| 单词 | 日耳曼 |
| 释义 | 〔Yiddish〕The language historically of Ashkenazic Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, resulting from a fusion of elements derived principally from medieval German dialects and secondarily from Hebrew and Aramaic, various Slavic languages, and Old French and Old Italian.意第绪语：历史上中欧和东欧的犹太人所用的语言，是多种语言的混合，主要来自于中世纪日耳曼方言，其次来自于希伯来语、阿拉姆语和各种斯拉夫语、古法语及古意大利语〔german〕A party for dancing at which this dance is featured.日耳曼交际舞舞会：以这种舞蹈为特色的舞会〔fear〕Old Englishfǣr, the ancestor of our word fear, meant "calamity, disaster,”but not the emotion engendered by such an event.This is in line with the meaning of the prehistoric Common Germanic word.fēraz, "danger,” which is the source of words with similar senses in other Germanic languages,such as Old Saxon and Old High Germanfār, "ambush, danger,” and Old Icelandic fār, "treachery, damage.” Scholars, in fact, have determined the form and meaning of Germanic.fēraz by working backward from the forms and the meanings of its descendants. The most important cause of the change of meaning in the wordfear was probably the existence in Old English of the related verb fǣran, which meant "to terrify, take by surprise.” Fear is first recorded in Middle English with the sense "emotion of fear" in a work composed around 1290.古英语f?r 是 fear 的前身， 意为“不幸，灾难”，而不是因不幸或灾难引起的情绪。这符合史前普通日耳曼词feraz 的意思“危险的”， 是其他日耳曼语言中有相近意思的词的起源，如古撒克逊语和古高地德语far， “埋伏，危险，”和古冰岛语 far “挖掘，破坏”。 事实上，学者们已经通过对它的衍生词的形式和意思的反向研究决定德语feraz 的形式和意思。 引起词语fear 变化的最重要原因可能是古英语中相关动词 f?ran的存在， 意为“害怕，被惊奇抓住。” Fear 第一次在中世纪英语作为“害怕的情绪”被记录下来是在一部约1290年左右创作的作品中〔caterpillar〕It seems that the larvae of moths and butterflies are popularly seen as resembling other, larger animals.Consider the Italian dialect wordgatta, "cat, caterpillar"; the German dialect termtüfelskatz, "caterpillar" (literally "devil's cat"); the French wordchenille, "caterpillar" (from a Vulgar Latin diminutive, .canīcula, of canis, "dog"); and last but not least,our own wordcaterpillar, which appears probably to have come through Northern French from the Old French termchatepelose, meaning literally "hairy cat.”Our wordcaterpillar is first recorded in English in 1440 in the formcatyrpel. Catyr, the first part of catyrpel, may indicate the existence of an English word.cater, meaning "tomcat,”otherwise attested only incaterwaul. Cater would be cognate with Middle High German kater and Dutch kater. The latter part ofcatyrpel seems to have become associated with the word piller, "plunderer.” By giving the variant spelling -ar, Johnson's Dictionary set the spelling caterpillar with which we are familiar today. 似乎蛾子和蝴蝶的幼虫经常会被看成与其它较大动物相似。意大利方言中gatta， 一字，“猫，毛虫”； 日耳曼方言中tüfelskatz 一字“毛虫”（直译为“邪恶的猫”）； 法语词chenille， “毛虫”（来自民间拉丁语小词缀， canicula， 源自 canis ，是“狗”的意思）； 最后但并非不重要的一点，英语中caterpillar 一词， 可能是来源于从法国北部传来的古法语词汇chatepelose， 字面意思是“多毛的猫”。caterpillar 一字于1440年最早记录在英语中， 以catyrpel的形式出现。 Catyr是 catyrpel 的第一部分， 可能指明英语词cater 的存在， 意指“雄猫”，否则只能存在于caterwaul一词中。 Cater可能与中世纪高地德语 kater 和荷兰语 kater 有关。 catyrpel 一词的后一部分似乎与 piller 一词有关，意思是“强盗”。 约翰逊的词典 给出了不同的拼写- ar， 从而形成了我们今天所熟悉的 caterpillar 〔espionage〕from Old Italian spione [of Germanic origin] * see spek- 源自 古意大利语 spione [源于日耳曼的] * 参见 spek- 〔Sibiu〕A city of central Romania northwest of Bucharest. Settled in the 12th century by German colonists from Saxony, it was destroyed by Tartars in 1241. The rebuilt city came under Austrian control in 1699. Population, 172,117.锡比乌：罗马尼亚中部一城市，位于布加勒斯特西北。12世纪时来自萨克森地区的日耳曼殖民者定居此地，1241年该城被鞑靼人摧毁，1699年在奥地利统治时期重建。人口172,117〔Bourbon〕French general who served Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, led a failed invasion of France (1524), and was killed while leading a German-Spanish assault on Rome.波旁，查尔斯·德：(1490-1527) 神圣罗马帝国查理五世时的法国将军，领导过一次侵略法兰西遭致失败（1524年），在一次领导袭击罗马城的日耳曼-西班牙战争中阵亡〔saga〕A prose narrative usually written in Iceland between 1120 and 1400, dealing with the families that first settled Iceland and their descendants, with the histories of the kings of Norway, and with the myths and legends of early Germanic gods and heroes.萨迦：写于1120年和1400年之间冰岛的一种叙事散文，主要描述首先在冰岛定居的家族及其后代的故事、挪威国王的历史和早期日耳曼神和英雄的神话传说〔Teutonic〕Of or relating to the Germanic languages or their speakers.日耳曼的：有关日耳曼语的或说日耳曼语的人的〔Drusus〕Roman general who sought to impose Roman rule on the Germanic tribes.德鲁苏斯，尼禄·克劳狄乌斯：(38-9) 罗马将军，曾企图将罗马的统治扩大到日耳曼诸部落〔neighbor〕Loving one's neighbor as oneself would be much easier,or perhaps much more difficult,if the wordneighbor had kept to its etymological meaning. The source of our word,the assumed West Germanic form.nāhgabūr, was a compound of the words.nēhwiz, "near,” and .būram, "dweller, especially a farmer.” A neighbor, then, was a near dweller.Nēahgebūr, the Old English descendant of this West Germanic word, and its descendant in Middle English, neighebor, and our Modern English neighbor have all retained the literal notion,even though one can now have many neighbors whom one does not know,a situation that would have been highly unlikely in earlier times.The extension of this word to mean "fellow" is probably attributable to the Christian concern with the treatment of one's fellow human beings,as in the passage in Matthew 19:19 that urges love of one's neighbor.象爱自己一样爱邻居会更容易，也可能更难，如果neighbor 这个词保持其词源意义的话。 这个词的来源，假定在西日耳曼语中形式为nahgabur， 是nehwiz “附近的”和 buram “居住者，尤指农夫”的合成词。 那么邻居就是附近的居住者。Neahgebur 这个西日耳曼词发展的古英语形式， 中世纪英语形式nerghebor 及现代英语 neighbor 形式， 都保持了字面意义，即使现在一个可能有许多人都不认识的邻居，这是一种以前很不可能有的情况。这个词的引申意义“人”大概出自基督徒关心如何对待世人，比如在《马太19：19》中就有要求热爱自己邻居的篇章〔Transylvania〕A historical region of western Romania bounded by the Transylvanian Alps and the Carpathian Mountains. Part of the Roman province of Dacia aftera.d. 107, it was later overrun by Germanic peoples and came under Hungarian rule in 1003. Transylvania passed to various powers over the following centuries and finally became part of modern-day Romania after World War II. 特兰西瓦尼亚：历史上罗马尼亚西部的一个地区，以特兰西瓦尼亚阿尔卑斯山脉和喀巴阡山脉为边界。公元 107年以后，它是古罗马达西亚省的一部分，后来被日耳曼民族所占领，1003年被匈牙利控制。在后来的几百年里，特兰西瓦尼亚曾被各种政权所控制，二次世界大战以后，它最终成为现代罗马尼亚的一部分 〔Alemanni〕A group of Germanic tribes that settled in Alsace and nearby areas during the fourth centurya.d. and were defeated by the Franks in 496. 阿勒曼尼人：公元 4世纪居住在阿尔萨斯及附近地区的日耳曼部族，于496年被法兰克人击败 〔Teutonism〕A German practice or idiom; a Germanism.日耳曼主义：日耳曼习惯或习语；日耳曼主义〔Erfurt〕A city of central Germany southwest of Leipzig. Site of an episcopal see founded by Saint Boniface in the eighth century, it was later a free imperial city and a member of the Hanseatic League. Population, 214,231.爱尔福特：德国中部城市，位于莱比锡西南部。作为主教教廷的所在地，该城于公元8世纪由圣博尼费斯建立，后来成为自由的国王属城并为中世纪自由日耳曼城市商人联盟的成员。人口214,231〔Teutonism〕German character or civilization.日耳曼风尚：日耳曼特点或文明〔Jute〕A member of a Germanic people who invaded Britain in the fifth and sixth centuriesa.d. and settled in the south and southeast and on the Isle of Wight. 朱特人：日耳曼一族的成员，公元 5至6世纪时入侵不列颠，定居在不列颠南部和东南部以及怀特岛上 〔elector〕One of the German princes of the Holy Roman Empire entitled to elect the emperor.选帝侯：有权参加选举神圣罗马帝国皇帝的日耳曼王侯〔Teutonize〕To make German; Germanize.日耳曼化：使成日耳曼；日耳曼化〔Germanic〕Of or relating to speakers of a Germanic language.日耳曼民族的：属于或有关说日耳曼语的人的〔Angle〕A member of a Germanic people that migrated to England from southern Jutland in the 5th centurya.d. , founded the kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia, and together with the Jutes and Saxons formed the Anglo-Saxon peoples. 盎格鲁人：公元 5世纪从日德兰南部迁到英格兰的日耳曼民族的成员，建立了诺森伯利亚、东盎格鲁和麦西亚三个王国，并同朱特人和撒克逊人形成了盎格鲁-撒克逊民族 〔Alemannic〕The Germanic dialect of the Alemanni.日耳曼方言：阿勒曼尼人使用的日耳曼方言〔Siegfried〕The warrior hero of theNibelungenlied and other Germanic medieval epics, whose story is essentially that of his Norse prototype Sigurd. 齐格弗里德：尼贝龙根之歌 以及其它中世纪日耳曼民族史诗中的英雄武士，其故事从本质上来说同于北欧神话中的原型西格德 〔Saxon〕[of Germanic origin] * see sek- [源于日耳曼的] * 参见 sek- 〔Teuton〕A member of an ancient people, probably of Germanic or Celtic origin, who lived in Jutland until about 100b.c. 修顿人：古民族成员，可能起源于日耳曼或克尔特，直到公元前 100年，他们一直生活在来特兰 〔refresh〕fres, fresche [fresh] [of Germanic origin] fres, fresche [新鲜] [日耳曼词源] 〔rune〕Any of the characters in several alphabets used by ancient Germanic peoples from the 3rd to the 13th century.卢恩字母：古日耳曼族人在3到13世纪时用的内个字母表内的字母〔Gothic〕The combinationGothic romance represents a union of two of the major influences in the development of European culture, the Roman Empire and the Germanic tribes that invaded it.The Roman origins ofromance must be sought in the etymology of that word, but we can see clearly thatGothic is related to the name Goth used for one of the Germanic tribes that invaded the Roman Empire.The wordGothic, which is first recorded in 1611 in a reference to the language of the Goths, was extended in sense in several ways, meaning "Germanic,” "medieval, not classical,” "barbarous,”and also an architectural style that was not Greek or Roman.Gothic, originally in the sense "medieval, not classical,” was applied by Horace Walpole to his novelThe Castle of Otranto, a Gothic Story, published in 1765. From this novel,filled with scenes of terror and gloom in a medieval setting,have descended the Gothic romances of today.Gothic romance 的组合代表对欧洲文化发展起主要作用的两个事物的联合， 这两个事物就是罗马帝国和侵犯它的日耳曼部落。romance 的罗马语源必须从这个词的词源里去找， 但我们也很清楚Gothic 是跟 Goth 有关的， 这个词被侵犯罗马帝国的一个日耳曼人部落所使用。Gothic 1611年第一次出现在一本描绘哥特语的注释书里， 有几个意思：“日耳曼人的”，“中世纪的，非古典的，”“野蛮的，”和非希腊和罗马的建筑风格。Gothic 最初意思是“中世纪的，非古典的，” 在霍勒斯·沃波尔1765年出版的小说奥特朗托的城堡，哥特的故事 中出现。 这本小说里，在中世纪的背景衬托下，充满了恐怖、阴暗的画面，它开创了哥特式浪漫主义并流传至今〔Prussian〕A German inhabitant of Prussia.普鲁士人：普鲁士的日耳曼居民〔Berlin〕[bûr-lĭnʹ] The capital and largest city of Germany, in the northeast part of the country. Divided between 1945 and 1990 intoEast Berlin and West Berlin, it was the center of the Prussian state and after 1871 was the capital of the German Empire. The division of the city grew out of the zones of occupation established at the end of World War II. The Berlin Wall, a wire and concrete barrier, was erected by the East German government in August 1961 and dismantled in November 1989. Population, 3,034,118. [bûr-lĭnʹ] 柏林：德国首都和最大城市，在德国的东北部。从1945年到1990年被划分为东柏林 和 西柏林， 它曾是普鲁士国的中心和1871年之后日耳曼帝国的首都。二次大战结束时形成的战领区导致了该城的分裂。 柏林围墙， 一道电缆和水泥屏障，于1961年8月由东德政府竖起，于1989年十一月被推倒。人口3,034,118 〔bleed〕It seems only common sense thatbleed should be related to blood, but one needs some knowledge of historical linguistics to understand the relationship fully.In prehistoric Common Germanic, the hypothetical predecessor of Germanic languages such as English, German, and Swedish,the word.blōdha-, "blood,” the ancestor of our word blood, is assumed to have existed. From this noun was derived the verb.blōdhjan, "to bleed.” A change of sound then came into play in Old English, that is, thej, pronounced like the y in your, caused the vowelō, pronounced as in go, to become pronounced like the ö in German schön. Later in Old English thisō changed to ē, pronounced like the a in labor, eventually becoming like thee in bee by 1500. By this change, as well as others,.blōdhjan became Modern English bleed. 根据常识bleed 好象应该和 blood 联系在一起， 但要想全面理解这种关系，应具备一些历史语言学的知识。在史前日耳曼共同语，即日耳曼语言（如英语、德语和瑞典语）的假设前任语言中，我们使用的单词blood 源于 blodha- 意为“血”，被认为已经存在了。 从这一名词派生出动词blodhjan， 意为“流血”。 发音的改变出现于古英语中，即j， 发音与 your 中的 y 相似， 引起go 中的元音 ō 变得如德语 schon 中的 ö 。 后来在古英语中ō 变为 ē， 发音如 labor 中的 a， 最后在1500年前变得如bee 中的 e 。 通过这种变化，以及其他变化，blodhjan 成为了现代英语的 bleed 〔Tiu〕The Germanic god of war and the sky.蒂乌：日耳曼神话中的战争和天空之神〔Frank〕A member of one of the Germanic tribes of the Rhine region in the early Christian era, especially one of the Salian Franks who conquered Gaul abouta.d. 500 and established an extensive empire that reached its greatest power in the ninth century. 法兰克人：公元初莱茵地区的一支日耳曼部落的成员，尤指法兰克萨利人的一支，他们于公元 500年左右征服了高卢并建立了辽阔的帝国，在9世纪达到鼎盛时期 〔banquet〕The linguistic stock of the wordbanquet has been fluctuating for a long time. The Old French wordbanquet, the likely source of our word, is derived from Old Frenchbanc, "bench,” ultimately of Germanic origin. The sense development in Old French seems to have changed from "little bench" to "a meal taken on the family workbench" to "feast.”The English wordbanquet is first recorded in a work possibly composed before 1475 with reference to a feast held by the god Apollo, and the word appears to have been used from the 15th to the 18th century to refer to the feasts of the powerful and the wealthy.Perhaps this association led a 19th-century newspaper editor to label the word "grandiloquent"because it was being appropriated by those lower down on the social scale.单词banquet 的词根很长时间来一直有变化。 古法语中的词banquet 可能是我们所使用的词的来源， 是由古法语banc 一词衍生而来的，在日耳曼族语中表“长凳”之意。 而在古法语中其意已由“小椅子”演变为“全家围坐在一起吃的一顿饭”，再演变为“宴席”。英语中的banquet 一词首次记载于1475年前一部描写阿波罗神举行的一次宴席的作品中。 从15世纪至18世纪该词一直用于特指权贵们举行的筵宴。也许正是由于这个原因，19世纪一位报纸编辑将该词归为“大言不惭的”一类，因为当时一些中下层人士也开始使用该词了〔tin〕The history of the wordtin may take us back to a time before Europe had been settled by speakers of Indo-European languages, such as the Germanic and Celtic languages. Related words for this metal are found in almost all Germanic languages,such as GermanZinn, Swedish tenn, and Old English tin (as in Modern English), but no other Indo-European language family has such a word.The word may have been borrowed into the Germanic languages from a pre-Indo-European language of Western Europe.Such borrowing is supported by the factthat during the Bronze Age the Near East imported most of its tin and copper from Europe, where the metals were produced and metal objects were manufactured.Lest we be too amazed by this accomplishment,we might remember another remarkable achievement of pre-Indo-European society, the construction of huge megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge.单词tin 的历史可以把我们带回讲印欧语系语言（如日耳曼和凯尔特语）的民族在欧洲定居以前的那个时代。 在几乎所有的日耳曼语言中都可以找到指称这种金属的相关词，如德语中的zinn ，瑞典语中的 tenn 以及古代英语中的 tin （与现代英语一样）， 但是其它印欧语系语言中都没有这样的一个词。这个词可能是从西欧的前印欧语系语言借入日耳曼语的。这种转借是有据可依的，因为在青铜时代近东地区的大多数锡和铜都是从生产金属和金属器具的欧洲输入的。我们可能对当时欧洲的这种成就感到惊异，但是如果我们想到前印欧语系社会的另一个杰出成就——大型巨石纪念碑，如巨石阵的建造，我们就不会感到那么奇怪了〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象，再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”（与 mare 的语源相关）和 skalkaz “仆人，佣人”组成的合成词， 字面意思是“马的仆人”，也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领， 不仅如此，在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后，这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代（开始于800年）。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后，古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来（一些著名人士的姓马歇尔，现在的拼写法为Marshall)，但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词，它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年）。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表， 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来，其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长〔morganatic〕[of Germanic origin] [源于日耳曼的] 〔Bismarck〕Creator and first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-1890). Instrumental in victory over Austria (1866) and the creation of the North German Confederation (1867), he instituted during his chancellorship sweeping social reforms by which he sought to stop the advance of German socialism.俾斯麦，奥托·爱德华·利奥波德·冯：(1815-1898) 日耳曼帝国（1871-1890年）的创建者和第一任元首。在战胜奥地利（1866年）和建立北日耳曼联邦（1867年）中起重要作用，在任元首期间，他大刀阔斧地实行改革，以求停止日耳曼社会主义的推进〔Masuria〕A historical region of northeast Poland. Ruled by the Teutonic Knights after the 14th century and later part of East Prussia, it was assigned to Poland by the Potsdam Conference of 1945.马祖里：历史上波兰东北部一个地区。14世纪后曾被日耳曼骑士统治，后成为东普鲁士的一部分。1945年，通过波茨坦会议划归波兰领地〔german〕An intricate dance for many couples.日耳曼交际舞：由许多对男女参加的一种复杂的舞蹈 |
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