| 单词 | 曾一度 |
| 释义 | 〔abracadabra〕"Abracadabra,” says the magician, unaware that at one time the thing to do with the word was wear it, not say it. Abracadabra was a magic word,the letters of which were arranged in an inverted pyramidand worn as an amulet around the neck to protect the wearer against disease or trouble.One fewer letter appeared in each line of the pyramid,until onlya remained to form the vertex of the triangle. As the letters disappeared, so supposedly did the disease or trouble.While magicians still useabracadabra in their performances, the word itself has acquired another sense, "foolish or unintelligible talk.”巫师没意识他所说的"Abracadabra"一词曾一度只是被用来佩带，而不是谈及。 Abracadabra 是一巫术用语，其字母可被排成倒金字塔形，当作护身符戴在脖子上可保护佩戴者免除疾病和灾难。金字塔形的每一行少一个字母，直到三角形顶端只剩a 一个字母。 当字母消失时，疾病和灾难也被认为是消失了。但现在的巫术师在表演时仍使用abracadabra ， 于是这个词就带上了另一种意义，“愚蠢或无意义的话语”〔alkahest〕The hypothetical universal solvent once sought by alchemists.万能溶剂：炼金术士曾一度寻求的假想的万能溶剂〔galvanize〕"Issues that once galvanized the electorate fade into irrelevance"(Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.)“曾一度唤醒选民意识的事件已逐渐消失为不相关的事情”(小阿瑟M.施莱辛格)〔Croesus〕Last king of Lydia (560-546) whose kingdom, which had prospered during his reign, fell to the Persians under Cyrus.克罗伊斯：吕底亚王国的末代国王(560-546年），他的王国在他的统治期间曾一度兴盛，后被居鲁士率领的波斯军队攻占〔cahow〕An earth-burrowing, nocturnal bird(Pterodroma cahow), once abundant in Bermuda but now nearly extinct, with a hooked black beak, brown and white plumage, and a gray underside. Also called Bermuda petrel 百慕大圆尾鹱：一种善掘洞的、夜间活动的鸟（百慕大圆尾鹱）， 曾一度在百慕大大量存在，而今已近于灭绝，有着钩一样的黑色的喙、棕色和白色的羽毛以及灰白色的下部 也作 Bermuda petrel〔naughty〕Words have changes in their fortunes over time just as people and institutions do.The wordnaughty at one time might have been high on one's list as an all-purpose word similar to bad or nice. During the 16th centuryone could usenaughty to mean "unhealthy, unpleasant, bad (with respect to weather), vicious (of an animal), inferior, or bad in quality" (one could say "very naughtie figes" or "naughty corrupt water"). All of these senses have disappeared, however,andnaughty is now used mainly in contexts involving mischief or indecency. This recalls its early days in Middle English (with the formnoughti ), when the word was restricted to the senses "evil, hostile, ineffectual, and needy.”Middle Englishnoughti, first recorded in works written in the last quarter of the 14th century, was derived fromnought, which as a noun had senses such as "evil,”as a pronoun meant "nothing,”and as an adjective could mean such things as "immoral, weak, useless.”Nought was descended from Old English nāwiht, with similar senses,a compound made up ofnā, "no,” and wiht, "thing, being.” Thusnaughty, in a sense, has risen from nothing,but its fortunes have been better than they are at present.正像人们和制度那样，词随着时间改变了意思。单词naughty 曾一度作为类似于 bad 或 nice 这种通用词语而列于某人的词汇表中。 在16世纪，人们可以用naughty 来指“不健康的，不舒服的，坏的（和天气相关的），邪恶的（动物），较劣的，或质量坏的”（人们可以说“非常坏的人” 或“不健康的被污染的水”）。 然而所有的这些词义都消失了，现在naughty 主要用于关系到顽皮或不妥的上下文中。 这使人回想起它在中世纪英语的早些时候形式为naughti ， 当这个词被限定为用作“邪恶的，敌意的，无用的，和贫穷的”意思。中世纪英语的noughti 最先记录于写于14世纪后二十五年的著作中， 是由nought 派生而来的， 作为名词用有“邪恶”的意思，作为代词用是“没有”的意思，和作为形容词为“不道德的，虚弱的，无用的”。Nought 是从古英语 nawiht 中传下来的， 并且有相似的意思，由na “没有”和 wiht “事情，事物”组成的合成词。 这样naughty 从某种意义上来说， 从没有中生出，但是其意思却比现在的这些意思好得多〔ax〕Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both āscian and ācsian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines "I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf" and "Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 āscian 和 ācsian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ："I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和"Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 〔threshold〕Perhaps the tradition of carrying the bride over the threshold is dying out,but knowledge of the custom persists,leading one to wonder about the-hold or the thresh- in the word threshold. Scholars are still wondering about the last part of the word,but thethresh- can be explained. It is related to the wordthresh, which refers to an agricultural process. This process of beating the stems and husks of grain or cereal plants to separate the grain or seeds from the straw was at one time done with the feet of oxen or human beings.Thus, the Germanic word.therskan, or by the switching of sounds called metathesis, .threskan, meant "thresh" and "tread.” This association with the feet is probably retained in Old Englishtherscold or threscold (Modern English threshold ), "sill of a door (over which one treads).”或许抱新娘过门槛的传统已过时，但这种习俗仍为人所知，使人想到threshold 中的 -hlod 或 thresh- 。 学者们仍不清楚这个词的后半部分，但thresh- 已可作解释。 它与指一种农业加工的thresh 一词有关。 这种通过打谷子或谷类植物的茎壳以使各粒与茎管分开的作业曾一度是用牛或人的脚来做的。因此，德语词therskan 或经音位转换后的 threskan 表示“打”和“踩踏”。 这种和脚的联系可能在古英语therscold 或 threscold （现代英语 threshold ）中仍保留着， “门槛（踏过的地方）”〔turn〕The once servile peasants turned against the cruel king.曾一度臣服的农民起来反对残暴的国王〔Cartagena〕A city of northwest Colombia on theBay of Cartagena, an inlet of the Caribbean Sea. Founded in 1533, Cartagena was once the richest port on the Spanish Main. Population, 495,028. 卡塔赫纳：哥伦比亚西北部一城市，位于加勒比海海湾卡塔赫纳湾 上，卡塔赫纳市建立于1533年，曾一度是美洲大陆加勒比海沿岸最富庶的港口。人口495,028 〔trite〕 Trite, hackneyed, andshopworn imply overfamiliarity resulting from overuse or repetition; the terms often suggest reduction of something once forceful to an empty formula or cliché: Trite, hackneyed 和shopworn 暗指因为过度使用或重复而导致熟悉了； 这几个词通常暗示曾一度强有力的东西已为成了空洞无味的套式或陈词滥调： 〔Natchez〕A city of southwest Mississippi on the Mississippi River south-southwest of Vicksburg. Founded as a fortified settlement in 1716, it was held successively by France, Great Britain, Spain, and the United States. Natchez prospered especially as the southern terminus of theNatchez Trace, an old road connecting the city with Nashville, Tennessee, that was commercially and strategically important in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Population, 19,460. 纳齐兹：美国密西西比州西南部的一个城市，在密西西比河畔，和维克斯堡的西南偏南端接壤。1716年，作为防御工事而建立，曾一度被法国，大英帝国，西班牙和美国成功地占有过。纳齐兹尤其作为纳齐兹公路 南部的终点而繁荣昌盛，纳齐兹公路是一条连结纳什维尔城和田纳西城的老路，在18世纪未期和19世纪早期占有商业和战略的重要地位。人口19,460 〔Baku〕A city of southwest Central Asian U.S.S.R. on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Frequently under Persian rule, the city was incorporated into Russia in 1806. It has been a center of oil production since the 1870's. Population, 1,104,000.巴库：苏联中亚部分西南部的一座城市，位于里海西海岸。曾一度为波斯人统治，这座该城于1806年并入俄国。从19世纪70年代开始它已成为石油生产的中心。人口1,104,000〔mistress〕Great Britain, once the mistress of the seas.英国，曾一度是海上霸主〔chloroform〕A clear, colorless, heavy, sweet-smelling liquid, CHCl3, used in refrigerants, propellants, and resins, as a solvent, and sometimes as an anesthetic. Chloroform, once widely used in human and veterinary surgery, has generally been replaced by less toxic, more easily controlled agents. 三氯甲烷，氯仿：一种清澈、无色、比重大、有香味的液体，CHCl3，作为溶剂，有时作为麻醉剂而用于冷冻剂、推动剂和树脂。氯仿曾一度被广泛用于人类及兽医外科手术，现已普遍被低麻醉性且较易控制的药剂取代 |
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