| 单词 | 日耳曼语 |
| 释义 | 〔per〕fro ; ( froward ), from Old Norse frā , from, from Germanic *fra , forward, away from; fro ; ( froward ), 源自 古斯堪的纳维亚语 frā , 从，来自, 源自 日耳曼语 *fra , 向前地, 远离; 〔bandoleer〕[of Germanic origin] * see bhā- 1[源自日耳曼语的] * 参见 bhā- 1〔per〕Suffixed (superlative) form*p—ə-isto- . first , from Old English fyrst , fyrest , first, from Germanic *furista- , foremost. 添加后缀的（最高级）形式*p—ə-isto- . first , 源自 古英语 fyrst , fyrest , 首先，第一, 源自 日耳曼语 *furista- , 在最前地. 〔Germanic〕Of or relating to speakers of a Germanic language.日耳曼民族的：属于或有关说日耳曼语的人的〔afraid〕The notion of removal from a state of peace happens to be the basis for constructing.exfredāre, literally "to remove from peace,” the Vulgar Latin ancestor of our wordafraid. This Vulgar Latin word is made up of the Latin prefixex-, "out of,” and a Vulgar Latin verb of the form .fridāre or .fretāre, which came from Germanic.frithuz, "peace.” The Old French wordesfraier, "to disturb,” which subsequently developed from .exfredāre, came into Middle English asaffraien, a verb whose earliest recorded sense, found in a text composed possibly around 1300, is "to frighten, disturb.” Affray, the descendant of affraien, is little used in contemporary writing and speech, but the same cannot be said of the descendant of the past participle ofaffraien, our adjective afraid. 离开平静的状态，这个概念恰好是exfredare 一词的构词基础。 这个词字面意思为“离开平静”，是afraid 一词的俗拉丁语始祖。 这个俗拉丁语词汇由意为“离开”的拉丁语前缀ex- 和俗拉丁语动词形式的 fridare 或 fretare 组成， 这一俗拉丁语动词形式又源自日耳曼语frithuz, 意为“平静”。 古法语单词esfraier, 意为“打扰”是随后从 exfredare 发展而来的， 其以affraien 的动词形式传入中古英语，这个词最早的有记载的意义为“吓唬，打扰”，见载于约1300年的一篇文章中。 Affray 为 affraien 的派生词，其很少在当代文章以及口语中使用， 但这不等于说明affraien 的过去分词的派生词，现在的形容词 afraid 也很少使用 〔crayfish〕The crayfish, also known as the crawfish, owes its name to a misunderstanding.The actual source of the word may be the Old High German wordkrebiz, "edible crustacean,” or a word related to it.From this Germanic source came Old Frenchcrevice, which when taken into English becamecrevise (first recorded in a document written in 1311-1312). In Old French and Middle English these words designated the crayfish.People began to pronounce and spell the last part of this word as if it werefish, the firstfish spelling (actually fysshes ) being recorded in 1555. Because of a variation in Anglo-Norman pronunciation,two forms of the word have come down to Modern English:crayfish and crawfish. 螯虾又名crawfish，正是出于误解才有现在这个名字。该词的真正来源可能是古高地德语中krebiz 一词， 意为“可食用的甲壳类动物”，或与之相关的一词。从这个日耳曼语词源中出现了古法语crevice 一词， 该词被借用入英语中变成了crevise （初次记录在1311-1312年间所写的一个文件中）。 在古法语和中世纪英语中这一词被称为crayfish。人们开始用fish 来发音和拼写这个词的后半部分， 而第一个fish 拼写法（实际上是 fysshes )被记录于1555年。 由于英国法语发音的差异，这个词的两种变体，即crayfish 和 crawfish 就共同延续到了现代英语中 〔chest〕from West Germanic *kistā 源自 西日耳曼语 *kistā 〔linen〕from Germanic *līnin- 源自日耳曼语 *līnin- 〔stall〕[of Germanic origin] ; akin to possibly akin to Old English stǣl, stathol [place, position] * see staddle [源于日耳曼语的] ；类似于 可能类似于 古英语 stǣl, stathol [地方，位置] * 参见 staddle〔tumbrel〕[perhaps of Germanic origin] [可能来源于日耳曼语系] 〔ombudsman〕The wordombudsman looks as if its constituents would be familiar, judging from the element man, but it is difficult to think of whatombuds could mean. Ombudsman is from Swedish, a Germanic language in the same family as English, andman in Swedish corresponds to our word man. Ombud means "commissioner, agent,” coming from Old Norseumbodh, "charge, commission, administration by a delegacy,” umbodh being made up of um, "regarding,” and bodh, "command.” In Old Norse anumbodhsmadhr was a "trusty manager, commissary.” In Swedishanombudsman was a deputy who looked after the interests and legal affairs of a group such as a trade union or business. In 1809 the office ofriksdagens justitieombudsman was created to act as an agent of justice, that is, to see after the interests of justice in affairs between the government and its citizens.This office of ombudsman and the wordombudsman have been adopted elsewhere, as in individual states in the United States.The term has also been expanded in senseto include people who perform the same function for business corporations or newspapers.从ombudsman 这个词的 man 这一组成部分看，它的构成似乎很眼熟， 但接下去就很难令人想起ombuds 到底是什么意思了。 Ombudsman 这个词源于和英语同属于日耳曼语族的瑞典语， 而man 这个词在瑞典语中的意思恰好和英语中的 man相对应。 Ombud 的意思是“调查团成员，代表”， 源于古斯堪的纳维亚语umbodh， 意为“由代表团负责，调查，管理”， umbodh 是由 um， 即“注视”和 bodh “命令、管理”两部分所构成。 在古斯堪的纳维亚语中，umbodhsmadhr 指一个“值得信任的管理者或代表”。 在瑞典语中，ombudsman 曾指一个管理一个群体如工会、商行的利益和法律事务的人。 1809年成立了司法巡查局 ，它是一司法机构， 即专门管理调查政府和公民之间事务的司法权益。巡检局和ombudsman 这个词也被其它地区采用， 如美国一些个别的州。现在这个名词术语的使用范围比以前更广，还包括在商务或报纸新闻业负有此项职能的人〔war〕A piece of liverwurst may perhaps help us gain some insight into the nature of war,at least into the semantic history of the wordwar. War and the -wurst part of liverwurst can be traced back to the same Indo-European root, wers-, "to confuse, mix up.” In the Germanic family of the Indo-European languages,this root gave rise to several words having to do with confusion or mixture of various kinds.In the case of the ancestry ofwar, the hypothetical Germanic stem .werza-, "confusion,” became .werra-, which passed into Old French, a language descended from spoken Latin but supplemented by more than 200 words borrowed from the Frankish invaders of the 5th century.From the Germanic stem came both the formwerre in Old North French, the form borrowed into English in the 12th century, and guerre (the source of guerilla ) in the rest of the Old French-speaking area. Both forms meant "war,” a very confused condition indeed.Meanwhile another Indo-European form derived from the same Indo-European root had developed into Old High Germanwurst, meaning "sausage,” from an underlying sense of "mixture,” which is, of course, related to the sense of the root "to confuse, mix up.”Modern Germanwurst was borrowed into English in the 19th century, first by itself (recorded in 1855) and then as part of the wordliverwurst (1869), the liver being a translation of Germanleber in leberwurst. 一块肝肠也许会帮助我们对战争的性质增加些认识，至少可了解war这一词的语义史。 War和 liverwurst 的一部分 -wurst 可以追溯到同一印欧语系词根 wers- “使迷惑，混杂”。 在印欧语系中的日耳曼语系中，该词根造出了好几个与迷惑或各种东西的混合物有关的词语。在war 的词源一例中，假定的日耳曼语词干 werza- “迷惑”变成了 werra- ， 又传入了来自拉丁语口语的古法语中，但是又附加了由5世纪法兰克侵略者带来的200多个单词。从日耳曼语词干中，既产生了古老的北部法语中的werre (12世纪该词传入英语），又产生了其它讲古法语地区的人用的 guerre ( guerilla 的词源）。 两个形式都表示“战争”，一个的确很糟糕的局面。同时，另一个从相同的印欧语系词根派生来的印欧语形式发展成了旧高地德语wurst “香肠”， 这是从其潜含义“混合物”而来的，“混合物”显然与“使困惑，混杂”的词根的含义有关。现代德语中的wurst 于19世纪传入英语中， 首先是它的独立形式（记载于1855年），然后是liverwurst 的一部分(1869年）， “肝”这层含义是由德语leberwurst 中的 leber 翻译而来 〔mail〕[of Germanic origin] [源于日耳曼语] 〔hale〕[of Germanic origin] * see kelə- 2[来源于日耳曼语] * 参见 kelə- 2〔prong〕[of Germanic origin] [源于日耳曼语的] 〔per〕Suffixed (comparative) form*p—-tero- . further , from Old English furthra , furthor , farther away, from Germanic *furthera- . 添加后缀的（比较级）形式*p—-tero- . further , 源自 古英语 furthra , furthor , 远离, 源自 日耳曼语 *furthera- . 〔rink〕[of Germanic origin] * see sker- 2[源于日耳曼语] * 参见 sker- 2〔regret〕-greter [to weep] [perhaps of Germanic origin] -greter [哭泣] [可能源于日耳曼语] 〔German〕The West Germanic language of Germany, Austria, and part of Switzerland. Also called In this sense, also called High German 西部日耳曼语：德国、奥地利和部分瑞士的日耳曼语 也作 在此意义上也可称作 High German〔harass〕[of Germanic origin] [源于日耳曼语] 〔tampion〕[of Germanic origin] [源于日耳曼语] 〔gay〕[possibly of Germanic origin] [可能源于日耳曼语的] 〔piolet〕[of Germanic origin] ; akin to Old High German happa [sickle] [源于日耳曼语] ；类似于 古高地德语 happa [镰刀] 〔burnish〕[of Germanic origin] * see bher- 2[源于日耳曼语的] * 参见 bher- 2〔scale〕[of Germanic origin] * see skel- 1[源于日耳曼语] * 参见 skel- 1〔garrison〕[of Germanic origin] * see wer- 4[源于日耳曼语] * 参见 wer- 4〔label〕[probably of Germanic origin] [可能来源于日耳曼语] 〔blue〕[of Germanic origin] * see bhel- 1[源于日耳曼语的] * 参见 bhel- 1〔garb〕[of Germanic origin] [日耳曼语源] 〔rob〕[of Germanic origin] * see reup- [源于日耳曼语] * 参见 reup- 〔rich〕from Old French [of Germanic origin] 源自 古法语 [源于日耳曼语] 〔bot〕[probably of Low German origin] [可能源于低地日耳曼语] 〔butt〕[of Germanic origin] * see bhau- [源于日耳曼语的] * 参见 bhau- 〔dance〕[perhaps of Germanic origin] [可能来源于日耳曼语的] 〔trebuchet〕but [trunk of the body] [of Germanic origin] but [ 身体的躯干] [源于日耳曼语] 〔bouquet〕[of Germanic origin] [源于日耳曼语的] 〔breccia〕[of Germanic origin] * see bhreg- [源于日耳曼语的] * 参见 bhreg- 〔marten〕[both of Germanic origin] [都源自日耳曼语的] 〔quebracho〕hacha [ax] from French hache from Old French [of Germanic origin] hacha [斧子] 源自 法语 hache 源自 古法语 [源于日耳曼语的] 〔butt〕[of Germanic origin] [源于日耳曼语的] |
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