin〕American architect particularly noted for his books, such asThe American Builder's Companion (1806), which popularized late colonial and Greek Revival designs throughout New England. 本杰明，阿舍：(1773-1845) 美国建筑师，特别以其著作闻名，如《美国建筑者伴侣》 （1806年），该书在新英格兰推广殖民时代晚期和希腊复兴时期的建筑设计 〔woodchuck〕The woodchuck goes by several names in the United States.The most famous of these isgroundhog, under which name all the legends about the animal's hibernation have accrued.In the Appalachian Mountains the woodchuck is known as awhistle pig. The wordwoodchuck is probably a folk etymology of a New England Algonquian word—that is, English-speaking settlers "translated" the Indian word into a compound of two words that made sense to them in light of the animal's habitat.土拨鼠在美国有好几个名字。最有名的是groundhog， 在这个名字中关于动物冬眠的传奇已经出现了。在阿巴拉契亚山脉，土拨鼠被认作whistle pig 。 woodchuck 这个词可能是新英格兰阿尔贡金语中民间起源的语汇──就是说， 讲英语的殖民者的把这个印度语单词根据这种动物的习性“翻”成了两个字的合成词，以使其有意义〔ax〕Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both āscian and ācsian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines "I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf" and "Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 āscian 和 ācsian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ："I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和"Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 〔intervale〕Intervale is among the distinctive New England terms mapped by Hans Kurath in the Linguistic Atlas of New England in the 1940's. However, by the time the Dictionary of American Regional English surveyed the New England states 20 years later, says Craig M. Carver, author of American Regional Dialects, only three of the dozens of New England informants used the word intervale to indicate a "tract of low-lying land, especially along a river.” The word was common in New England at one time because so many settlements were made along the rivers, where the land was more fertile and the towns were accessible by water. Intervale 在汉斯·科拉斯于20世纪40年代绘制的 新英格兰语言地图 中属于有特色的英格兰名词。然而20年后 美国地区英语字典 调查新英格兰各州时，克雷格·M·卡弗， 美国地区方言 的作者，认为几十个英格兰地区讲本地话的人中只有三个使用 intervale 表示“大片地势低的土地，尤指沿河的滩地”。这个词在新英格兰很普通是因为许多人沿河定居，以及沿河的地区土地较为肥沃且通过水路也易于到达城镇 〔woodchuck〕[By folk etymology, probably of New England Algonquian origin] [根据民间传说，可能源自新英格兰阿尔贡金语] 〔oversoul〕In New England transcendentalism, a spiritual essence or vital force in the universe in which all souls participate and that therefore transcends individual consciousness.超灵：在新英格兰超验论中，代表宇宙中的精神本质或生命力，在这里所有的灵魂都参与进来，从而超越了个人意念的范围〔Lawrence〕American merchant and politician who was a central figure in the development of the textile industry in New England and the incorporation of Lawrence, Massachusetts (1853).劳伦斯，艾博特：(1792-1855) 美国商人和政治家，他是新英格兰纺织工业和马萨诸塞州劳伦斯公司（1853年）发展历程中的核心人物〔chaw〕The use ofchaw for chew , in both the verb and the noun, is remarkably wide in its U.S. distribution,occurring in pronunciations from New England south to the Gulf States,throughout the Midwest,and westward to Colorado and California.Chaw has a wide range of senses in regional expressions. One meaning of the verb is "to bawl someone out": He chawed her good. A Southern sense is "to get the best of someone in a bantering contest" or simply "to embarrass": "That compliment sort of chawed me" (Publication of the American Dialect Society).The nounchaw can mean "a twist of chewing tobacco" or "an attachment or hold (on someone)”; for example, a flirtatious girl in South Midland states is "tryin' to git a chaw on a feller" (Dialect Notes).In areas where Irish immigrants were seeking work at the turn of the century,chaw was a derogatory term for an Irishman. 在名词以及动词形式上以chaw 代替 chew 的用法， 在美国分得尤为普遍，就发音上来说出现在从新英格兰南到海湾各州，整个中西部地区，以及往西直到科罗拉多和加利福尼亚。Chaw 在地区用法上意义范围很广。 动词的一个意义是“痛骂，大声训斥”： 他把她狠狠了骂了一顿。 在南部它指“在互相取笑中占了某人的上风”或者简单地指“使难堪”： “那句称赞让我有些难堪” （美国方言协会出版物）。Chaw 用作名词可以指“一撮咀嚼的烟草”或者“（对某人的）爱慕或占有”； 例如，一个中南部的卖弄风情的女人 “设法让一个小伙子迷上她” （方言笔记）。在本世纪初爱尔兰移民们寻找工作的地区，chaw 是对爱尔兰人的贬称 〔pung〕[from an Algonquian language of southern New England] [源于新英格兰南部的阿尔贡金族印第安语] 〔Abenaki〕Any of various Native American peoples formerly inhabiting northern New England and southeast Canada, with present-day populations in Maine and southern Quebec.阿贝内基族：原居住于新英格兰北部和加拿大东南部的美国土著民族，包括现居住在缅因州和魁北克州南部的人〔physiognomy〕the physiognomy of New England.新英格兰的地貌〔clever〕In the 17th and 18th centuries,in addition to its basic sense of "able to use the brain readily and effectively,” the wordclever acquired a constellation of imprecise but generally positive senses in regional British speech: "clean-limbed and handsome,” "neat and convenient to use,” and "of an agreeable disposition.”Some of these British regional senses, brought over when America was colonized,are still found in American regional speech,as in the South, whereclever can mean "good-natured, amiable,” in old-fashioned speech. The speech of New England extends the meaning "good-natured" to animalsin the specific sense of "easily managed, docile.”Perhaps it was the association with animals that gave rise to another meaning, "affable but not especially smart,”applicable to people when used in old-fashioned New England dialects.在17和18世纪时，clever 一词除了其基本含义“能够轻松、有效地用脑”外，还在英国方言中具有大量不准确但明确的含义， “身材匀称且英俊倜傥”、“整洁有序且便于使用”和“令人愉快的个性”。英国方言中的一部分含义是美国被殖民统治时传播开来，在美国方言中至今仍然可见，如在南部的旧式方言中，clever 可以表示“脾气好的、和蔼的”。 新英格兰方言把“脾气好的”意思拓展到动物，表示“易于管理的、温驯的”的特定含义。可能因其与动物有关而导致另一含义“友善但不是特别机敏”的产生，适用于使用旧式新英格兰方言的人〔smart〕Smart is a word that has digressed considerably from its original meaning of "stinging, sharp,”as in a smart blow. The standard meaning of "clever, intelligent,”probably picks up on the original semantic element of vigor or quick movement.Smart has taken on other senses as a regionalism. In New England and in the Southsmart can mean "accomplished, talented.” The phraseright smart can even be used as a noun meaning "a considerable number or amount": "We have read right smart of that book" (Catherine C. Hopley).smart 这个词的原意是 “刺痛的，剧烈的”，就象在词组 一次强烈的打击中一样，后来这个词的意思有了很大的转变。 它的标准意思“聪明的，智慧的”，也许是从原来的词素“活力或快速运动”中来的。Smart 有地区性的其它意思。 在新英格兰和南方，smart 可以译为“有才能的，有天赋的”。 词组right smart 还可以用作一个名词， 意为“数量大的”： “我们读过了那本书的大半部分” （凯瑟琳·C·霍普雷）〔selectman〕One of a board of town officers chosen annually in New England communities to manage local affairs.市镇管理委员会成员：新英格兰社区中每年选拔出来管理地方事务的市镇委员会的官员〔pull〕She pulled up stakes in New England and moved to the desert.她离开了新英格兰而移居沙漠地带〔Lawrence〕A city of northeast Kansas on the Kansas River east-southeast of Topeka. It was founded in 1854 by the New England Emigrant Aid Society and was the scene of a proslavery raid (1856) that sparked retaliatory killings by the abolitionist John Brown. Population, 65,608.劳伦斯：美国堪萨斯州东北一城市，位于托皮卡东南偏东部的堪萨斯河畔。1854年由新英格兰移民救助社团建立，1856年在此发生赞成奴隶制者的袭击事件（1856年）从而激起了废奴主义者约翰·布朗领导的报复性杀戳。人口65,608〔summercater〕Since the Civil War Mainehas been a favorite vacation spot for New Englanders and tourists from farther away.Predictably, certain words in the lexicon of Maine betray a wry Yankee impatience with these outsiders and city folks who come up to Maine only for summer relaxation.Along the coast the summerresident is called asummercater; inland, the word for a nonresident issport. Or the Maine native may merely refer collectively to folksfrom away. Much Maine real estate is designatednonresident — that is, it is set aside for these summer residentson whom Maine's economy is so dependent.自从南北战争结束以后，缅因州成为新英格兰人和更远处的游客们最钟爱的度假胜地。可以预料到，缅因州词汇中有一些单词流露出扭曲的美国式的不耐烦-对这些夏季来缅因州休闲的外来者和城里人。在海滨的夏季，居民被称作度夏的人 ； 而在内陆，表示非居民的词是sport（爱运动的人） 。 或者缅因州的居民干脆统称这些人为from away（远地来的） 。 缅因州的许多房地产是为了非居民 —— 就是说，专为这些夏季住民保留，缅因州的经济很大程度上依赖于他们 |
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