| 单词 | 最近 |
| 释义 | 〔proximal〕Nearest; proximate.最近的；最接近的〔research〕Some critics have objected to the use ofresearch as a transitive verb, but the usage has ample historical precedent and is common in reputable writing.In the most recent survey 81 percent of the Usage Panel accepted the sentence 一些评论家反对把research 一词作为及物动词使用， 但是这一用法有充足的历史先例并在优秀的写作中司空见惯。在最近的一次调查中81%的用法专题小组成员接受了 〔stroke〕The rower who sits nearest the coxswain or the stern and sets the tempo for the other rowers.尾桨手：离舵手或船尾坐得最近的桨手，为其它桨手带动节奏〔deaf〕Some writers have lately introduced a distinction between the lowercase noundeaf, which is used to refer simply to people with extensive hearing disorders, and the capitalized noun Deaf, which refers to the culture and community that has grown up around the use of American Sign Language as a primary means of communication.最近，一些作家提出小写的名词deaf 和大写的名词 Deaf 之间的一个不同点，前者仅用于指全面听力障碍的人；而后者指一种文化和一个团体， 他们通过把美国手势语言作为首要使用的交流方式而逐渐形成的〔modern〕Of or relating to recent times or the present:近代的：属于或有关最近的时间的或现在的：〔new〕Being the later or latest in a sequence:最近的：次序较晚或最新的：〔modern〕The wordmodern, first recorded in 1585 in the sense "of present or recent times,” has traveled through the centuriesdesignating things that inevitably must become old-fashionedas the word itself goes on to the next modern thing.We have now invented the wordpostmodern, as if we could finally fixmodern in time, but evenpostmodern (first recorded in 1949) will seem fusty in the end, perhaps sooner thanmodern will. Going back to Late Latinmodernus, "modern,” which is derived frommodo in the sense "just now,” the English wordmodern (first recorded at the beginning of the 16th century) was not originally concerned with anything that could be later considered old-fashioned. It simply meant "being at this time, now existing,” an obsolete sense today.Beginning in the later 16th century, however, we see the word contrasted with the wordancient and also used of technology in a way that is clearly related to our own modern way of using the word.Modern was being applied specifically to what pertained to present times and also to what was new and not old-fashioned.Thus in the 19th and 20th centuries the word could be used to designate a movement in art,which is now being followed by postmodernism.单词modern 首次于1585年以“现在的或最近的时代”的意义被记载， 它已经历了数个世纪，表明必然会变得过时的事物，就象这个词本身也会继续走向更加现代。现在我们已发明了单词postmodern， 仿佛我们终于能及时固定住modern 的了， 但即使是postmodern （首次于1949年记载）最终也会显得过时， 也许比modern 更快。 可追溯至近代拉丁词modernus “现代的”， 源自表示“刚才”意思的modo ， 英语单词modern （首先在16世纪初被记载）原本与后来被认为过时的事物没有任何联系。 它只意味着“现时的，现存的”，今天已废弃了的一个意思。然而从16世纪晚期我们看到这个词成为ancient 的反义词并且用于科技， 其意义与我们现在使用的意义明显相关。Modern 当时特指现时的事物， 也指新的且不过时的事物。因此在19世纪和20世纪这个词能被用来表示艺术上的一个运动，现在尾随其后的是后现代主义〔listless〕reacted to the latest crisis with listless resignation.对最近的危机所作的反应是无精打采的放弃〔be〕Have you ever been to Italy? Have you been home recently?你曾经去过意大利吗?最近你回过家吗?〔write〕To bring (a journal, for example) up to date.写日志：把（如，日志）等补写到最近的日期〔birth〕Until recently, the use ofbirth as a verb meaning "to bear (a child)” has been confined to Southern speech: "Heap o' good it do a woman to birth a mess o' young uns and raise 'em and then have 'em all go off to oncet" (Marjorie K. Rawlings).Recently, however, the nonstandard Southern usage has coincided with widespread usage of verbs derived from nouns, such asparent, network, and microwave. Birth in this new usage is most commonly found in its present participial form and is used as an adjective in the compound birthing room. 以前birth 意为生育（孩子）的动词用法仅限于南方语言： 一个女人生养一大堆孩子，然后他们都一起离开家庭，这对于她来说有很大好处。” （玛乔里·K·罗林斯）。但是最近，这种不标准的南方用法与广泛使用名词作动词的用法相吻合，如作父母，连网络 和 传送微波。 Birth这种新的用法常见于现在分词形式并用于合成词中的形容词 育婴室 〔proximity〕from proximus [nearest] * see proximate 源自 proximus [最近的] * 参见 proximate〔adaxial〕Of or relating to the side or surface facing or nearest to the axis of an organ, such as the upper surface of a leaf; ventral.近轴的：器官边缘的、表面的或最近茎轴的，与器官的边缘、表面或最近茎轴有关的，如叶子的上表面的；叶子的下表面〔unhip〕Not aware of or following the latest fashions or developments.不谙时髦的：不知道或不跟随最近流行式样或发展的〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔because〕A traditional rule holds that the constructionthe reason is because is redundant, and should be avoided in favor of the reason is that. The usage is well established, however, and can be justified by analogy to constructionssuch asHis purpose in calling her was so that she would be forewarned of the change in schedule or The last time I saw her was when she was leaving for college. All three constructions are somewhat less than graceful, however. ·Whenbecause follows a negated verb phrase, it should be preceded by a comma when thebecause clause explains why the event did not occur. He didn't marry her, because she was frivolous means roughly, "Her frivolity was his reason for not marrying her.”When no comma is used, thebecause clause is understood as part of what is being negated. He didn't marry her because she was frivolous means roughly, "His reason for marrying her was independent of her frivolity.”See Usage Note at as 1传统的原则认为结构the reason is because 太累赘，应避免，而赞同使用 the reason is that 。 这种用法被广泛地接受，并可以用类似的结构证明是正确的，如他 呼唤她 的目的是以便 她能预先知道时间安排的改变 ，或者 最近 一次 我看见她是 当 她正要去学院时。 然而所这三种结构都有不够完美的地方。当because 跟着一个否定动词短语时， 该在它前面加一个逗号来表示这个because 从句解释的是为什么这件事 没有 发生。 他不娶她，因为她很轻浮。 粗略的意思是， “她的轻浮是他不娶她的原因。”当没有用逗号时，这个because 从句被理解为被否定的部分。 他不娶她不是因为她轻薄， 粗略的意思是， “他和她结婚的原因与她的轻薄无关。” 参见 as1〔per〕suffixed (superlative) form*prok w-samo- . proximate ; approximate , from Latin proximus , nearest. 添加后缀的（最高级）形式*prok w-samo- . proximate ; approximate , 源自 拉丁语 proximus , 最近的. 〔yesterday〕Also yesterdays Time in the past, especially the recent past. 也作 yesterdays 近来，最近：过去的时间，尤指最近过去的〔proximate〕from proximus [nearest] * see per 1源自 proximus [最近的] * 参见 per 1〔newsreel〕A short film dealing with recent or current events.新闻短片：放映最近或当前事件的短小电影〔spire〕The area farthest from the aperture and nearest the apex on a coiled gastropod shell.螺旋部，螺塔，螺环：腹足纲动物螺壳上离开口处最远而离顶点最近的部分〔disinterested〕Despite critical disapproval, disinterested has come to be widely used by many educated writers to mean "uninterested" or "having lost interest,”as inSince she discovered skiing, she is disinterested in her schoolwork (a sense it had at an earlier stage of English, but which had in the interim become outmoded).Many maintain that the word can legitimately be used only in its sense of "having no stake in (an outcome or issue),”as inSince the judge stands to profit from the sale of the company, she cannot be considered a disinterested party in the dispute. In our most recent survey,89 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the sentence 尽管批评界的不赞成， disinterested 已逐渐成为许多有学识的作家们广泛用来指“不感兴趣的”或“失去兴趣的”，如在因为发现了滑雪这一运动，她就对功课失去了兴趣 （该词在英语的早期阶段就有这个词义，但在过渡时间，该词义已不再用）许多人认为在法律上该词只可用来表示“与（结果或事件）无利害关系，”如因为法官站在这一方是为了从公司所售物品中获利，她不能被看作是在这场争论中无任何关系的一方。 在最近的统计中，用法专题使用小组中百分之八十九的成员不接受下面的句子 〔burgeon〕Burgeon has gained greater acceptance in recent years in its use to mean not just "to put forth buds" but more generally "to grow and flourish.” In 1969 only 49 percent of the Usage Panel accepted the phrasethe burgeoning population of Queens ; in our most recent survey 74 percent accepted the same phrase.However, it should be noted that in this useburgeon is more acceptable when it takes the form of the present participle. Only 29 percent of the current Panel accepts the sentence News programs are less expensive to produce than entertainment series, and the public's appetite for them has burgeoned. Burgeon 一词近年来有了更广泛地使用，它不仅用来表示“生长发芽”更普遍地用作“生长并繁茂”。 1969年只有百分之四十九的用法专题使用小组成员承认短语the burgeoning population of Queens（女王时代的人口膨胀） ； 在最近的调查中对同一短语有百分之七十四的人接受。然而，值得注意的是，当burgean 一词在以现在分词形式被使用时，其更能被接受。 仅有百分之二十九的现有小组成员接受如下句子 新闻节目的制造要比一系列的娱乐活动经济实惠，并且公众对此的口味也已急速发展起来 〔proximo〕from proximō [ablative of] proximus [nearest, next] * see proximate 源自 proximō proximus的夺格 [最近的，旁边的] * 参见 proximate〔premiere〕In entertainment contextsthe verbpremiere has by now become the standard way of saying "to introduce to the public,” at least partly because of its ubiquitous use on television.Over the past 20 yearsthis use has won the sometimes grudging acceptance of the Usage Panel.The exampleThe Philharmonic will premiere works by two young Americans was acceptable to 51 percent of the Panelists in the most recent survey, up from 14 percent in 1969.But only 10 percent of the Panelists in the most recent survey accepted extension of the verb to nonentertainment contexts,as in Last fall the school premiered new degree programs in word processing and accounting. 在娱乐场合下，动词premiere 现在已经成为表示“介绍给公众”的标准说法， 这至少在某种程度上是由于它在电视上广泛地使用。在过去的二十年里，这一用法已经赢得了用法专题使用小组的有时勉强的接受。例句交响乐曲将让两个美国年轻人首次出演其作品 在最近的一次调查中已经被51%小组成员接受了， 比1969年的14%有所提高。但在这次调查中只有10%的成员接受将此用法扩展至非娱乐性场合，如去年秋天学校首次推出字处理和会计两门新的学位课程 〔either〕When the construction mixes singular and plural elements, however,there is some confusion as to which form the verb should take.It has sometimes been suggested that the verb should agree with whichever noun phrase is closest to it;thus one would writeEither Eve or the Kays have been invited, butEither the Kays or Eve has been invited. This pattern is accepted by 54 percent of the Usage Panel.Others have maintained that the construction is fundamentally inconsistent whichever number is assigned to the verband that such sentences should be rewritten accordingly.As Wilson Follett put it:然而，当结构中既有单数又有复数成分的时候，动词应采取什么形式说法不定。人们有时建议动词的人称和数应与离得最近的名词短语呼应；因此人们说Either Eve or the Kays have been invited ， 而不是Either the Kays or Eve has been invited 。 这种格式被用法使用小组54的成员所接受。也有人认为不管动词用什么样的数， 这个结构本质上都是一致的，因此这样的句子应重写。象威尔逊·伏莱特所说的：〔tomorrow〕The near future.最近：不远的将来〔late〕was feeling better of late.最近感觉好多了〔last〕Just past; most recent:刚过去的：刚刚过去的；最近的：〔tail〕The long luminous stream of gas and dust forced from the head of a comet when it is close to the sun.彗尾：一颗彗星距太阳最近时从其头部吹向尾部的长长的发光气体和尘埃流〔neoteric〕Of recent origin; modern.最近的：最近的；现代的〔newly〕Not long ago; recently:不久前；最近：〔thumb〕thumbed through the latest issue of the magazine.翻阅最近的一期杂志〔latest〕Something that is the most recent or current of its kind:最近的：最新的或新潮的事物：〔Mercury〕The smallest of the planets and the one nearest the sun, having a sidereal period of revolution about the sun of 88.0 days at a mean distance of 58.3 million kilometers (36.2 million miles) and a mean radius of approximately 2,414 kilometers (1,500 miles).水星：行星中最小且离太阳最近的星，围绕太阳公转所需的周期为88.0天，公转的平均距离约为58,300,000公里（36,200,000英里），平均半径约为2,414公里（1,500英里）〔father〕The verbfather has come to be used widely to mean specifically to "perform the child-rearing functions of a father,”particularly in the gerundfathering, as inFathering a step-child takes considerable tact and understanding. This usage reflects the same social changes that have led to the analogous use of the verbparent and has met with the same kinds of critical resistance.In the most recent surveythe example cited was rejected by 64 percent of the Usage Panel.A problem particular to this use offather is that it may occasion opportunities for humorous misconstruction,since it is in direct competition with the older sense of "beget.” ·It is notablethat the analogous use ofmother as a verb meaning specifically "to perform the child-rearing functions of a mother" is encountered only rarely.It is likely that the discrepancy in the frequency of these new uses ofmother and father reflects the fact that recent writers on family life have tended to place more emphasis on a reconceptualization of the traditional paternal role in child-rearing.See Usage Note at parent 动词father 被广泛应用， 尤指“履行一个父亲养育孩子的职责”，特别是动名词fathering， 如在抚育养子得花费巨大的心智和理解 。 这种用法反应了引起动词parent 相似用法的同样社会变化， 并遭到了同样的批评反对。在最近的调查中，引用的例子被用法专题使用小组64%的成员反对。特别对于father 这种用法的一个问题是， 它可能会引起幽默的误解，因为它直接与旧观念的“生育”冲突。值得注意的是，mother 作为动词的相似用法意思特指“履行一个母亲生养孩子的职责”， 这种用法很少见。看起来mother 和 father 这些新用法出现频率的不一致反映了一个事实， 那就是近期家庭生活题材的作者们倾向于将更多的重点放在重新定义父母在抚养孩子上所充任的传统角色 参见 parent〔proximal〕From Latin proximus [nearest] * see proximate 源自 拉丁语 proximus [最近的] * 参见 proximate〔recent〕Of, belonging to, or occurring at a time immediately before the present.最近的：属于或发生于现时之前很短一段时间里的〔modern〕Of or relating to a recently developed or advanced style, technique, or technology:现代的，最新的：属于或有关一种最近发展的或先进的风格、技能或技术：〔harass〕Educated usage appears to be evenly divided on the pronunciation ofharass. In a recent survey50 percent of the Usage Panel preferred a pronunciation with stress on the first syllable,while 50 percent preferred stress on the second syllable.Curiously, the Panelists' comments appear to indicatethat each side regards itself as an embattled minority.harass 一词在受教育者的使用中也同样有不同的发音。 在最近的一次调查中，百分之五十的用法专题使用小组成员将该词的重音放在第一个音节，而另百分之五十则倾向于将重音放在第二个音节上，奇怪的是在小组成员的观点中可以看出，各方都认为自己是不断受困扰的少数派 |
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