| 单词 | 曾经 |
| 释义 | 〔shard〕"shards of intense emotional relationships that once existed"(Maggie Scarf)“曾经有过的强烈感情关系的琐碎记忆”(玛吉·斯卡夫)〔smoke〕I used to smoke filtered cigarettes.我曾经沉迷于过滤嘴香烟〔lanthorn〕Alteration influenced by horn [of which the sides were once made] 受 horn的影响[侧面曾经被制做的] 〔Lowell〕A city of northeast Massachusetts on the Merrimack River northwest of Boston. Settled in 1653, it was once a major textile center and now has diversified industries. Population, 103,439.洛威尔：美国马萨诸塞州东北一城市，位于波士顿西北部，梅里马克河上。建立于1653年，曾经是主要的纺织中心，现在有多种不同的工业，人口103,439〔Esther〕In the Old Testament, the Jewish queen of Persia who saved her people from massacre.以斯帖：在旧约圣经中波斯犹太人的皇后，曾经将人民从大屠杀中拯救出来〔Lucknow〕A city of north-central India east-southeast of Delhi. Once the capital of the kingdom of Oudh (1775-1856), it was besieged for five months during the Indian Mutiny of 1857. Population, 895,721.勒克瑙：德里东南偏东的印度中北部的一座城市。曾经是奥德王国(1775-1856年）的首都，在1857年印度叛乱时被围困四个月。人口895,721〔rather〕He's my friend, or rather he was my friend.他是我的朋友，不过更确切地说，他曾经是我的朋友〔dress〕A dress is such a common article of modern attirethat it is difficult to imagine that the worddress at one time did not refer to such a thing. The earliest sense ofdress, recorded in a work written before 1450, was "speech, talk.” The relationship of our modern sense to this early sense is explained by the factthat the noundress comes from the verb dress, which goes back through Old Frenchdrecier, "to arrange,” and the assumed Vulgar Latindīrectiāre to Latin dīrectus, a form of the verbdīrigere, "to direct.” In accordance with its etymology the verbdress has meant or still means "to place,” "to arrange,” and "to put in order.” The sense "to clothe" is related to the notion of putting in order,specifically in regard to clothing.This verb sense then gave rise to the noun sense "personal attire"as well as to the important garment sense, which has made the fortune of many a fashion designer.The earliest noun sense,"speech,” comes from a verb sense having to do with addressing or directing words to other people.衣服是现代服饰中相当普通的物件，很难想象dress 一词一度并不指衣服。 根据写于1450年以前的一本书记载dress 的最早含义是“说话，谈话。” 我们的现代含义与这一早期含义的关系可由以下事实解释：名词dress 来源于动词 dress ， 动词dress又可追溯到古法语drecier， “安排”， 与假定的拉丁俗语directiaer 乃至拉丁语 directus， 该拉丁词是动词dirigere “引导”的一种形式。 按照其词源动词dress 曾经并仍意为“放置”，“安排”与“使有序”。 “着衣”一义与使有序的意思有关，特别是有关衣物时，该动词意义又产生了名词意义“个人服饰”，以及使许多服装设计师大发其财的正式礼服的意义。最早的名词含义，“说话”来自于有关与其它人说话的动词意义〔Henze〕German composer. Best known for his operaThe Bassarids (1965), he has also composed symphonies, ballets, and lieder. 亨策，汉斯·威那：德国作曲家，以他的歌剧《酒神的伴侣》 （1965年）最为人著称，他也曾经创作交响曲、芭雷舞曲及德国抒情歌曲 〔Shiras〕American jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1892-1903).希拉斯，乔治：(1832-1924) 美国法官，曾经担任美国最高法院的陪审法官（1892-1903年）〔parous〕Having given birth one or more times.经产的：曾经生育过一次或多次的〔archaic〕Of, relating to, or characteristic of words and language that were once common but are now used chiefly to suggest an earlier style or period.古体的，已不通用的：曾经通用而现在不再使用主要指早期风格或时代的单词或语言的，与之有关的或具有其特征的〔Iberia〕An ancient country of Transcaucasia roughly equivalent to the eastern part of present-day Georgia. Iberia was allied to Rome and later ruled by a Persian dynasty. It became a Byzantine province in the sixth centurya.d. 伊比利亚：外高加索的一个古代国家。大体相当于现在的格鲁吉亚的东部；伊比利亚曾经和罗马联盟，后来被波斯帝国统治。在公元前 6世纪成为拜占庭的一个省 〔redifferentiation〕A process by which a group of once differentiated cells return to their original specialized form.再分化：一组曾经分化过的细胞回到它们原来的特定形态的过程〔Henson〕American explorer who accompanied Peary on seven Arctic expeditions, including the 1909 expedition that claimed to have first reached the North Pole.汉森，马修·亚历山大：美国探险家，他曾经随皮尔里参加过七次极地远征探险，包括1909年宣称首度到达北极的探险〔feeling〕"I have said that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity" (William Wordsworth).“我曾经说过诗是强烈感情的自然流露：它源于情感，但在平静中回忆” （威廉·华兹华斯）。〔impression〕I have the impression that we have met once before.我隐约记得我们以前曾经见过面〔Fairhaven〕A town of southeast Massachusetts on Buzzards Bay opposite New Bedford. It was formerly a whaling port. Population, 16,132.费尔港：美国马萨诸塞东南部的一座城镇，在巴泽兹湾，与新贝德福德相对。曾经是一个捕鲸业港口。人口16,132〔small〕"A crowd of small writers had vainly attempted to rival Addison"(Macaulay)“一群第二流作家曾经试图超过安德森，但他们没有获得成功”(麦考利)〔limerick〕Etymologies can sometimes be a bit disappointing,as, for example,when one is told thatlimerick is named after a city or county in Ireland without being told why it is so named.Unfortunately, we run into a difficulty here that is not uncommonly faced by etymologists,namely, that no one is precisely sure why this piece of humorous verse was so named.One theory is that it was named for a group of poets who wrote in Limerick in the 18th century;another, that it came from a custom at parties of making up a nonsense verse and following it with a chorus of "Will you come up to Limerick.”In any case,the first limericks appeared in books published in 1820 and 1821,and the form was popularized by Edward Lear in a collection published in 1846.The word itself, however, is not recorded until 1896.Let us sum up by saying:"There once was a verse form named limerick./No one can account for the name of it./Some think from a game/Or from poets it came./If you know please come up to Limerick.”查看词源学后会经常令我们失望，这是因为，比如，当某人得知limerick 是由爱尔兰的一城市（或一个郡的）名字而来， 却并不告知这样命名的原因。不幸的是，我们碰到了一个词源学家经常遇到的难题，那就是，没有一个人能确定为什么这种幽默的诗歌这样命名。一种理论认为它是源于18世纪在利默里克写作的一群诗人；还有一种看法认为它是源于一种集会上的风俗，这种风俗要求写完一毫无意义的诗后众人合唱“你将去利默里克吗”。不管怎样，1820年和1821年出版的这种五行打油诗集子广为流传，爱德华·利尔于1846年出版的集子使这种形式得到普及。但是，这个单词直到1896年才有记载。我们可以通过这么说来总结：“曾经有种诗的形式名叫利默里克。/但没有人能解释它的名字。/有人认为源于一种游戏/或源于一群诗人。/如果你知道就到利默里克来。”〔of〕Grammarians have sometimes condemned categorically the so-called double genitive construction,as ina friend of my father's; a book of mine. The construction is well supported by literary precedent,however, and serves a useful purpose.Thus there is no substitute for the double genitive in a sentence such asThat's the only friend of yours that I've ever met, since sentences such asThat's your only friend that I've ever met and That's your only friend, whom I've ever met are obviously impossible. 语法学家有时谴责这种范畴上的双重所有格形式，如我父亲的朋友；我的一本书 。 这种结构为许多文学先进所支持，认为它们是很有用的。在一个如那是我曾经遇到的你唯一的朋友 的句子中双重所有格是没有替代式的， 因为句子如那是我曾遇到的你唯一的朋友 和 那是唯一一个我曾遇到的你的朋友 显然是完全不一样的 〔buyback〕An act of buying something that one previously sold or owned.回购：购买曾经售出或拥有的物品〔putdown〕"Such answers were, perhaps still are, a . . . form of put-down to the questions of white people"(Lillian Hellman)“这样的回答曾经是，也许依然是，…对白人的诘难的蔑视”(莉莲·赫尔曼)〔watermark〕A mark showing the greatest height to which water has risen.水位标记：表明水曾经达到的最高高度的标记〔bad〕Bad is often used as an adverb in sentences such asThe house was shaken up pretty bad orWe need water bad. This usage is common in informal speechbut is widely regarded as unacceptable in formal writing.In an earlier survey,the sentenceHis tooth ached so bad he could not sleep was unacceptable to 92 percent of the Usage Panel. · The use ofbadly with want, once considered incorrect,is now entirely acceptable: Bad 在句子中常用作副词， 如这座房子摇晃得很厉害， 或是我们非常需要水。 在非正式演讲中这一用法很普遍，但在正式书面语中广泛地被认为不能接受。在早期的调查中，句子他牙疼得厉害以致睡不着觉。 对于92%的用法小组成员来说是不能接受的。badly 和 want 连用的用法， 曾经被认为是不正确的，现在则完全被接受： 〔cynic〕A cynic may be pardoned for thinking that this is a dog's life.The Greek wordkunikos, from which cynic comes, was originally an adjective meaning "doglike,” fromkuōn, "dog.” The word was most likely applied to the Cynic philosophers because of the nicknamekuōn given to Diogenes of Sinope, the prototypical Cynic. He is said to have performed such actions as barking in public, urinating on the leg of a table, and masturbating on the street.The first use of the word recorded in English, in a work published from 1547 to 1564, is in the plural for members of this philosophical sect.In 1596 we find the first instance ofcynic meaning "faultfinder,” a sense that was to develop into our modern sense.The meaning "faultfinder" came naturally from the behavior of countless Cynics who in their pursuit of virtue pointed out the flaws in others.Such faultfinding could lead quite naturally to the belief associated with cynics of today that selfishness determines human behavior.犬儒学派成员因认为这是狗的生命而可能被赦免。希腊词kunikos 是 cynic 的来源， 最初为形容词，意思是“似狗”，源自kuon “狗”，。 这个词最适用于犬儒派哲学家，因为给犬儒主义者的鼻祖的绰号是kuon 。 据说他曾经当众吼叫，在桌腿上小便，并且在街上手淫。这个词在一本1547到1564年出版的著作里首次用英语记录下来的用法是，用作复数来指代此哲学学派的成员。1596年，我们发现cynic 的第一个意思是吹毛求疵的人的例子， 也是发展成具有我们现代意义的含义。 “吹毛吹疵的人”这个意思是从无数个以追求指摘别人缺点为美德的犬儒主义者的行为而得来。这种指摘很自然地得出与现在的犬儒主义相联系的信仰，认为自私自利决定人类行为〔larva〕The wordlarva referring to the newly hatched form of insects before they undergo metamorphosis comes from the Latin wordlārva, meaning "evil spirit, demon, devil.”To understand why this should be so,we need to know that the Latin word also was used for a terrifying mask,and it is this sense of the word that has come down to us.In Medieval Latinlarva could mean "mask or visor.” Larva is therefore an appropriate term for that stage of an insect's life during which its final form was still hidden or masked, and New Latinlārva was thus applied by Carolus Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist who originated our system of classifying plants and animals.The wordlarva is first recorded in English in its scientific sense in 1768, although it had been used in its "spirit" sense in 1651 and in a way that foreshadowed the usage by Linnaeus in 1691. larva 一词指昆虫在变形前刚孵化出来的幼虫， 来源于拉丁词larva ， 意为“邪恶的精灵，鬼怪，恶魔”。为了了解为什么，我们需要知道这个拉丁词语还用于指一种令人恐惧的面具，而且正是该词的这一层含义流传了下来。在中世纪的拉丁语中，larva 有“面具或面甲”的意思。 Larva 在形容昆虫成熟之前被隐藏或遮盖的这一段时期的时候，成为一个适合的名称， 这样新拉丁语的larva 一词首先由瑞典植物学家卡罗拉斯里纽斯赋予以上含义， 卡罗拉斯是首创动植物分类系统的第一人。虽然larva 一词在1651年曾经以其“精灵”一层意思被使用并在一定程度上预示了于1691年出现的里纽斯的用法，但是于1768年才以科学术语的形式首先在英语中出现的 〔Oxonian〕A person who studies or has studied at Oxford University.牛津大学学生：正在或曾经在牛津大学学习过的人〔spill〕One is not supposed to cry over spilled milk,but at one time the wordspill was associated with many tears. Old Englishspillan, the ancestor of Modern Englishspill, had meanings such as "to destroy, mutilate, kill.”The hints of its future life in connection with substances falling out of containers, often wastefully, were contained in the senses "to waste" and "to shed blood.”But many people, castles, and fortunes were "spilled" before people started spilling milk,at least judging from the recorded evidence.Spill is first recorded in the sense "to cause a substance to fall out of a container" in a work composed in the 14th century.Since then, much water, milk, and gravy have been spilled,while most of the senses having to do with destruction and bloodshed have become obsolete or archaic.对着打翻的牛奶哭是无济于事的，但spill 这个词曾经和眼泪有联系。 古英语单词spillan ， 即现代英语单词spill 的祖先， 具有例如“毁灭，破坏，杀死”等意思。而其“浪费”及“使血流出”的含意则暗示着这个古词将来会与通常是浪费性质的从容器中溢出之物发生联系。但在人们开始洒牛奶之前就已“杀死”了许多人命，“毁坏”了许多城堡，“浪费”了许多财富，这一点至少可以从记载下来的证据判断出来。Spill 最初记录下来的意思是“使一物质溢出一容器”， 这一含意出现于14世纪的一本著作中。从那时起，这个词表达人们泼洒了大量的水、牛奶及肉汁，而这个词与毁灭及流血有联系的有关意思则都成了过时用法或古代用法〔doubt〕At one time it was doubtful whether the company could recover from its financial difficulties, but the government loan seems to have helped. 曾经有一段时间，公司能否从困境中恢复元气令人生疑，不过政府的贷款似乎起了作用。 〔evidence〕The broken window was evidence that a burglary had taken place. Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.被打碎的窗户就是盗窃曾经发生的证据。科学家们以此衡量是符合还是违反假设〔Palatinate〕Either of two historical districts and former states of southern Germany. TheLower Palatinate is in southwest Germany between Luxembourg and the Rhine River; the Upper Palatinate is to the east in eastern Bavaria. They were once under the jurisdiction of the counts palatine, who became electors of the Holy Roman Empire in 1356 and were then known as electors palatine. 帕拉廷：两个历史古迹之一，原来是德国南部的州。低帕拉廷 在德国西南部的卢森堡和莱茵河之间； 高帕拉廷 在巴伐利亚东部地区的东部，他们曾经是在大法官的管辖权限之下，他们在1356年成为神圣罗马帝国的候选帝宫并且以作为候选宫而闻名 〔Gehrig〕American baseball player. In 14 seasons with the New York Yankees (1925-1939), Gehrig was the American League's most valuable player 4 times. He earned a career batting average of .340.格里克，亨利·路易斯：(1903-1941) 美国棒球运动员，曾经有14个赛季在纽约扬基队（1925-1939年），格里克四次成为美国最优秀的运动员。在其职业生涯的击球率为.340〔Amherst〕A town of north-central Nova Scotia, Canada, near the New Brunswick border. It was a thriving Acadian community called Les Planches until it was occupied by the British in the 18th century. Population, 9,684.阿姆赫斯特：加拿大新斯科舍省中北部的城镇，接近新布伦斯威克边界。这里曾经叫雷布兰斯，是个繁华的阿卡迪亚人居住区，直到其于18世纪被英国占领，人口9,684〔kabbalah〕There are no less than two dozen variant spellings ofkabbalah, the most common of which include kabbalah, kabala, kabalah, qabalah, qabala, cabala, cabbala, kaballah, kabbala, kaballah, and qabbalah. This sort of confusion is frequently seen with Hebrew and Arabic words borrowed into English because there exist several different systems of transliterating the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets into Roman letters. Often a more exact or scholarly transliteration, such as Qur'an, will coexist alongside a spelling that has been heavily Anglicized ( Koran ). The fact that the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets do not as a rule indicate short vowels or the doubling of consonants compounds the difficulties. Spellings of kabbalah with one or two b 's are equally "correct,” insofar as the single b accurately reproduces the spelling of the Hebrew, while the double b represents the fact that it was once pronounced with a double b. kabbalah 有超过十二种以上不同的拼法，最常见的包括 kabbalah, kabala, kabalah, qabalah, qabala, cabala, cabbala, kaballah, kabbala, kaballah 及 qabbalah 。此类混淆情形最常见于自希伯来及阿拉伯文字转借给英语时，这是由于在希伯来及阿拉伯字母音译为罗马字母时有数种不同系统存在所致。通常较精确或是学究上的音译，例如 Qur'an ，会与已经偏重于英语化的拼法（ Koran ）共同存在。事实上，希伯来及阿拉伯字母并没有一种明确指出短元音及双子音为何的原则增加其困难度， kabbalah 有一到两个 b 的拼法都一样“正确”，到目前为止单 b 精确地重现希伯来文的拼法，而双 b 则表示它曾经以双 b 发音的事实 〔weald〕From Weald [a once-forested area in southeast England] 源自 Weald [英格兰东南部的一块曾经是森林的地区] 〔bushed〕"I once stayed awake seven years on end. Not even a nap. Boy, was I bushed"(Martin Amis)“我曾经有七年完全没有睡眠。甚至没有打一个盹儿。孩子，我疲惫极了”(马丁·埃米斯)〔tenderloin〕Sense 2, after the Tenderloin , an area of New York City (from the easy income it once afforded corrupt policemen) 第二种意义，源自 坦德尔劳恩 ，纽约城一地区（它曾经用阔绰的收入贿赂腐败的警察） 〔time〕"Time was when[urban gangs] were part of a . . . subculture that inner-city adolescence outgrew" (George F. Will)“曾经有个时候城内的青年人已成长大了，[都市群体] 不再属于亚文化群的一部分” (乔治F.威尔)〔Matanzas〕A city of northwest-central Cuba east of Havana. Founded in 1693, it was once a haven for pirates. Population, 100,367.马坦萨斯：古巴中部偏西北的一个城市，位于哈瓦那以东。该市建于1693年，曾经是海盗们的避难港。人口100,367 |
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