| 单词 | 期望 |
| 释义 | 〔normal〕The usual or expected state, form, amount, or degree.正常状态：通常的或期望的状态、组成、数量或程度〔disappointed〕Thwarted in hope, desire, or expectation:失望的；受挫的：希望、愿望或期望受挫折的：〔rent〕When young people talk about theirrents, that is, their parents, they are using a slang term that is of interest to language historians, if not necessarily thrilling for parents themselves. The term is a prime example of one of the fundamental characteristics of slang, which continually creates novel ways of expressing what are often rather ordinary things (if parents may be considered ordinary things). Slang has recently produced two expressions for "parents" that have gained wide currency— rents and parental units. Both expressions demonstrate slang's use of unusual or creative linguistic means to achieve novelty of expression. While there are many slang terms, such as bod for body or rad for radical, that result from the clipping of unstressed syllables, rents is a clipping that drops a stressed syllable, much like the similar term za, "pizza.” The desire to coin new ways of referring to things also leads speakers of slang to use circumlocutions like knuckle sandwich for "punch.” Parental units falls into this category. It plays on the jargon of bureaucrats and social science, in which the world is viewed as so much data waiting to be quantified. The appearance of terms such as rents and parental units also shows that all available styles and levels of language can be grist for slang's mill—so long as the material is perceived as irreverent, funny, or just plain cool. 年轻人谈论他们的rents （即父母）时，即使肯定不会令他们的父母感到兴奋，他们却使用了一个令语言历史学家很感兴趣的俚语。Rents是俚语一个基本特色的典范，这一基本特色就是不断创造新颖词汇来表示通常极为普通的事物（如果父母会被认为是普通事物的话）。最近俚语中产生了两个"父（母）亲"的词语并被普遍使用── rents 和 parental units 。这两个词语表明俚语用不同寻常的或创造性的语言工具来获取表达上的新颖。虽然因省略非重读音节产生了许多俚语词汇，如用 bod 指body、用 rad 指radical，但 rents 却是省略重读音节后的部分，非常类似相近词汇 za "pizza（比萨饼）"。期望创造指代事物的新词也使得满口俚语的人运用赘语，如用 knuckle sandwich 指"punch（用拳击）"。 Parental units 也属于赘语的范围。它用作官僚主义者的行话以及科学术语，因为对于官僚主义者和科学工作者来讲世界就是等待量化的大量数据。诸如 rents 和 parental units 这些俚语的出现也表明语言现有的全部风格和水平都是俚语的有益补充──只要认为内容是不敬的、有趣的或者纯粹扮酷的 〔malice〕A desire to harm others or to see others suffer; extreme ill will or spite.恶意：期望伤害别人或看到别人受苦；极端的恶意或怨恨〔satisfy〕To gratify the need, desire, or expectation of.使满意：满足…的需要、欲望或期望〔believe〕To expect or suppose; think:期望，料想；认为：〔figure〕To take into consideration; expect:把…估计在内；期望：〔look〕He looked to hear from her.他期望收到她的信〔real〕tourists wishing for a real experience while on the guided tour.旅游者期望在导游中能得到真正的体验〔eager〕Having or showing keen interest, intense desire, or impatient expectancy.See Usage Note at anxious 热切的：具有或显出浓厚的兴趣、强烈的愿望或迫不及待地期望 参见 anxious〔unlucky〕Not producing the desired outcome; disappointing.令人失望的：没有产生所期望的结果的；令人失望的〔titillate〕"Once you decide to titillate instead of illuminate . . . you create a climate of expectation that requires a higher and higher level of intensity"(Bill Moyers)“一旦你决定用刺激而不是说明的方式…你就会创造出一种期望，希望这种刺激的强度越来越大”(比尔·莫耶斯)〔look〕To think of (a future event) with pleasurable, eager anticipation:期望：以满意、急切的希望想着（将来的一件事）：〔Hinduism〕A diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils.印度教：源于印度的最重要的宗教、学和文化习俗的一种复合体特征是信仰轮回和一种具有多种形态或性质的至高无上的神，还认为一切相反的理论都是一种永恒不变的真理的表现，并期望从世俗的罪恶中解脱出来〔deficit〕The amount by which a sum of money falls short of the required or expected amount; a shortage:赤字，不足的数额：一笔钱达不到所要求或所期望的钱数所缺的数额；赤字：〔come〕My fondest dreams have at last come true.我最期望的理想最终实现了〔anticipate〕Some people hold thatanticipate is improperly used as a simple synonym for expect; they would restrict its use to situations in which advance action is taken either to forestall (anticipate her opponent's next move ) or to fulfill ( anticipate my desires ). In earlier surveys, however, a majority of the Usage Panel accepted the use ofanticipate to mean "to feel or to realize beforehand" and "to look forward to.” The wordunanticipated, however, is not established as a synonym for unexpected. Thus 77 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the sentenceThey always set aside a little extra food for unanticipated guests, inasmuch as guests for whom advance provision has been made cannot be said to be unanticipated,though they may very well be unexpected.有些人认为把anticipate 作为 expect 的简单同义词并不恰当； 他们把这个词的用法限制在某种情境中，即抢在…之前行动(抢在对手的下步之前行动 )或满足( 满足我的欲望 )。 然而，在以前的调查中，用法专题小组大多数成员所接受的anticipate 的意思是“预感、预知”和“期望”。 可是，unanticipated 这个词并不能作为 unexpected 的同义词。 这样一来，用法专题小组中77%的人都不同意下面这句话他们总是额外留出一些食物给未预料到的客人 ， 既然已提前为这些客人们准备了食物，就不能说他们是未预料的，尽管他们是不速之客〔stay〕Wait suggests remaining in readiness, anticipation, or expectation: Wait 意为处于准备、预备或期望状态： 〔sigh〕To feel longing or grief; yearn:感到渴盼或悲伤；期望：〔rely〕"He reckons on finding a woman as big a fool as himself" (George Meredith).“他期望发现一个和他一样傻的女人” （乔治·梅雷蒂斯）〔trust〕violated a public trust.辜负大众的期望〔unreasonable〕an unreasonable expectation;不合理的期望；〔bullish〕Causing, expecting, or characterized by rising stock market prices:证券市场股票价格上涨的：引起，期望于或特点是证券市场价格上涨的：〔expect〕 Anticipate is sometimes used as a synonym ofexpect, but usually it involves more than expectation.Sometimes it refers to taking advance action,as to forestall or prevent the occurrence of something expected or to meet a wish or request before it is articulated: Anticipate 有时被用作expect 的同义词， 但通常它不仅仅是期望这个意思，有时它指提前采取行动，来阻止预料中某事的发生或在一项要求或愿望说出之前使它得到满足： 〔fruition〕Realization of something desired or worked for; accomplishment:实现：实现所期望的或为之奋斗的事情；获得：〔all〕The constructionall that is used informally in questions and negative sentences to mean "to the degree expected,” as inI know it won an Oscar, but the film is not all that exciting. In an earlier survey, the Usage Panel rejected the use of this construction in formal writing. · Sentences of the formAll X's are not Y may be ambiguous. All of the departments did not file a report may mean that some departments did not file, or that none did. If the first meaning is intended,it can be unambiguously expressed by the sentenceNot all of the departments filed a report. If the second meaning is intended, a paraphrase such asNone of the departments filed a report or All of the departments failed to file a report can be used. Note that the same problem can arise with other universal terms likeevery in negated sentences, as in the ambiguousEvery department did not file a report. See Usage Note at every all that 这种句法作为非正式用语用于问句和否定句中，意思为“达到所期望的程度地”， 如我知道这部影片获了奥斯卡奖，但它并不那么激动人心 一句中。 在早先的一次调查中，用法使用小组不同意在正式书面语中用这一短语。All X's are not Y 类型的句子可能会造成歧义。 All of the departrnents did not file a report 可以指一些部门没有提出，也可以指没有一个部门提出。 如果指的是第一个意思，它可以通过以下这句话明确地表达出来，Not all of the departments file a report。 如果指的是第二个意思，如None of the departments file a report 或者 All of the departments failed to file a report 都可以把意思表达清楚。 注意这种情况在其他整体词如every 用在否定句时也会碰到， 如下面这个有歧义的句子Every department did not file a report 参见 every〔dangle〕To cause (one's expectations or hopes) to hang uncertainly or remain unresolved.悬而未定：使（某人的希望或期望）不定地悬着或一直没有解决〔expect〕To look forward to the probable occurrence or appearance of:期待：期望某事的发生或出现：〔break〕To fail to conform to a prevailing or expected pattern or order:不符合，不相称：不符合盛行的或所期望的模式或秩序：〔let〕To fail to meet the expectations of; disappoint.使失望：没有达到所期望的；使沮丧〔eager〕 Eager suggests intensity of interest and impatient desire: Eager 表示浓厚的兴趣和迫不及待的期望： 〔bereft〕"Today's graduates seem keenly aware that the future is bereft of conventional expectations"(Bruce Weber)“现在的毕业生似乎敏锐地认识到了未来缺乏旧有的期望”(布鲁斯·韦伯)〔but〕Traditional grammarians have worried over what form the pronoun ought to take whenbut is used to indicate an exception in sentences such as No one but I (or No one but me ) has read it. Some have argued thatbut is a conjunction in these sentences and therefore should be followed by the nominative formI. However, many of these grammarians have gone on to argue somewhat inconsistentlythat the accusative formme is appropriate when the but phrase occurs at the end of a sentence, as inNo one has read it but me. While this treatment of the construction has a considerable weight of precedent on its sideand cannot be regarded as incorrect,a strong case can be made on grammatical grounds for treating this use ofbut as a preposition. For one thing, ifbut were truly a conjunction here, we would expect the verb to agree in person and number with the noun or pronoun followingbut; we would then sayNo one but the students have read it. What is more, ifbut were a true conjunction here we would not expect that it could be moved to the end of a clause, as inNo one has read it but the students. Note that we cannot use the conjunctionand in a similar way, saying John left and everyone else in the class in place of John and everyone else in the class left. These observations suggest thatbut is best considered as a preposition here and followed by accusative forms such asme and them in all positions: No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me. These recommendations are supported by 73 percent of the Usage Panel when thebut phrase precedes the verb and by 93 percent when thebut phrase follows the verb. · But is redundant when used together with however, as in But the army, however, went on with its plans; one or the other word should be eliminated. ·But is generally not followed by a comma. Correct written style requiresKim wanted to go, but we stayed, not Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed. · But may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style. See Usage Note at and ,cannot ,doubt ,however ,I 1传统的语法学家考虑当but 用于表示例外的意思时应该用什么形式的代词，比如 No one but I （或者 No one but me ) has read it 。 有人认为but 在这种句子中是个连词， 因此应该使用主格I。 然而许多语法学家接下来的讨论有些不一致，即当but 短语出现在句子末尾时用宾格 me 比较合适， 如No one has read it but me（除我以外没有人读过它）。 同时这种结构前置处理的重要性是值得考虑的，并且不会被认为是不正确的，一个有力的例子在语法范畴内，认为but 在这里作介词使用。 首先如果but 在此真是一个连词的话， 我们会期望同名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致的动词跟在but 后面； 我们会说No one but the students have read it（除学生以外没有人读过它）。 再者，如果but 在此真是连词的话，我们不希望它被放在句子末尾， 如在句子No one has read it but the students 中。 注意我们不以类似的方式来使用连词and ，说 John left and everyone else in the class 来代替 John and everyone else in the class left。 这些发现表明but 在此最好被当作介词， 在任何位置后面都应跟宾格形式如me 和 them ： No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me（除了我没人读过它）。 当but 短语放在动词之前时，有百分之七十三的用法专题使用小组成员支持这些提议； 而当but 短语放在动词之后时，得到百分之九十三的小组成员的支持。 But 在同 however 一起使用时是多余的，如 But the army, however, went on with its plans； 这两个词必须去掉其中一个。But 通常后面不加逗号。 正确的写法是Kim wanted to go, but we stayed, 而不是 Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed 。 But 可以放在所有文体标准的句子开头 参见 and,cannot,doubt,however,I1〔eager〕Agog implies a state of heightened anticipation: Agog 表明一种强烈的期望： 〔all〕To the degree expected.那么，如此：达到所期望的程度地〔promise〕Indication of something favorable to come; expectation:预示，暗示：事情将要发生的暗示；期望：〔breed〕To develop new or improved strains in (organisms), chiefly through controlled mating and selection of offspring for desirable traits.优生交配：培育，多指通过人工交配和选择后代而获得所期望的特征，发展新的或改良（有机体）的品种〔fail〕To fall short, as in what is expected of one:未达成：不能达到别人所期望的：〔promise〕To afford a basis for expectation:保证，一定：给期望以基础或理由：〔polite〕 Polite andmannerly imply consideration for others and the adherence to conventional social standards expected of a well-bred person: Polite 和mannerly 暗含着关心他人和遵从有教养的人期望的传统的社会标准： |
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