| 单词 | 普遍 |
| 释义 | 〔strain〕A prevailing quality, as of attitude or behavior.态度：态度或举止等普遍的特征〔stampede〕The Spanish wordestampida, meaning "explosion, bang, crash, uproar,” seems very fitting to describe a rush of animals, such as buffaloes, horses, or cattle,and was so used first in American Spanish.From this use came our wordstampede (actually from the Spanishestampido, a masculine noun corresponding to the feminine estampida, first recorded in 1828). Thusstampede, now a general English word, is an Americanism, that is, a word or expression that originated in the United States.Later the United States was to see stampedes of miners who rushed westward to find gold.Not surprisingly, an early instance of this word to describe a stampede of human beings is found in theSan Francisco Herald in 1851. 西班牙语estampida 的意思是“爆炸，巨响，击碎，吼叫”， 似乎很适合形容兽群如野牛、马群或牛的惊跑，并且首先被使用于美国西班牙语中。由此就出现了我们的stampede （事实上源于与西班牙语estampida 相对应的 estampido ，于1828年首次被记录下来）。 因此，stampede ，一个目前很普遍的英语词，是一种美国英语， 也就是说来源于美国的一个单词或词组。后来，美国目睹了成千上万向西淘金的人群。1851年在旧金山的先驱 中出现了形容大批人群蜂拥而至的这个字就不足为怪了 〔transient〕"the old universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed" (William Faulkner).“没有了古老而普遍的真理，任何故事都短暂并且注定要失败的” （威廉·福克纳）。〔gnome〕A pithy saying that expresses a general truth or fundamental principle; an aphorism.警句，格言：简练的格言，表达普遍的真谛或基本原则；警语，格言〔Xmas〕Xmas has been used for hundreds of years in religious writing, where theX is understood to represent a Greek chi, the first letter of Χριστος, "Christ";in this use it is parallel to other forms likeXtian, "Christian.” But the letterX, or especially x, is nowadays more frequently interpreted as a mathematical variable than as a Greek letter, as indicated by the common pronunciation of the formXmas as (ĕksʹməs). Thus, while the word is etymologically innocent of the charge that it omits Christ from Christmas,it is now generally understood only as an informal shortening.In an earlier survey 88 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the use ofXmas in writing. Xmas 在宗教作品中已用了几百年， X 用来表示希腊字母chi， 是Χριστος的第一个字母，意为“耶稣”；在这种用法中，它与其他形式相似,如Xtian, “教会的”。 但是字母X， 尤其是 x， 现在更常见的是当作数学变量，而不是希腊字母， 因为该符号Xmas 发音已普遍为(ĕksʹməs)。 因此,当这个单词从词源学上把Christ从Christmas中省掉是合乎规则的，现在该词已被广泛看作一个非正式的缩写形式。在早期的调查问卷中，有百分之八十八的用法使用小组成员拒绝在作品中用Xmas 〔coquina〕Any of various small marine clams of the genusDonax that are common in the coastal waters of the eastern and southern United States and have variously colored, often striped or banded shells. 斧蛤：任一种斧蛤属 海生小蛤蜊，在美国东部及南部沿岸的海域中很普遍，有五彩斑斓的条纹或带纹状贝壳 〔impact〕Each generation of critics seems to select one particular usage to stand as the emblem of what they view as linguistic crassness.Thirty years ago it was the use ofcontact as a verb, but opposition to that form has more or less disappeared,and attention now focuses on the verbal use ofimpact meaning "have an effect, affect.” Eighty-four percent of the Usage Panel disapproves of the constructionto impact on, as in the phrasesocial pathologies, common to the inner city, that impact heavily on such a community; and fully 95 percent disapproves of the use ofimpact as a transitive verb in the sentence Companies have used disposable techniques that have a potential for impacting our health. But even these figures do not reflect the degree of distaste with which critics view the usage:in their comments some Panelists labeled the usage as "bureaucratic,” "pretentious,” "vile,” and "a vulgarism.” ·It may be that the particular pretentiousness associated with the verbal use ofimpact is caused by its derivation from an already questionable metaphoric use of the noun impact, as in phrases such asthe political impact of the decision or the impact of the program on the community, in which no more is usually meant than might have been expressed by effects or consequences. But thoughimpact may have begun life a generation ago as an inflated substitute for "affect significantly,” it has by now become so common in corporate and institutional contexts that younger speakers appear to regard it as wholly standard and straightforward usage.Within a few years, accordingly,the usage is likely to be no more objectionable thancontact is now, since it will no longer betray any particular pretentiousness on the part of those who use it.See Usage Note at contact 每一代的批评家好象都挑了一个特别的用法作为他们认为的语言上的愚蠢行为的象征。三十年以前是contact 作为动词的用法， 但是对这种形式的反对或多或少已经消失了，注意力现在集中到了impact 意思为“有不好的影响、影响”的动词用法上。 用法专题小组成员中百分之八十四不同意to impact on 的结构， 如在短语对内城区来说很普通的社会病理学，对这样一个社区产生了很大影响的 当中； 百分之九十五的成员完全不同意impact 在句子 公司已经使用了可能会对我们的健康产生不良影响的易处理技术 中当作及物动词来使用。 但是即使是这些数字也没有反映出批评家们对这种用法厌恶的程度：在他们的评论当中有些成员把这种用法说成是“官僚主义的”、“装腔作势的”，“可耻的”，还说这是“粗鄙的语言。”也许和impact 的动词用法有关联的虚饰成份是由于它是从名词 impact 的一个早有争议的比喻用法衍变而来造成的。 如在短语这个决定在政治上的影响 或者 这个计划对公众的影响 中它的意思并没有比用 effects 或者 consequences 表达出来的意思要多。 尽管impact 作为“明显地影响”的夸大了的替代可能在一代人之前开始产生， 但是现在的年轻一代使用者看上去把它当成了完全标准的、直接的用法，这在共同的和惯例的文章中已经很普遍了。相应地在几年内，这种用法很有可能不比今天的contact 更引起反对， 因为对于那些使用它的人来说这不会再显得有点矫揉造作了 参见 contact〔flow〕A general movement or tendency:潮流，趋向：一个普遍的运动或趋势：〔axiom〕A self-evident or universally recognized truth; a maxim:公理，自明之理：不言而喻的或普遍被认定的真理；格言，规则：〔law〕A rule or custom generally established in a particular domain:规则，惯例：在某一特殊领域内被普遍认可的规矩或惯例：〔generalized〕observed a state of generalized discontent.观察一个有普遍不满情绪的国家〔agarose〕A polysaccharide obtained from agar that is the most widely used medium for gel electrophoresis procedures.琼脂糖：从琼脂中提取的多糖，是凝胶电泳过程中用途最普遍的介质〔catholicize〕To make or become catholic.使普及或使普遍〔vulgate〕from Late Latin vulgāta (ēditiō) [popular (edition)] 源自 后期拉丁语 vulgāta (ēditiō) [普遍的（版本）] 〔antimony〕A metallic element having four allotropic forms, the most common of which is a hard, extremely brittle, lustrous, silver-white, crystalline material. It is used in a wide variety of alloys, especially with lead in battery plates, and in the manufacture of flame-proofing compounds, paint, semiconductor devices, and ceramic products. Atomic number 51; atomic weight 121.75; melting point 630.5°C; boiling point 1,380°C; specific gravity 6.691; valence 3, 5. See table at element 锑：一种金属元素，有四个同素异形体，最常见的是一种硬而脆的银白色发光晶体物质。锑普遍用于各种合金，特别是和铅一起用于电池极板，制造防火合成物、油漆、半导体装置和陶瓷制品。原子序数为51；原子量为121.75；熔点为630.5°C；沸点1,380°C；比重为6.691；化合价为3,5 参见 element〔Nathan〕American writer, editor, and critic who founded and edited (1924-1930) theAmerican Mercury with H.L. Mencken and was a widely influential drama critic. 纳森，乔治·让：(1882-1958) 美国作家、编辑及评论家。他和H·L· 门肯创建并编辑的《美国水星》 （1924-1930年）是一个具有普遍影响的戏剧评论作品 〔degrade〕"debasing the moral currency" (George Eliot).“降低普遍的道德规范” （乔治·爱略特）。〔box〕Any of several evergreen shrubs or trees of the genusBuxus, especially the Eurasian species B. sempervirens, having opposite, leathery, simple leaves and clusters of unisexual flowers. It is widely grown as a hedge plant. 黄杨：一种黄杨 属常绿灌木或树，尤指欧亚种 常绿黄杨属， 具有对生的革质单叶和单性花簇，普遍种植作篱笆植物 〔cosmopolitan〕Pertinent or common to the whole world:全世界的：与整个世界有关的，对整个世界普遍的：〔widespread〕a widespread misunderstanding.一种普遍的误解〔surrender〕 Surrender is the most general: Surrender 是最普遍的： 〔czar〕The wordczar can also be spelled tsar. Czar is the most common form in American usageand virtually the only one employed in the extended senses "any tyrant" or informally, "one in authority.”Buttsar is preferred by most scholars of Slavic studies as a more accurate transliteration of the Russian and is often found in scholarly writing with reference to one of the Russian emperors.单词czar 也能拼写为 tsar。 Czar 是最普遍的美国用法，并且实际上是唯一引申为“任何独裁者”或者非正式指“当权者”的词语。但是tsar 是大多数斯拉夫语研究学者更多地用作俄语的更加正确的翻译， 并且经常在学术文章中指其中的一位沙皇〔generalize〕To draw inferences or a general conclusion from.概括：从…中得出推论或一普遍结论〔ought〕Although the omission ofto was formerly possible in English, it is now considered nonstandard. ·Usages such asHe hadn't ought to come and She shouldn't ought to say that are common in many varieties of American English. They should be avoided in written English,however, in favor of the more standard variantought not to. 尽管以前在英语里省略to 是可能的， 但现在这样做就会被认为不标准。例如他不会来 和 她不该说 之类的用法在各种美式英语中很普遍。 但在书面英语中应避免这样使用，而应使用更标准的变体ought not to 〔close〕Strictly speaking,the phraseclose proximity says nothing that is not said by proximity itself. Like other common redundancies, however (old adage, mental telepathy ), this usage is too widespread and too innocuous to be worth objecting to.See Usage Note at redundancy 严格地说，close proximity 短语一点不表示 proximity 本身的意思。 但正如其它的冗长词，（old adage, mental telepathy ）， 这种用法极为普遍且无关痛痒，不值得提出反对 参见 redundancy〔occurrence〕"Happiness was but the occasional episode in a general drama of pain" (Thomas Hardy).“欢乐不过是普遍的苦痛过程中的一个小插曲” （托马斯·哈代）。〔clever〕Being too clever is thought to be unwise,and support for this popular notion may be afforded by the fact that the devil seems to have been the first "clever" one in English.The source of our wordclever is probably the Middle English word cliver, recorded only once in a work written before 1250,in which it is said that the devil is "cliver on sinnes.”This means something like "skillful in respect to sins.”Cliver probably goes back to the Indo-European root gleubh-, "to cut, cleave.” Although the intermediate ancestry ofcliver is unclear, the semantic connection has to do with penetration or incisiveness—that is, cutting through to the heart of the matter,just as a woodcarver cuts through material in order to realize a certain vision.太聪明被认为是愚蠢的，英语中魔鬼被认为是第一“聪明的”，这一事实可能是这一普遍概念的例证。clever 的词源可能是中世纪英语单词 cliver , 仅在一本1250年以前写的著作中出现过一次，书中说魔鬼“在犯罪方面很聪明”。这个含义有些类似于“在犯罪方面很有本事。”Cliver 可以追溯到印欧词根 gleubh- “切、削”。 虽然cliver 的中介来源尚不清楚， 但语义的联系肯定与穿透力或透彻性有关--即穿透事物的本质，就象木工劈开材料以了解其内在材质〔that〕The standard rule isthatthat should be used only to introduce a restrictive (or "defining") relative clause, which serves to identify the entity being talked about;in this useit should never be preceded by a comma.Thus, we sayThe house that Jack built has been torn down, where the clausethat Jack built tells which house was torn down, orI am looking for a book that is easy to read, wherethat is easy to read tells what kind of book is desired. Onlywhich is to be used with nonrestrictive (or "nondefining") clauses, which give additional information about an entity that has already been identified in the context;in this use,which is always preceded by a comma. Thus, we sayThe students in Chemistry 10 have been complaining about the textbook, which (not that ) is hard to follow. The clausewhich is hard to follow does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if it were omitted,we would know that the phrasethe textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 10. The use ofthat in nonrestrictive clauses like this, though once common in writing and still frequent in speech,is best avoided in formal style. ·Some grammarians have argued that symmetry requires thatwhich should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses, asthat is to be used only in restrictive clauses. Thus, they suggest that we should avoid sentences such asI need a book which will tell me all about city gardening, where the clausewhich will tell me all about city gardening indicates which sort of book is needed. Such use ofwhich is useful where two or more relative clauses are joined by and or or, as inIt is a philosophy in which the common man may find solace and which many have found reason to praise. Which is also preferred to introduce a restrictive relative clausewhen the preceding phrase itself contains athat, as inI can only give you that which I don't need (not that that I don't need ) or We want to assign only that book which will be most helpful (preferred tothat book that will be most helpful ). · That may be omitted in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the referent of the phrase preceding the clause. Thus, we may say eitherthe book that I was reading or the book I was reading, where the subject of the clause (I ) is not the referent of the phrase the book. Omission ofthat in these cases has sometimes been described as incorrect, but the practice is extremely common and has ample precedent in reputable writing. ·There have also been occasional objections to the omission ofthat in its use to introduce a subordinate clause, as inI think we should try again. But this usage is entirely idiomatic and is in fact favored with some of the verb phrases that can introduce such clauses:thus, one would more normally write 标准规则中，that 应只被用于引导限定性（或“确定的”）关系从句， 这些从句用于明确正被谈论的实体；在这种情况下，前面决不能有逗号。因此，我们说杰克建的房子已经拆毁了 ， 在这里，从句杰克所建的 指明哪幢房子被拆毁了， 或者我正在找一本易读的书 ， 在这里，易读的 指明哪类书是需要的。 只有which 用于非限定性（或“不确定的”）从句中， 为已经在上下文中定义的实体提供附加信息；在此用法中，which 之前总有逗号。 因此，我们说化学10班的学生一直在抱怨这课本，实在 （不是 that ) 是太难懂了 。 从句which is hard to follow 并不指明哪一课本被抱怨； 即使它被省略，我们也知道the textbook 指化学10班的课本。 That 象这样用于非限定性从句中， 虽然在写作中曾很普遍而且在口语中依然频繁出现，但在正式文体中最好避免使用。一些语法学家认为对称性要求which 应只用于非限定性从句中， 就象that 只用于限定性从句中。 因此，他们建议我们应该避免诸如我需要一本关于城市园艺的书 这样的句子， 这里从句which will tell me all about city gardening 指明需要何种书。 当两个或多个关系从句被and 或 or 连接时， which 的这种用法很有用， 如是哲学使普通人找到慰藉并使许多人有理由去称颂。 Which 也用作引导限定性关系从句，在当前置短语中含有that 时， 如我只能给你我不需要的东西 （不是 that that I don't need )或 我们只想分发那本最用的书 （好于that book that will be most helpful )。 当从句主语与从句前短语所指不一致时，that 在关系从句中可以省略。 因此，我们可以说the book that I was reading 或者 the book I was reading 。 在这里，从句主语(I )和短语 the book 的主语不同。 在这些情况下，that 的省略有时被认为是错误的， 但是这在实际中极普遍而且在规范写作中有充分的先例。对于that 用于引导从句时被省略偶然持有异议， 如在我认为我们应该再试一次 中。 但这种用法完全符合语法而且实际上有一些引导这样从句的短语支持；因此，可以正常应用 〔dilemma〕In its primary sensedilemma denotes a situation in which a choice must be made between alternative courses of action or argument. Although citational evidence attests to widespread use of the term meaning simply "problem" or "predicament" and involving no issue of choice,74 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the sentence dilemma 的主要意思是表示处于进退维谷的境地。 尽管引用的论据证明含意仅为“问题”或“困境”的词语达到了普遍运用并涉及没有选择的问题，但有74％的用法专题使用小组成员否定了句子 〔whiskey〕Eitherwhiskey or, less frequently, whisky can be used to refer to spirits distilled in the United States. Some writers prefer to reservewhisky for spirits distilled in Great Britain, but there is no widespread agreement on this point.无论是whiskey ，还是略为少见的 whisky 被用来指在美国提炼生产烈性酒。 有一些作家更倾向于将whisky 留作指在英国提炼生产的烈性酒， 不过就这一点并未形成普遍广泛一致意见〔prevailing〕These adjectives denote what exists or is encountered generally at a particular time.这些形容词都指存在或在某一特定时间里普遍遇到的东西。〔known〕Proved or generally recognized:已知的，闻名的：已证明或普遍认可的：〔vespertilionid〕Any of various widely distributed insect-eating bats of the family Vespertilionidae, characterized by a long tail.蝙蝠：属于蝙蝠科的一种很普遍的以昆虫为食的蝙蝠，其特征是有一条长尾巴〔name〕 Name is the general term: Name 是最为普遍的词： 〔subsume〕To classify, include, or incorporate in a more comprehensive category or under a general principle:把…归类：把…归入一更大范围更广泛的类型中或归在一普遍原则下：〔cachexia〕Weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility that can occur during a chronic disease.恶病质，差的体质：慢性病患者发生的体重减轻，肌肉疲劳，食欲减退和普遍衰弱的症状〔need〕 Need is the most general: Need 最普遍： 〔vivax〕The protozoan(Plasmodium vivax) that causes the most common form of malaria. 疟原虫：引起最普遍形式的疟疾的寄生虫（间日疟虫 疟虫属） 〔apartheid〕Although South Africa has not furnished a great number of words that have achieved general currency in British and American English,one in particular,apartheid, has gained wide circulation. The first recorded use ofapartheid as an English term, in the Cape Times on October 24, 1947, is an ironic commentary on much of the word's use since then: "Mr. Hofmeyr said apartheid could not be reconciled with a policy of progress and prosperity for South Africa.” According to the March 15, 1961, issue of theLondon Times, the wordself-development was supposed to replace apartheid as the official term used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation for "the Government's race policies. ” And inMove Your Shadow, published in 1985, Joseph Lelyveld says that the "word is [now] shunned, even resented by the [National Party's] high priests as if it were an epithet fashioned by the country's enemies.” Butapartheid as a word and as a reality has been slow to disappear. The history ofapartheid, however, offers a possible model for change in this policy, for the word is an example of a mixture and combination of resources, in this case linguistic.Apartheid is an English word that came into South African English from Afrikaans, the language of the Dutch settlers of South Africa. They in turn had made up the word from the Dutch wordapart, "separate,” and the suffix -heid, which corresponds to our suffix -hood. Thusapartheid literally means "separateness.” The Dutch had earlier borrowed the wordapart, as did we, from the French phrase à part, meaning "to one side.” 尽管南非并没有向英国和美国英语里加入很多得以普遍使用的词汇，但尚有一例外，apartheid 这个词就得到了普遍应用。 apartheid 一词作为英语词汇的使用最早记录于1947年10月24日的 开普时报 上，从那时起对该词的使用就作了反讽式的评论： “霍夫梅伊先生说种族隔离制不能与南非进步及繁荣的政策相容。”根据1961年3月15日的一期伦敦时报 ， 南非广播公司试图以self-development 作为官方用语来代替 apartheid 表示“政府的种族政策”。 在1985年出版的移动你的影子 中，约瑟夫·莱莉瓦德说“这个词为高级牧师们所回避甚至痛恨， 似乎它是这个国家的敌人创造出来的修饰语。”但apartheid 作为词汇和作为现实存在消失得很慢。 然而apartheid 的历史为这种政策的变化提供了一个可能的模式， 因为这个词是语言学方面各种来源混合及联合的一个例子。Apartheid 是从南非的荷兰殖民者的语言进入南非英语的一个英语词汇。 依次由荷兰词apart “分隔”，和后缀 -heid （其与后缀 -hood 相对应）构成。 这样，apartheid 可逐字译为“分隔，隔离。” 荷兰人较早地借用了apart 一词，就如我们从法语里借用了意为“到一边”的 a part 一样 〔pair〕Pair as a noun can be followed by a singular or plural verb. The singular is always used whenpair denotes the set taken as a single entity: This pair of shoes is on sale. A plural verb is used when the members are considered as individuals:The pair are working more harmoniously now. After a number other than onepair itself can be either singular or plural, but the plural is now more common:She bought six pairs (or pair ) of stockings. 作为一个名词pair 后面可接单数动词或复数动词。 当pair 意味着把一套当成单个整看时，通常用单数形式： 这双鞋在打折 当把各组成部分当成单独的个体时， 用动词的复数形式：这对搭档现在合作得更加和谐 。 在一些而不是一个物体后，pair 本身既可是单数也可是复数， 但现在用复数更为普遍：她买了六双 （或 pair ) 裤袜 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。