| 单词 | 时候 |
| 释义 | 〔Perm〕A city of eastern European U.S.S.R. on the Kama River in the foothills of the Ural Mountains. Settled since early times, it grew rapidly as an industrial center in the 19th century. Population, 1,056,000.彼尔姆：苏联东欧部分一城市，位于卡马河畔、乌拉尔山脉的山脚下。从很早的时候就有人居住，在19世纪迅速发展成为一个工业中心。人口1,056,000〔etiquette〕Even when she was angry, she observed the proprieties.甚至当她发怒的时候，都要遵从礼节。〔tendency〕"the trend of religious thought in recent times" (James Harvey Robinson). “近些时候宗教思想的趋势” （詹姆士·哈维·罗宾逊）。〔evenfall〕The beginning of evening; twilight.黄昏：夜晚开始的时候；黄昏〔either〕Ineither . . . or constructions, the two conjunctions should be followed by parallel elements.The following is regarded as incorrect:You may either have the ring or the bracelet (properly, You may have either the ring or the bracelet ). The following is also incorrect:She can take either the examination offered to all applicants or ask for a personal interview (properly, She can either take . . . ). · When used as a pronoun,either is singular and takes a singular verb: The two left-wing parties disagree with each other more than either does (not do ) with the right. When followed byof and a plural noun, either is often used with a plural verb: 在either … or 结构中， 两个连接词后应跟并列成分。下面这句话被认为是不正确的：You may either have the ring or the bracelet ，正确的应是 You may have either the ring or the bracelet （你既可以有戒指也可以有手镯） 下面这句也是不对的：She can take either the examination offered to all applicants or ask for a personal interview。 正确的应是， She can either take …（她可以参加提供给所有申请人的考试，也可以要求一个单独面试。） 作为代名词时，either 是单数，动词应用单数形式： The two left-wing parties disagree with each other more than either does （不用 do ) with the right.（两个左翼党之间的分歧比任何一个与右翼党的分歧都要大） 当后面接of 和一个复数名词的时候， either 经常与动词复数形式配合： 〔dedifferentiation〕Regression of a specialized cell or tissue to a simpler, more embryonic, unspecialized form. Dedifferentiation may occur before the regeneration of appendages in plants and certain animals and in the development of some cancers.去分化，反分化：指高度分化的细胞或组织向更简单，更初期非特化的形式的退化。去分化发生在植物和某些动物的附器的再生之前，或一些癌症出现的时候〔cannot〕The idiomatic phrasecannot but has sometimes been criticized as a double negative, perhaps because it has been confused withcan but. Thebut of cannot but, however, means "except,” as it does in phrases such asno one but, while thebut of can but has the sense only, as it does in the sentenceWe had but a single bullet left. Bothcannot but and can but are established as standard expressions. · The constructioncannot help is used with a present participle to roughly the same effect as cannot but in a sentence such as We cannot help admiring his courage. But this construction is generally restricted to contextsin which a person is unable to affect an outcome that would normally be under his or her control.It would be more precise to sayWith all the public interest in the affair, the book cannot but attract the attention of reviewers (or . . . can but gain . . . )than to say the book cannot help attracting the attention of reviewers, which suggests that the book might have had a say in the matter. · The constructioncannot help but probably arose as a blend of cannot help and cannot but; it has the meaning of the first and the syntax of the second: 习语cannot but 有时候被判定为一种双重否定， 这也许是因为它已混淆于can but 。 然而cannot but 中的 but 表示“除了”， 就如用在象no one but 这样的短语中一样， 而can but 中的 but 意思却是 only（只有） ， 就如用在我们只剩下了一颗子弹 中那样。 cannot but 和 can but 都已被确定为标准的表达法。 cannot help 结构与现在分词同用的作用和 我们禁不住钦佩他的勇气 一句中的 cannot but 大致相同。 但这一结构通常只限于这种情况，即一个人在该情况下不能实现正常情况下处于他或她控制之下的结果。由于公众对该事件的浓厚兴趣，这本书理所当然地引起了评论家的注意 （或 …can but gain… ）的说法比暗示这本书在此事中想必有决定权的 这本书情不自禁地吸引了评论家的注意 说法要更为精确。 cannot help but 也许是来自 cannot help 和 cannet but 的混合； 它具有前者的意思和后者的句法结构： 〔nap〕The famous verse 4 in Psalm 121,rendered in the King James Version as "Behold, he that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep,”is rendered in a Middle English translation as "Loo, ha shal not nappen ne slepen that kepeth ireal.”The wordnappen is indeed the Middle English ancestor of our wordnap. Lest it be thought undignified to say that God could nap,it must be realized that our wordnap was at one time not associated only with the younger and older members of society nor simply with short periods of rest.The ancestors of our word,Old Englishhnappian and its descendant, Middle Englishnappen, could both refer to prolonged periods of sleep as well as short ones and also, as in the quotation from Psalm 121, to sleepiness.But these senses have been lost.Since the word has become less dignified,we would not findnap used in a translation of Psalm 121 any longer. 圣经诗篇121中著名的第四节，在钦定圣经译本中记为“看吧，他，守卫以色列的人既不能熟睡也不能打盹，”在中世纪英语中被译为"Loo , ha shal not nappen ne slepen that kepeth ireal"。单词nappen 在中世纪英语中就存在， 是单词nap 的前身。 避免人们不尊敬地认为上帝也能打盹，我们必须认识到单词nap 某些时候不只是与社会中的年轻人和老年人相关， 当然它也不仅指短暂的休息。这个单词的前身，古英语中hnappian 及后来它的衍生词， 中世纪英语中的nappen 都能表示延长时间的睡眠及短暂的睡眠， 如同圣经诗篇121中的引语，表示小睡。但这些意思都已经失传了。因为这个单词逐渐变得不再神圣，我们已无法再找到nap 用于圣经诗篇121的翻译中的意思了 〔puzzle〕 Perplex stresses puzzlement resulting in uncertainty or anxiety,as over attaining comprehension, reaching a decision, or finding a solution: Perplex 强调由半信半疑或焦虑而引起困惑，例如当想要达到理解、做出决定或寻找解决方案的时候： 〔hypermnesia〕Exceptionally exact or vivid memory, especially as associated with certain mental illnesses.记忆过强：极为确切的或生动的回忆，尤其是与某些精神病症有关联的时候〔toward〕It began to rain toward morning.快到早晨的时候天开始下雨了〔keep〕I will reserve my questions for the discussion period.我把问题保留到讨论的时候。〔scold〕"As a critic gets older, he or she usually grows more tetchy and . . . may even become a big-league scold"(James Wolcott)“当一个批评家衰老的时候，通常变得更为暴躁…甚至会成为一流的骂街者”(詹姆斯·沃尔科特)〔someday〕Let's meet sometime when your schedule permits. 让我们在您允许的某个时候见面吧。 〔assent〕"In an evil hour this proposal was acceded to" (Mary E. Herbert). “这个建议在这个不幸的时候获得同意” （玛丽·E·赫伯特）。〔carouse〕The origin of the wordcarouse can be found in a German interjection that meant "time to leave the bar.” Germangaraus, which is derived from the phrase gar ("all") aus ("out"), meaning "all out,” then came to mean "drink up, bottoms up,” and "a last drink before closing time.”The English borrowed this noun, with the meaning "the practice of sitting around drinking until closing time,”sometimes spelling the wordgaraus but usually spelling it closer to the way it is spelled today.Soon after the word is first recorded as a noun in 1559,we find the verbcarouse, in 1567. 单词carouse 的词源可以在意为“是离开酒吧的时候了”的日耳曼语感叹词中找到。 日耳曼语garaus 是从短语 gar （“所有的”） aus （“出去”），即“竭尽全力。全力以赴”的意思中衍生出来的； 接着又表示“喝光，干杯”和“打烊前的最后一杯”的意思。英语中借用这个名词，意为“坐着饮酒直至打烊的做法”；有时拼写成garaus ， 但通常其拼写更接近于现今的拼法。该词于1559年首次做名词记录下来后，我们很快地在1567年发现了动词carouse 〔dead〕In the very act of making an error or committing a crime:现场作案的：正在犯错误或犯罪的那一时候：〔inactive〕"It is a man's own fault, it is from want of use, if his mind grows torpid in old age" (Samuel Johnson).“一个人老的时候如果因为很少使用头脑而使它变得麻木，那是他自己的过错” （萨缪尔·约翰逊）。〔when〕in the spring, when the snow melts.在春天，当雪融化的时候〔lonely〕Henry Bradley, one of the four editors of theOxford English Dictionary, said "It is a truth often overlooked, but not unimportant, that every addition to the resources of a language must in the first instance have been due to an act (though not necessarily to a voluntary or conscious act) of some one person.”In many casesthis one person may have been an author,since the first recorded instance of a word is often found in an author's work.Of course, as Bradley warns,this is the firstrecorded instance; it is possible that a given author picked up the word or sense somewhere elseor that these reside undiscovered in an earlier work.In any caseit might be a minor relief of our condition the next time we feel lonely to know that the first recorded instance of the wordlonely occurs in the works of Shakespeare. The passage appears inCoriolanus (1607-1608) in a speech by Coriolanus to his mother Volumnia:"My mother, you wot [know] well/My hazards still have been your solace, and/Believe't not lightly—though I go alone,/Like to alonely dragon, that his fen/Makes fear'd and talk'd of more than seen—your son/Will or exceed the common or be caught/With cautelous [crafty] baits and practice.” Lonely here, of course, has the sense "solitary.” The dragon does not feel dejected,or if he does,he does not seem to know how to reach out to others effectively.牛津英语词典 的四位编纂者之一亨利·布莱德雷说： “人们经常忽视这样一个现实，但它并非不重要，那就是对某种语言词汇的每一次添加都首先是由于某一个人的行为（尽管不一定是自愿的或有意识的行为）”。许多时候，这一个人可能是个作者，因为一个词有记载的首次使用往往出自一位作者的作品。当然，正如布莱德雷所提醒人们的，这是首次有记载的 的例子； 某个作者可能是从别处学到这个词或这个意思，或是这个词或意思在更早的作品中已经出现，只是未被人们发现。不管怎样，当我们知道lonely 这个词的有记载的首次使用出现在莎士比亚的作品中时，这些都不大能减轻我们的沮丧心情。 在卡里奥拉纳斯 （1607-1608年）中， 卡里奥拉纳斯对他母亲弗罗姆尼娅讲的一段话中有这样的文字：“我的母亲，你清楚地知道／我的冒险一直是你的安慰，而且／不要轻信——尽管我要只身前往，／就象去面对一条孤单的 龙，他的沼泽／令人谈而色变，尽管并未亲见——你的儿子／决意或是胜过凡人或是被狡猾的圈套和手段擒捉”。 Lonely 在这里的意思当然是“孤单的”。 龙不会感到沮丧，即便它感到沮丧，他也不太可能知道如何让别人体会到它的感情〔stadium〕A course on which foot races were held in ancient Greece, usually semicircular and having tiers of seats for spectators.竞走场：古代希腊时候的竞走跑道，通常设有看台并成半圆形〔fend〕The children had to fend for themselves while their parents worked.孩子们在父母工作的时候不得不自己照料自己〔voluntary〕"Ignorance, when it is voluntary, is criminal" (Samuel Johnson).“当自愿的时候愚昧就是犯罪” （塞缪尔·约翰逊）。〔nadir〕the nadir of their fortunes.他们最不景气的时候〔deer〕In various Middle English textsone finds a fish, an ant, or a fox called ader, the Middle English ancestor of our worddeer. In its Old English formdēor, our word referred to any animal, including members of the deer family,and continued to do so in Middle English,although it took on the specific sense "a deer.”By the end of the Middle English period, around 1500,the general sense had all but disappeared. Deer is a commonly cited example of a semantic process called specialization,by which the range of meaning of a word is narrowed or restricted.When Shakespeare uses the expression "mice and rats, and such small deer" for Edgar's diet inKing Lear, probably written in 1605, we are not sure whetherdeer has the general or the specific sense. 在各种各样的中世纪英语文章中，人们可以发现鱼、蚂蚁或狐狸被称为der ， 这是单词deer 在中世纪英语中的雏形。 该词的古英语形式为deor， 指任何一种动物， 包括鹿科动物的成员，该用法一直延续到中世纪英语中。尽管当时该词接纳了“鹿”这一特定的意思，但到中世纪英语时期结束时，大约是1500年，该词的普通意思全部消失了。 Deer 常被引用作为语意变迁过程中的特殊化的例子，通过特殊化的过程，单词的语意范围缩小了，或受到了限制。当莎士比亚在大约1605年写李尔王 的时候，用"mice and rats，and such small deer"来表示爱德加的饮食时， 我们无法确定deer 是指普通意思还是指其特定的意思 〔comfort〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to give hope or help to in time of grief or pain": 这些动词表示的中心意义是“在悲伤或痛苦的时候给予希望或帮助”： 〔over〕While occupied with or engaged in:在做或从事…的时候：〔hypochondria〕The persistent neurotic conviction that one is or is likely to become ill, often involving experiences of real pain when illness is neither present nor likely. Also called hypochondriasis 忧郁症，疑病症：顽性的神经性信念，认为自己病了，或可能要生病经常卷入真正病症的经历，而这时候既没有生病也不可能 也作 hypochondriasis〔drab〕"Even amid his drabbing, he himself retained some virginal airs"(Stanislaus Joyce)“即使在嫖妓的时候，他也让自己保持着一些童贞的风度”(斯坦尼斯劳斯·乔伊斯)〔fit〕not a fit time for flippancy.不是放肆的时候〔cognizance〕We will take cognizance of your objections at the proper time.在适当的时候我们将注意你的异议〔Madison〕First Lady of the United States (1809-1817) as the wife of President James Madison. She earlier served as White House hostess for the widowed Thomas Jefferson. During the British invasion of Washington, D.C. (1814), she heroically carried important government papers and a portrait of George Washington to safety.麦迪逊，多尔雷·佩恩·托德：(1768-1849) 美国的第一夫人(1809-1817年），詹姆士·麦迪逊总统之妻。早期她替丧妻的托马斯·杰弗逊担当白宫的女主人。英军入侵华盛顿特区的时候(1814年），她曾英勇地将一些重要的政府文件及一幅乔治·华盛顿的肖像转移到安全的地方〔either〕But this usage is widely regarded as incorrect;in an earlier survey it was rejected by 92 percent of the Usage Panel. ·When all the elements in aneither . . . or construction (or a neither . . . nor construction) used as the subject of a sentence are singular, the verb is singular: 但是这种用法通常被认为是不正确的，在以前的调查中它被用法使用小组百分之九十二的成员所否定。当作为句中主语的either…or 结构（或 neither…nor 结构）中的所有成分都是单数的时候， 动词也应用单数： 〔dominant〕Predominant is often nearly identical withdominant but more often implies being uppermost at a particular time or for the time being: Predominant 几乎常与dominant 意义完全相同， 但是更常带有在某一时候或暂时至高无上的意思： 〔dewfall〕The time of evening when dew begins to form.起露的时候：晚上开始形成露水的时间〔psychodynamics〕(used with a sing. or pl. verb)The interaction of various conscious and unconscious mental or emotional processes, especially as they influence personality, behavior, and attitudes.（与单数或复数动词连用）精神动力现象：各种不同的有意识和无意识的精神或情感过程的交汇，尤指在它们影响性格，行为和态度的时候〔gourmet〕Agourmet is a person with discriminating taste in food and wine, as is agourmand. Gourmandcan also mean one who enjoys food in great quantities. Anepicure is much the same as a gourmet, but the word may sometimes carry overtones of excessive refinement.gourmet 是指对食物和酒的味道有鉴别力的人， 这个意思跟gourmand 相同。 Gourmand还有一个意思是指吃大量食物的人。 epicure 与 gourmet 意思更相近， 但这个词有时候有过度挑剔食物的含义〔temerity〕A raise? When your work is so slipshod?提升?当你工作这么马马虎虎的时候？〔during〕At some time in:在…某个时候：〔superimpose〕superimposed her own interpretation when she retold the story.她重复故事的时候，加入了自己的解释 |
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