| 单词 | 旧金山 |
| 释义 | 〔scenario〕"In the scenario posed by many climatologists, decades of continued global warming would raise sea levels anywhere from 20 inches to more than 11 feet as the polar ice caps melt and the ocean's upper layers expand"(San Francisco Chronicle)“在许多气候学家提出的设想中，随着南北两极冰层顶部的融化和海洋表层的扩大，几十年来全球不断地变暖，将使每个地方的海平面上升20英寸到11英尺多”(旧金山记事)〔stampede〕The Spanish wordestampida, meaning "explosion, bang, crash, uproar,” seems very fitting to describe a rush of animals, such as buffaloes, horses, or cattle,and was so used first in American Spanish.From this use came our wordstampede (actually from the Spanishestampido, a masculine noun corresponding to the feminine estampida, first recorded in 1828). Thusstampede, now a general English word, is an Americanism, that is, a word or expression that originated in the United States.Later the United States was to see stampedes of miners who rushed westward to find gold.Not surprisingly, an early instance of this word to describe a stampede of human beings is found in theSan Francisco Herald in 1851. 西班牙语estampida 的意思是“爆炸，巨响，击碎，吼叫”， 似乎很适合形容兽群如野牛、马群或牛的惊跑，并且首先被使用于美国西班牙语中。由此就出现了我们的stampede （事实上源于与西班牙语estampida 相对应的 estampido ，于1828年首次被记录下来）。 因此，stampede ，一个目前很普遍的英语词，是一种美国英语， 也就是说来源于美国的一个单词或词组。后来，美国目睹了成千上万向西淘金的人群。1851年在旧金山的先驱 中出现了形容大批人群蜂拥而至的这个字就不足为怪了 〔Hearst〕American newspaper and magazine publisher. Beginning with theSan Francisco Examiner in 1887, he built the world's largest publishing empire, comprising 28 major newspapers. A passionate collector, he displayed many of his acquisitions in San Simeon, his ornate California estate. 赫斯特，威廉·伦道夫：(1863-1951) 美国报刊和杂志出版商，1887年创办《旧金山考察人报》 ，他建立了世界上最大的出版业帝国，由28家主要报纸组成，他是一个狂热的收集家，在圣西蒙（他在美国加利福尼亚富丽堂皇的庄园）曾展出过许多他收藏的古董 〔Oakland〕A city of western California on San Francisco Bay opposite San Francisco. Founded on a site settled by Spanish colonists in 1820, it is a port and rail terminus connected with other communities in the Bay Area by bridge, tunnel, and rapid transit. Population, 372,242.奥克兰：美国加利福尼亚州西部的一座城市，在旧金山对面金山湾附近。西班牙殖民者于1820年1月在此始建定居点，是一港口和铁路终点，通过桥梁、隧道和高速运输系统与旧金山地区其他社区相连。人口372,242〔else〕I have always done it this way and I do not know how else it could be done. Where else would you like to go besides San Francisco?我总是这样做的，我不知道还有别的方法。除了旧金山你还要去什么地方?〔Monterey〕A city of western California south of San Francisco onMonterey Bay, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean. First settled in 1770 around a Franciscan mission, Monterey was a Spanish colonial capital for much of the time from 1774 to 1846, when it was taken by U.S. naval forces. The city and scenic Monterey Peninsula attract many tourists to the area. Population, 31,954. 蒙特里：美国加利福尼亚西部一城市，位于旧金山南部，太平洋的一个小入海口蒙特里海湾 沿岸。最早1770年建于弗朗西斯科教区附近，1774年到1846年的大部分时期中它是西班牙的殖民地首府，1846年被美国海军占领。该市和风景优美的 蒙特里半岛 成为游客向往的旅游胜地。人口31,954 〔Loafer〕"Under the . . . private label, there is a simple black patent loafer for $175"(New York Times)"Popular looks for men include: knee-length shorts worn with a blazer, white socks and loafers; or turtlenecks, often white"(San Francisco Chronicle)"The groom wore jeans, loafers and no socks"(Sports Illustrated)“在那张隐蔽的标签下面，摆着一双价值175美元的简洁而新颖的黑色路夫便鞋”(纽约时报)“男人流行的打扮包括：长至膝高的短裤，单排扣运动上衣，白色短袜和路夫皮鞋；或只穿一件白色高圆领绒衣”(旧金山记事)“马夫穿着仔衣和路夫皮鞋，没穿袜子”(运动插图)〔Rice〕American football player. A wide receiver who joined the San Francisco 49ers in 1985, he held 13 National Football League records by 1997, including career receptions and career yardage.赖斯，杰瑞·李：美式足球选手。在1985年加入旧金山49人队担任外接员，1997年时，他保持了13个美国全国足球联盟的纪录，包括了职业生涯接球数和跑码数〔Ozawa〕Japanese-born conductor. He directed the San Francisco Symphony (1970-1976) and was named conductor and director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1973.小泽，征尔：(生于 1935) 日本裔指挥家。1970至1976年他指挥旧金山交响乐团，1973年他被任命为波士顿交响乐团的指挥〔so〕The Bay Bridge was still closed, so (or so that ) the drive from San Francisco to the Berkeley campus took an hour and a half. · 海湾大桥仍然关闭着，因此（或者 so that ) 从旧金山开到伯克利的校园用了一个半小时 。 〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔Mylar〕A trademark used for a thin strong polyester film. This trademark often occurs in print as an attributive:"Mylar star balloons dangle from the ceiling, the pianist strokes her ivories, and waiters . . . waltz through the crowd" (San Francisco Chronicle). It also occurs in lowercase: 聚酯薄膜：用作一种薄而有力的聚酯商标，这种商标在印刷体中常作定语：“天花板上悬垂着聚酯薄膜的星状汽球，钢琴家演奏着她的钢琴，和侍者们……人群中跳起了华尔兹” （旧金山编年史）。它以小写字体出现： 〔Mays〕American baseball player. An exciting outfielder, base runner, and hitter primarily for the New York and San Francisco Giants (1951-1972), he hit 660 home runs.梅斯，小威尔烈·霍华德：(生于 1931) 美国棒球运动员。他作为一个令人兴奋的外场手、跑垒员和击球员主要服役于纽约旧金山巨人队(1951-1972年），共击660个本垒打〔Porterville〕A city of south-central California north of Bakersfield. Founded in 1859 on the Los Angeles-San Francisco stage route, it is chiefly residential. Population, 29,563.波特维尔：美国加利福尼亚州中南部城市，位于贝克斯菲尔德以北。该市于1859年建洛杉矶到旧金山的车道沿线，主要是一个居住区。人口29,563〔Pacifica〕A city of western California on the Pacific coast south of San Francisco. It is mainly residential. Population, 37,670.帕西菲卡：太平洋海岸加利福尼亚西部的一个城市，位于旧金山的南部。它主要是住宅区。人口37,670〔invade〕"About 1917 the shipworm invaded the harbor of San Francisco"(Rachel Carson)“约在1917年凿船虫袭击了旧金山港”(雷切尔·卡森)〔Windbreaker〕"Whether a trenchcoat, balmacaan or windbreaker, it is a coverup that makes sense"(New York Times)"Politicians love photo opportunities featuring helicopters, devastation and nifty windbreakers"(San Francisco Chronicle)“不管是战壕雨衣、短大衣还是风衣，至少是个管用的遮蔽”(纽约时报)“政治家喜欢以直升飞机、毁坏和时髦的防风茄克衫为主要特征的照片”(旧金山记事)〔Millbrae〕A city of western California south of San Francisco. It is mainly residential. Population, 20,412.米尔布雷：美国加利福尼亚西部一城市，位于旧金山以南。主要为居住区。人口20,412〔Montana〕American football player. A quarterback mainly with the San Francisco 49ers (1980-1992), he is among the National Football League's leaders in career passing yardage. He was the NFL player of the year twice.蒙大拿，小约瑟夫：美式足球选手。其职业生涯大部分都效力于旧金山四九人队，担任四分卫（1980年至1992年），在他的足球生涯中也是全美足球联盟的领导之一，曾两次当选年度全美国家足球联盟球员〔Anza〕Spanish explorer and colonial administrator who founded San Francisco (1776).安萨，胡安·包蒂斯塔·德：(1735-1788?) 西班牙探险家，殖民地统治者，他建立了旧金山城（1776年）〔Hayakawa〕Canadian-born American philologist, educator, and legislator. Noted for his writings on general semantics, such asLanguage in Action (1941), he was also president of San Francisco State College (1968-1973) and a U.S. senator from California (1977-1983). 早川，塞（缪尔）·伊奇耶：(1906-1992) 出生于加拿大的美国哲学家、教育家和议员，以其普通语义学著作而闻名，如《语言在行动》 （1941年），也曾任旧金山立大学校长(1968-1973年）及加利福尼亚州参议员(1977-1983年） 〔Xerox〕A trademark used for a photocopying process or machine employing xerography. This trademark often occurs in print in uppercase or lowercase as a verb, an adjective, and a noun:"Juicy stories circulated . . . in a book proposal that was Xeroxed and read as an alternate beach book in the Hamptons" (Washington Post). "Letters you send should be xeroxed after you sign them" (Progressive Architecture). "To walk around the . . . campus during the strike was to be confronted with their fact sheets, their xeroxed research summaries and news clips" (San Francisco Chronicle). "The group's teacher . . . asked the children how they would feel if they received a Xeroxed thank-you card" (New York Times). "He reaches inside his windbreaker to his shirt pocket. He has four or five sheets of foolscap, xeroxes, I see, of court documents" (Scott Turow). The trademark sometimes occurs in print in figurative contexts: 施乐：商标名，用于采用静电复印术的影印过程或机器。该商标常印刷为大写体或小写体，可作为动词、形容词和名词来使用：“在汉普顿斯，低俗的故事被印出后当作另一种消遣读物，夹在推荐书目中传阅” （华盛顿邮报）。 “您发出的信件应当在您签字后复印” （现代建筑）。 “在他们罢课期间只要围着校园走一走就会看到许多揭露真相的传单、复印的调查摘要和新闻简要（在游行中绕着营地走走就会面对许多事实传单，复印的研究略要和小道消息）” （旧金山年鉴）。 “老师问孩子们，当他们收到一张复印的致谢卡时有什么感觉” （纽约时报）。 “他伸到风衣里面去找衬衣口袋，我知道他有四五张复印的大页纸，我想，是法庭文件” （斯科特·丢诺）。这个商标有时用于比喻意义中： 〔Spackle〕A trademark used for a powder to be mixed with water or a ready-to-use plastic paste designed to fill cracks and holes in plaster before painting or papering. This trademark often occurs in lowercase in print:"In the Sierra . . . the snow generally is the consistency of spackle" (San Francisco Chronicle). It also occurs as a verb in various contexts: "Two young men quietly spackled and whitewashed the walls . . . for an exhibition" (New York Times). "Support compensates, underpins, retrofits, translates, spackles, patches and reinforces" (Computerworld). The trademark has also generated a derivative noun: 斯百克填料：一种涂料粉的商标，用水或即用石膏泥与粉末合成，用以在作画或裱纸前填补石膏上的裂缝或洞眼。该商标印刷时通常以小写字母排印：“在塞拉…雪花通常都是斯百克填料组成的” （旧金山年鉴）。该词同时也在各种文本中以动词出现： “两个年轻人静静地抹墙并把墙刷白…为了展览” （纽约时报）。 “支持可以补偿、巩固、翻新、转化、填补、修补和加强” （计算机世界）。此商标还派生出一名词： 〔cappuccino〕The history of the wordcappuccino exemplifies how words can develop new senses because of resemblances that the original coiners of the terms might not have dreamed possible.The Capuchin order of friars, established after 1525,played an important role in bringing Catholicism back to Reformation Europe.Its Italian name came from the long, pointed cowl,orcappuccino, derived fromcappuccio, "hood,” that was worn as part of the order's habit.The French version ofcappuccino was capuchin (now capucin ), from which came EnglishCapuchin. The name of this pious order was later used as the name (first recorded in English in 1785) for a type of monkey with a tuft of black, cowllike hair.In Italiancappuccino went on to develop another sense, "espresso coffee mixed or topped with steamed milk or cream,”so called because the color of the coffee resembled the color of the habit of a Capuchin friar.The first use ofcappuccino in English is recorded in 1948 in a work about San Francisco. cappuccino 一词的历史很好地说明了词语如何可以因一些相似性而发展出新的意思， 而这些词的创造者也许做梦都没想过这些相似性是可能的。嘉布遣会建于1525年后，在将天主教带回经历宗教改革的欧洲的过程中发挥了重要作用。它的意大利语名称来自一种长而尖的蒙斗篷，或称cappuccino， 这个词又来自coppuccio， 意为“风帽”， 蒙头斗篷是这一派修士所穿衣服的一部分。Cappuccino 在法语中成了 capuchin （现在是 capucin ）， 英语中的Capuchin 就来自这个法语词。 这一虔诚教派的名字后来被用来作一种带一撮黑色的、蒙面斗篷似毛发的驴子的名字（于1785年首次用英语记录）。在意大利语中，cappuccino 接着又发展出一个新的意思， 意为“混以或加入煮过的牛奶或奶油的浓别啡，”这样叫是因为这种咖啡的颜色类似于嘉布遣会修士所穿衣服的颜色。Cappuccino 在英语中的第一次使用记载于1948年一本关于旧金山的著作中 〔Richmond〕A city of western California on an inlet of San Francisco Bay north-northwest of Oakland. It is a port and industrial center. Population, 87,425.里士满市：加利福尼亚西部的一个城市，位于旧金山海湾，奥克兰的西北偏北。是一个港口及工业中心。人口87,425〔Bunin〕Russian writer best known for his short stories, such as "The Gentleman from San Francisco" (1916). He lived in exile in Paris after 1919 and won the 1933 Nobel Prize for literature.布宁，伊万·阿列克谢维奇：(1870-1953) 俄国作家，以其短篇小说而闻名。如旧金山来的绅士(1916年），1919年后流亡于巴黎，1933年获诺贝尔文学奖〔Dublin〕An unincorporated town of western California, a residential suburb in the San Francisco-Oakland area. Population, 23,229.都柏林：美国加利福尼亚西部一个无法人地位的城市，旧金山-奥克兰地区的居住郊区。人口23,229〔you〕I'll lend you the book. You shouldn't work so hard. Does she telephone you from San Francisco?See Regional Note at you-all 我会把书借给你。你不要工作得这么辛苦。她从旧金山给你们打电话了吗? 参见 you-all〔Marichal〕Dominican-born American baseball player. A right-handed pitcher mainly with the San Franciso Giants (1960-1974), he won 21 or more games during six separate seasons and had 52 career shutouts.马利伽·俊：多米尼加裔美籍棒球选手。大部分职业生涯都为旧金山巨人队效力的右投投手（1960-1974年），在六个单独赛季中他赢得21场或21场以上的比赛和52场完全比赛〔Maybeck〕American architect. His designs, which reflect both classical traditions and the influence of his western environment, include the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco (1915) and the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Berkeley (1912).马白克，伯纳尔·拉尔菲：美国建筑师。其设计融合了古典传统元素及西方自然环境气息，代表作有美国旧金山的艺术宫（1915年）及加州伯克莱的基督教科学会（1912年）〔Reyes〕A promontory on the central California coast northwest of San Francisco. It is reported to be the windiest and foggiest place on the western coast of the continental United States, with an average of 137 foggy days a year.雷耶斯角：加利福尼亚海岸线中部的海岬，位于旧金山西北。据称是美国大陆西海岸上风最多且雾最多的地方，一年平均有137天多雾天〔sneak〕"Raisa Gorbachev snuck away yesterday afternoon for a 65-minute helter-skelter tour of San Francisco" (San Francisco Chronicle). “赖沙·戈尔巴乔夫昨天下午悄悄地溜了出去，在旧金山做了一次六十五分钟的仓促旅行” （《旧金山年纪》）。 |
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