单词 | 术语 |
释义 | 〔out〕Used in two-way radio to indicate that a transmission is complete and no reply is expected.表示传讯结束:用作收发两用的无线电通讯术语来表明通话完毕且不必有有回复〔voguish〕voguish terminology.流行一时的术语〔psychobabble〕Psychological jargon, especially that of psychotherapy:心理呓语:心理学的术语,尤指那些心理分析的术语:〔register〕A variety of language used in a specific social setting:行话,术语:在特定的社会背景中使用的各种语言:〔Bolshevik〕The wordBolshevik, an emotionally charged term in English, is derived from a very common word in Russian,bol'she, "bigger, more,” the comparative form ofbol'shoĭ, "big.” The nameBol'shevik was given to the faction in the majority at the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party in 1903 (the term is first recorded in English in 1907).The smaller faction was known asMen'sheviki, from men'she, "less, smaller,” the comparative ofmalyĭ, "little, few.” TheBol'sheviki, who sided with Lenin in the split that followed the Congress, subsequently became the Russian Communist Party.In 1952 the wordBol'shevik was dropped as an official term in the Soviet Union, but it had long since passed into other languages, including English.It had even spawned the slang termbolshie, though there is nomenshie. 单词Bolshevik 在英语中是带有感情色彩的单词, 来源于俄语中非常普通的词bol'she “较大的,较多的”, 是bol'shoi “大”的比较级形式。 Bol'shevik 这个名字是给予1903年俄国社会民主工人党第二次大会时的多数派的 (英语中最早记有该词是1907年)。少数派即著名的Men'sheviki 来源于 men'she, “较少,较小”, 是malyi “小,少”的比较级形式。 Bol'sheviki ,即讨论会后分裂时站在列宁一边的那些人, 后来成为俄国共产党。1952年,Bol'shevik 一词成为苏联的官方术语。 但它已传入包括英语的其他语言。它甚至衍生了一个俚语词bolshie, 尽管不存在menshie 〔landscape〕It would seem that in the case of the wordlandscape we have an example of nature imitating art, in so far as sense development is concerned.Landscape, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century,when Dutch artists were on the verge of becoming masters of the landscape genre.The Dutch wordlandschap had earlier meant simply "region, tract of land,” but had acquired the artistic sense, which it brought over into English, of "a picture depicting scenery on land.”The fascinating thing isthat 34 years pass after the first recorded use oflandscape in English before the word is used of a view or vista of natural scenery. This delay suggests that people were first introduced to landscapes in paintingsand then saw landscapes in real life.从landscape 这个词,我们似乎能看到一个模仿自然艺术的例子, 单就这个词的意思发展来说。Landscape 首次记载于1598年, 它是在16世纪期间作为一个绘画术语从荷兰传过来的,当时的荷兰艺术家正在成为自然风景绘画的大师。荷兰语中landscape 这个词早期仅仅意味着“地区,一片地”, 但它后来传入英国时已经有了艺术上的含义“描绘陆上风景的绘画”。有趣的是,从landscape 这个词第一次见于英语文字到这个词表示自然景色的风光,经历了34年。 这一时间上的延迟暗示了人们首先是在绘画时接触自然,然后才是在现实生活中去欣赏风景〔Platonic〕Plato did not invent the term or the concept that bears his name,but he did see sexual desire as the germ for higher loves.Marsilio Ficino, a Renaissance follower of Plato,used the termsamor socraticus and amor platonicus interchangeably for a love between two human beings that was preparatory for the love of God. From Ficino's usagePlatonic (already present in English as an adjective to describe what related to Platoand first recorded in 1533) came to be used for a spiritual love between persons of opposite sexes.In our own centuryPlatonic has been used of relationships between members of the same sex. Though the concept is an elevated one,the term has perhaps more often been applied in waysthat led Samuel Richardson to have one of his characters inPamela say, "I am convinced, and always was, that Platonic love is Platonic nonsense.”柏拉图并没有发明带有他名字的术语或概念,但他的确将性欲看作更高层次爱的根源。文艺复兴时期柏拉图的信徒马尔西利奥·菲奇诺,交替地使用术语amor socraticus 和 amor platonicus 表示为上帝之爱准备的两个人之间的爱。 按照菲奇诺的用法Platonic (已作为一个形容词在英语中出现, 描述与柏拉图有关的事物,首次记录于1533年)逐渐被用来指异性之间的精神恋爱。在我们这个世纪,Platonic 已用于指同性伙伴之间的关系。 尽管这个词的概念是高尚的,但这个术语可能被更多地应用于一些方式,其导致塞缪尔·理查森让他的小说帕美勒 中的人物说: “我确信,而且一直确信,柏拉图式的恋爱是柏拉图的胡言乱语”〔terminology〕The vocabulary of technical terms used in a particular field, subject, science, or art; nomenclature.术语:用于特定领域、主题、科学或艺术的术语词汇;学名〔perfect〕Perfect has often been described as an absolute term like chief and prime, hence not allowing modification bymore, quite, relatively, and other qualifiers of degree. But the qualification ofperfect has numerous reputable precedents (most notably in the preamble to the U.S. Constitution in the phrase"in order to form a more perfect Union" ). What is more, the stricture is philosophically dubious.There can be no mathematically perfect forms in nature;therefore to say that any actual circle is "perfect"can mean only that it approximates the geometric ideal of circularity,a quality that it can obviously have to a greater or lesser degree.By the same token,perfect freely allows comparison in examples such as There could be no more perfect spot for the picnic, where it is used to mean "ideal for the purposes.”See Usage Note at complete ,equal ,parallel ,unique Perfect 常被描述成诸如 chief 和 prime 的绝对术语, 因此不能跟more、quite或relatively 等修饰词及其它程度限定词。 但是对perfect 的限定可有大量规范的前饰词 (最突出的例子是在美国宪法的引言部分"in order to form a more perfect Union" )。 但是,这种限定在哲学上来说是模糊的。自然界中不可能有数学般标准的形式;因此要说任何既定的圆是“绝对的”,都只意味着近似于理想状态的几何圆,这显然只能是或多或少具备的特性。同样地,perfect 在一些例子如 那儿应该是更适合野餐的地方 中任意地允许比较, 此处意为“达到意图的理想方式” 参见 complete,equal,parallel,unique〔Gunter〕English astronomer and mathematician who invented a surveying chain, quadrant, and scale and introduced the trigonometric termscosine and cotangent. 冈特,埃德蒙:(1581-1626) 英国天文学家和数学家,发明了测链,象限仪和标尺,并引进了两个三角学术语,余弦 和 余切 〔polynomial〕A taxonomic designation consisting of more than two terms.多词学名:包含两个以上术语的分类学名〔premise〕Why do we call a single buildingthe premises ? To answer this question,we must go back to the Middle Ages.But first, let it be noted thatpremises comes from the past participle praemissa, which is both a feminine singular and a neuter plural form of the Latin verbpraemittere, "to send in advance, utter by way of preface, place in front, prefix.” In Medieval Latin the feminine formpraemissa was used as a term in logic, for which we still use the termpremise descended from the Medieval Latin word (first recorded in a work composed before 1380).Medieval Latinpraemissa in the plural meant "things mentioned before" and was used in legal documents, almost always in the plural,a use that was followed in Old French and Middle English, both of which borrowed the word from Latin.A more specific legal sense in Middle English,"that property, collectively, which is specified in the beginning of a legal document and which is conveyed, as by grant,”was also always in the plural in Middle English and later Modern English.And so it remained when this sense was extended to mean "a house or building with its grounds or appurtenances,”a usage first recorded before 1730.为什么我们把单独的一幢建筑称为the premises ? 为了回答这个问题,我们必须回到中世纪。但首先必须注意的是premises 是从过去式 praemissa 而来的, 这是意思为“预先发送,以前言的方式说出,放在前边,前缀”的拉丁动词praemittere 的阴性单数形式及中性复数形式。 在中世纪拉丁语中,praemissa 作为阴性形式被用作逻辑状语, 因此我们仍然使用这个来源于中世纪拉丁语的术语premise (第一次记载于1380年前编纂的作品中)。中世纪拉丁语praemissa 的复数形式意为“前面提到的事物”, 用于法律文件并总是以复数形式出现,古法语和中古英语中都从拉丁语中借用了这个词及其用法。中古英语中有一种更特殊的法律方面的意义,“法律文件开头指明并根据转让的财产,如通过赠送”,在中世纪英语和后来的现代英语中也是以复数形式使用。因此当它的意思被扩展为“连同其土地及设施一所房子或一幢建筑”时仍保留这一用法,该用法最初记载于1730年前。〔psychological〕psychological research; psychological jargon.心理学研究;心理学术语〔vernacular〕The idiom of a particular trade or profession:行话;术语:某一具体的行业或职业的习语:〔imbecile〕A person of moderate to severe mental retardation having a mental age of from three to seven years and generally being capable of some degree of communication and performance of simple tasks under supervision. The term belongs to a classification system no longer in use and is now considered offensive.弱智者:有中度到严重精神障碍的人,有三到七岁的智力年龄,在指导下通常能做某种程度的交流并能完成简单的任务。这个术语属于一个已停用的区分系统,现在被认为是攻击性的〔univocal〕A word or term having only one meaning.单意词汇:只具有一个意思的词汇或术语〔universal〕A general or abstract concept or term considered absolute or axiomatic.一般概念:普遍的或抽象的概念或术语,认为是绝对的或自明的〔abstraction〕An abstract concept, idea, or term.抽象概念,抽象术语:抽象的观念、意识或术语〔nomenclature〕A system of names used in an art or a science:术语,专门名词:用于一门艺术或科学的一类名称:〔language〕The special vocabulary and usages of a scientific, professional, or other group:术语,行话:科学的、职业的或其他群体的特殊词汇和用法:〔conflicted〕The adjectiveconflicted is associated with the jargon of New Age psychology: 92 percent of the Usage Panel rejected its use in the sentence 这个形容词conflicted 与新时代心理学的术语有关: 百分之九十二的用法专题使用小组成员认为在下面这个句子中的用法是不可接受的: 〔slang〕Language peculiar to a group; argot or jargon:行话:某一组织所特有的语言;隐语或术语:〔plantation〕It has probably seemed ironic to more than one reader that the same wordplantation appears in the name Plimoth Plantation, a settlement of people seeking freedom of religion,albeit their particular form of religion,and also as the term for the estates of the pre-Civil War Southwith their beautiful mansions for the white elite and their hovels for the oppressed Black slaves.These two uses of the wordplantation illustrate two sense developments of the word, which is first recorded in Middle English asplantacioun in a work probably written during the first quarter of the 15th century. Latinplantātiō, the source of our English word, originally meant "propagation of a plant, as from cuttings,”but in Medieval Latin developed other related senses,such as "planting,” "foundation, establishment,” and "nursery, or collection of growing plants that have been planted.”The two senses that were used in New England and in the South can thus be explained.The Plimoth sense is derived from the notion of a settlement or colony that has been established or planted in a new country.The Southern sense goes back to the notion of simply planting crops,in this casecrops such as tobacco or cottonthat are grown on estates or farms in subtropical or tropical climatesand were at one time worked by slave labor.同样的单词plantation 出现在名称 Plimoth Plantation (普利茅斯种植园)中,这对不止一名读者来说,可能看起来是具讽刺意味的, 该名称指寻求宗教自由的人的小型社区,虽然他们的宗教形式很特别,也是作为内战前南方庄园的术语,指供高贵白种人居住的漂亮公馆和受压迫的黑人奴隶居住的破旧茅屋。单词plantation 的这两种用法说明了这个单词两种意思的发展, 其以可能于15世纪最初二十五年创作的一部作品中的plantacioun 形式首次记录进中世纪英语。 拉丁文plantatio 是我们这个英语单词的词源, 最初意为“植物的繁殖,如通过供插栽小枝,”但是在中世纪拉丁文中又发展了其它的相关的意思,例如“种植、”“建立、设立”和“苗圃或已被种植的活的植物的集合。”这样,用在新英格兰和南方的这两种意思就能够解释了。普利茅斯种植园的意思是从在新的国家中建立或移民的新拓居地或殖民地的概念中引申出来的。南方庄园的意思则可追溯到简易耕种作物的概念上来,在这种情况下,例如烟草或棉花等农作物,生长在亚热带或热带气候的庄园或农场,且一段时间以来由奴隶种植〔definition〕A statement of the meaning of a word, phrase, or term, as in a dictionary entry.释义:对单词、短语或术语的意义的说明,如字典的词条中的解释〔polynomial〕Of, relating to, or consisting of more than two names or terms.多词学名的:属于、关于或包含两个以上名称或术语的〔psychologism〕The explanation or interpretation of events or ideas in psychological terms.唯心理论,心理学主义:使用心理学术语来说明或解释事件或观点〔metalanguage〕A language or vocabulary used to describe or analyze language.语言学术语:用以形容或分析语言的语言或单词〔operationalism〕The view that all theoretical terms in science must be defined only by their procedures or operations.操作论,操作主义:认为所有科学理论术语都是一套操作〔shoptalk〕The jargon used in a specific business or field.行业术语、行话:某一个特定行业或领域使用的术语〔onomastics〕The system that underlies the formation and use of proper names or terms used in specialized fields.专有术语体系:专有名词或特殊领域术语的构成和用法的基本体系〔computerese〕The technical language of those involved in computer technology.计算机术语:计算机技术中所用的专业术语〔invert〕Used as a term for a homosexual person.同性恋者:用指同性恋者的术语〔cant〕The special terminology understood among the members of a profession, discipline, or class but obscure to the general population; jargon.See Synonyms at dialect 术语,行话:在一个职业、学科或阶层的成员间能被理解的特殊术语,但对一般大众来说却晦涩难懂;专门术语 参见 dialect〔plural〕A word or term in the plural form.复数词:复数形式的单词或术语〔mongolism〕From Mongolian [term used in a system of classification for mentally retarded people, devised around ethnic lines by John L.H. Down (1828-1896), British physician] 源自 Mongolian[用于愚痴类病人分类系统的术语,是由英国大夫约翰L.H.道恩(1828-1896年)根据种族的形态而设计得名] 〔buzzword〕A usually important-sounding word or phrase connected with a specialized field or group that is used primarily to impress laypersons:专门用语,术语:与某一特定领域或组织相联系,主要用于给外行之人加深印象的听起来重要的单词或短语:〔physicalize〕To describe or interpret in physical terms:用物质的术语描绘或解释:〔governor〕The American Revolution did away with much that was British,but it neglected to discard an important British political term.The wordgovernor certainly seems to denote a very American office, and England has no corresponding official with that title for its counties.Nonetheless,governor has had a long history in English with reference to political rulers. In Middle Englishgovernour, the ancestor of governor, meant both "a sovereign ruler" and "a subordinate or substitute ruler.”In the later sense it was a natural term to use for heads of the British colonies in North America as well as elsewhere.During our colonial periodroyal governors were often unpopular,yet the word was not dropped after the Revolutionary Warand in fact was chosen to designate the executive head of a state when the United States of America was created.美国独立战争扫除了英国的许多东西,但却忽略了摒弃一个重要的英国政治术语。governor 这个单词肯定被看作是一个美国官方职务, 因为英国没有这样的官方职务。然而governor 作政权统治者含义在英国有很长的历史。 在中世纪的英语里,governour 是 governor 的前身, 意思是“主权统治者”和“下一级统治者或代理统治者。”用后一个意思来指英国在北美的殖民地或其他地方的首脑是很贴切的。在美国殖民地时期,皇家总督不大为人所知,然而这个词在独立战争以后并没被废除,实际上它被用来指美国建国以后各州的州长了〔id〕New Latin translation of German Es a special use of es [it, as a psychoanalytic term] 新拉丁语 德语 Es的翻译 es的特殊用法 [它是精神分析学中的一个术语] 〔onomastics〕The study of the origins and forms of terms used in specialized fields.专有术语研究:对于特殊领域中术语的来源和形式的研究 |
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