| 单词 | 杰克 |
| 释义 | 〔right〕"When the laws undertake to . . . grant . . . exclusive privileges, to make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, the humble members of society . . . have a right to complain of the injustice of their government" (Andrew Jackson).“如果法律保证排他的特权，从而使富者更富有，有权有势者更有权势，那么生活于社会下层的人们就有权力指责他们政府的不公平” （安德鲁·杰克）。〔that〕The standard rule isthatthat should be used only to introduce a restrictive (or "defining") relative clause, which serves to identify the entity being talked about;in this useit should never be preceded by a comma.Thus, we sayThe house that Jack built has been torn down, where the clausethat Jack built tells which house was torn down, orI am looking for a book that is easy to read, wherethat is easy to read tells what kind of book is desired. Onlywhich is to be used with nonrestrictive (or "nondefining") clauses, which give additional information about an entity that has already been identified in the context;in this use,which is always preceded by a comma. Thus, we sayThe students in Chemistry 10 have been complaining about the textbook, which (not that ) is hard to follow. The clausewhich is hard to follow does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if it were omitted,we would know that the phrasethe textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 10. The use ofthat in nonrestrictive clauses like this, though once common in writing and still frequent in speech,is best avoided in formal style. ·Some grammarians have argued that symmetry requires thatwhich should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses, asthat is to be used only in restrictive clauses. Thus, they suggest that we should avoid sentences such asI need a book which will tell me all about city gardening, where the clausewhich will tell me all about city gardening indicates which sort of book is needed. Such use ofwhich is useful where two or more relative clauses are joined by and or or, as inIt is a philosophy in which the common man may find solace and which many have found reason to praise. Which is also preferred to introduce a restrictive relative clausewhen the preceding phrase itself contains athat, as inI can only give you that which I don't need (not that that I don't need ) or We want to assign only that book which will be most helpful (preferred tothat book that will be most helpful ). · That may be omitted in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the referent of the phrase preceding the clause. Thus, we may say eitherthe book that I was reading or the book I was reading, where the subject of the clause (I ) is not the referent of the phrase the book. Omission ofthat in these cases has sometimes been described as incorrect, but the practice is extremely common and has ample precedent in reputable writing. ·There have also been occasional objections to the omission ofthat in its use to introduce a subordinate clause, as inI think we should try again. But this usage is entirely idiomatic and is in fact favored with some of the verb phrases that can introduce such clauses:thus, one would more normally write 标准规则中，that 应只被用于引导限定性（或“确定的”）关系从句， 这些从句用于明确正被谈论的实体；在这种情况下，前面决不能有逗号。因此，我们说杰克建的房子已经拆毁了 ， 在这里，从句杰克所建的 指明哪幢房子被拆毁了， 或者我正在找一本易读的书 ， 在这里，易读的 指明哪类书是需要的。 只有which 用于非限定性（或“不确定的”）从句中， 为已经在上下文中定义的实体提供附加信息；在此用法中，which 之前总有逗号。 因此，我们说化学10班的学生一直在抱怨这课本，实在 （不是 that ) 是太难懂了 。 从句which is hard to follow 并不指明哪一课本被抱怨； 即使它被省略，我们也知道the textbook 指化学10班的课本。 That 象这样用于非限定性从句中， 虽然在写作中曾很普遍而且在口语中依然频繁出现，但在正式文体中最好避免使用。一些语法学家认为对称性要求which 应只用于非限定性从句中， 就象that 只用于限定性从句中。 因此，他们建议我们应该避免诸如我需要一本关于城市园艺的书 这样的句子， 这里从句which will tell me all about city gardening 指明需要何种书。 当两个或多个关系从句被and 或 or 连接时， which 的这种用法很有用， 如是哲学使普通人找到慰藉并使许多人有理由去称颂。 Which 也用作引导限定性关系从句，在当前置短语中含有that 时， 如我只能给你我不需要的东西 （不是 that that I don't need )或 我们只想分发那本最用的书 （好于that book that will be most helpful )。 当从句主语与从句前短语所指不一致时，that 在关系从句中可以省略。 因此，我们可以说the book that I was reading 或者 the book I was reading 。 在这里，从句主语(I )和短语 the book 的主语不同。 在这些情况下，that 的省略有时被认为是错误的， 但是这在实际中极普遍而且在规范写作中有充分的先例。对于that 用于引导从句时被省略偶然持有异议， 如在我认为我们应该再试一次 中。 但这种用法完全符合语法而且实际上有一些引导这样从句的短语支持；因此，可以正常应用 〔Nicklaus〕American golfer who won 17 major international tournaments, including 6 Masters' championships.尼克芬斯，杰克·威廉：(生于 1940) 美国高尔夫球员，他羸过几场主要的世界比赛，包括6届冠军〔modicum〕"England still expects a modicum of eccentricity in its artists"(Ian Jack)“英国仍期待出现少数离经叛道的艺术家”(伊安·杰克)〔Warner〕American filmmaker who with his brothersAlbert (1884-1967), Samuel Louis (1887-1927), and Jack (1892-1978) founded Warner Brothers Pictures, which produced the first talkie, The Jazz Singer (1927), and many film classics, including Casablanca (1942). 华纳，哈里·莫里斯：(1881-1958) 美国电影制片人，与他的兄弟阿尔伯特 (1884-1967年）， 塞缪尔·路易斯 (1887-1927年）和 杰克 (1892-1978年）共同创立了华纳兄弟电影公司，制作第一部有声电影 《爵士歌手》 （1927年）和许多古典影片，包括 《卡萨布兰卡》 （1942年） 〔rubric〕"This mission is sometimes discussed under the rubric of ‘horizontal escalation’ . . . from conventional to nuclear war"(Jack Beatty)“这项使命有时以从传统战争到核战争的水平逐步上升这一类问题而讨论”(杰克·贝蒂)〔caring〕"We formed Generations United to argue for a caring society"(Jack Ossofsky)“我们培养了数代人，使他们联合起来主张建立一个有爱心关心他人的社会”(杰克·奥索弗斯基)〔Schmidt〕American baseball player. In 17 seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies (1972-1989), Schmidt hit 548 home runs and was the National League's most valuable player three times (1980, 1981, and 1986).施密特，麦克·杰克：美国棒球选手。在为费城费城人队效力的17个赛季中（1972年-1989年），施密特共打出548支全垒打并三次成为国家棒球联盟的最有价值球员（1980年、1981年、1986年）〔genial〕"the genial sunshine . . . saturating his miserable body with its warmth"(Jack London)“和暖的阳光…用温暖充满他痛楚的躯体”(杰克·伦敦)〔manifest〕"Mercedes . . . manifested the chaotic abandonment of hysteria"(Jack London)“梅塞得斯表现出混乱又歇斯底里的自暴自弃”(杰克·伦敦)〔ineluctable〕"Those war plans rested on a belief in the ineluctable superiority of the offense over the defense"(Jack Beatty)“那些战争计划有一个信念为基础，即进攻必然比防守有利”(杰克·贝蒂)〔vulgarize〕"What appalls him is the sheer cheesiness of TV iniquity. Television has even vulgarized hell"(Jack Kroll)“使他震惊的是电视罪恶的如此粗鄙。电视几乎使地狱庸俗化”(杰克·克罗尔)〔toff〕"champagne, once a raffish drink suitable for toffs and weddings"(Ian Jack)“香槟，曾是一种适于花花公子和婚礼的随便饮料”(伊安·杰克)〔talkative〕"Jack became loquacious on his favorite topic" (Frederick Marryat). “杰克在他最喜爱的话题上变得口若悬河” （弗里德里克·马里亚特）。〔Pentagonese〕"Being open and egalitarian, Americans characteristically speak in a straight-forward, declarative manner—discounting Pentagonese and other jargon"(Jack Pitman)“美国人开放、公允，以直言不讳、宣言般的特有方式说话——不喜欢军事和其它术语”(杰克·皮特曼)〔take〕"Two keen minds that they are, they took to each other"(Jack Kerouac)“越敏锐的两颗心，越容易互相吸引”(杰克·凯鲁亚克)〔Robinson〕American baseball player. The first Black player in the major leagues, he was a second baseman for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1947-1956), had a lifetime batting average of .311, and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.鲁宾逊，杰克·罗斯福：(1919-1972) 美国棒球运动员，他是棒球联合总会的第一名黑人棒球运动员，曾是布鲁克林道奇队的二垒守垒员(1947-1956年），他一生的击球率为.311，1962年被选进美国棒球荣誉厅〔Benny〕American comedian known for his delayed comic delivery and for his shows on radio (1932-1955) and television (1950-1965), which featured sketches based on his ficticious miserliness, constant age of 39, and inexpert violin playing.本尼，杰克：(1894-1974) 美国喜剧演员，以迟钝的喜剧口才和在广播（1932-1955年）及电视（1950-1965年）中的表演而著称，其滑稽剧的特色以虚构的吝啬为主要题材。演艺生涯共39年并且是业余小提琴手〔fracture〕"Jack Benny fractured audiences . . . for more than 50 years"(Newsweek)“杰克·本尼…五十多年来给观众带来了很多欢乐”(新闻周刊)〔language〕"his total mastery of screen language—camera placement, editing—and his handling of actors"(Jack Kroll)“他对屏幕语言的熟练掌握——摄像机的设置，编辑——和他对演员的调度”(杰克·克罗尔)〔Levine〕American painter whose work is noted for its biting social satire. His paintings includeBrain Trust (1936) and The Feast of Pure Reason (1937). 莱文，杰克：(生于 1915) 美国画家，其作品以对社会犀利的讽刺而著名。作品有《智囊团》 （1936年）和 《纯粹理性的盛宴》 （1937年） 〔weak〕"We, who were the tall pine of the forest, have become a feeble plant and need your protection" (Red Jacket). “我们，森林中的高大松树，已经变成虚弱无力的植物，需要你们的保护” （莱德·杰克特）。〔interface〕"the interface between crime and politics where much of our reality is to be found"(Jack Kroll)“我们的很多在罪恶与政治之间的接合事实将会被发现”(杰克·克罗尔)〔honor〕Any of the four or five highest cards, especially the ace, king, queen, jack, and ten of the trump suit, in card games such as bridge or whist.最高牌：扑克游戏例如桥牌或惠斯特中最大的四张或五张牌，尤指么点、国王、王后、杰克及王牌中的10〔Tunney〕American prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship in 1926 by defeating Jack Dempsey, defeated him again in 1927, and retired as champion in 1928.滕尼，詹姆斯·约瑟夫：(1898-1978) 美国职业拳击运动员，1926年击败杰克·戴姆普西获世界重量级拳击冠军称号，1927年第二次击败戴姆普西，1928年作为拳王隐退〔sexy〕"The recruiting brochures are getting sexier"(Jack R. Wentworth)“对小册子进行补充正越来越有吸引力”(杰克R.文特沃斯)〔valentine〕Geoffrey Chaucer should perhaps receive honor as the real Saint Valentine.Although reference books abound with mention of Roman festivals from which Valentine's Day—the day for lovers—may be derived,Jack B. Oruch has shown that no evidence exists to support these connections and that Chaucer is most likely the first to link the saint's day with the custom of choosing sweethearts.No link between the day and lovers exists before the time of Chaucer and several literary contemporaries who also mention it,but after them the link becomes widespread,a circumstance that makes it seem likely that Chaucer, the most imaginative of the group, invented the tradition.The fullest and perhaps earliest description of the tradition occurs in Chaucer'sParlement of Foules, composed around 1380, which takes place "on Seynt Valentynes day,/Whan every foul cometh there to chese [choose] his make [mate].”杰弗里·乔叟可能应该接受作为真正的圣马伦丁的荣誉。尽管参考书中充满圣瓦伦丁节日──情人的节日──可能来源于罗马节日的提法，杰克·B.奥鲁奇已经表示没有证据存在去支持这些联系，并且认为乔叟是最有可能第一个把圣瓦伦丁节和选择情人的习俗联系在一起的。乔叟和他同时代的一些创作者曾有过这个提法，但在这之前，并没有人把某日和情人的联系存在，但是在他们之后这种联系开始广泛流传起来，这种情况使得这群人中最有想象力的乔叟创造了这个节日。关于这种传统的最完整可能也是最早的描述出现在乔叟的 Parlement of Foules（火鸡议会） 中， 作于1380年左右，发生在“圣瓦伦丁节/当每个火鸡都来到这里选择它的配偶”〔tease〕"the New York editor who could tease great books from the unpromising woolly jumble of an author's first draft"(Ian Jack)“纽约的编辑能从乱七八糟没有希望的草稿中哄出作者编撰出巨著”(伊安·杰克)〔metamorphose〕"His eyes turned bloodshot, and he was metamorphosed into a raging fiend"(Jack London)“他两眼血红，霎时变成了一个暴怒的魔鬼”(杰克·伦敦)〔depauperate〕"But there were no pleasures in Australia. How could my friend admire so paleontologically depauperate a place?”(Jake Page)“但在澳大利亚并没有欢乐。我的朋友怎么会崇拜这样一个象旧石器时代般穷困潦倒的地方?”(杰克·佩奇)〔akimbo〕"There he remained, dead to the world, limbs akimbo, until we left"(Alex Shoumatoff)“[She] often skips into a veritable ballet of akimbo limbs" (Jack Kroll)“直到我们离去他一直四肢弯曲着呆在那儿，对外界全然不顾”(亚历克斯·肖马托夫)“［她］ 常常能跳出四肢弯曲的真正的芭蕾舞动作” (杰克·克罗尔)〔Astoria〕A city of northwest Oregon near the mouth of the Columbia River. Fort Astoria, a fur-trading post established in 1811 by John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company, was the first permanent American settlement along the Pacific coast. Population, 10,069.阿斯托里亚：美国俄勒冈州西北部一城市，位于哥伦比亚河入海口附近。阿斯托里亚堡是由约翰·杰克博·阿斯托的太平洋皮毛公司于1811年建立的皮毛交易站，也是美国在太平洋沿岸的第一个永久居住地。人口10,069〔bosky〕"a bosky park leading to a modest yet majestic plaza"(Jack Beatty)“一个树木掩蔽的公园，它通向不大但宏伟的广场”(杰克·贝蒂)〔gyration〕"increased volatility and unprecedented gyrations in interest rates"(Jack Egan)“利率行情上升的变化和前所未有的循环周期”(杰克·伊根)〔czar〕"the square-jawed, ruddy complacency of Jack Farrell, the czar of the Fifteenth Street police station"(Ernest Hemingway)“那个15号大街警察局的头儿，宽下巴，非常自满的杰克·法雷尔”(欧内斯特·海明威)〔Steinberger〕German-born American physicist. He shared a 1988 Nobel Prize for developing the use of a beam of neutrinos in high-energy particle research.斯泰因贝格尔，杰克：(生于 1921) 德裔美国物理学家，因在高能粒子的研究中发展了中微子束的作用而与他人共获1988年诺贝尔奖〔inarticulate〕"a cry . . . that . . . sank down into an inarticulate whine"(Jack London)“哭喊声…渐渐…减弱成一种无法听懂的抽噎声”(杰克·伦敦)〔Amis〕British writer best known for his novels, includingLucky Jim (1954) and Jake's Thing (1978). 艾米斯，金斯利：(生于 1922) 英国著名小说家，其作品包括《幸运的吉姆》 （1954年）和 《杰克的东西》 （1978年） 〔Cade〕English rebel who led an unsuccessful rebellion against Henry VI (1450).凯德，杰克：(卒于 1450) 英国反叛者，1450年领导了反抗亨利六世的起义，以失败告终〔flesh〕"The maritime strategy has an all but unstoppable institutional momentum behind it . . . that has given force and flesh to the theory"(Jack Beatty)“海上战略学背后有一股几乎是不可遏制的习惯力量…这股力量给予了这种学说力度和物质后盾”(杰克·贝蒂) |
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