| 单词 | 构词 |
| 释义 | 〔afraid〕The notion of removal from a state of peace happens to be the basis for constructing.exfredāre, literally "to remove from peace,” the Vulgar Latin ancestor of our wordafraid. This Vulgar Latin word is made up of the Latin prefixex-, "out of,” and a Vulgar Latin verb of the form .fridāre or .fretāre, which came from Germanic.frithuz, "peace.” The Old French wordesfraier, "to disturb,” which subsequently developed from .exfredāre, came into Middle English asaffraien, a verb whose earliest recorded sense, found in a text composed possibly around 1300, is "to frighten, disturb.” Affray, the descendant of affraien, is little used in contemporary writing and speech, but the same cannot be said of the descendant of the past participle ofaffraien, our adjective afraid. 离开平静的状态，这个概念恰好是exfredare 一词的构词基础。 这个词字面意思为“离开平静”，是afraid 一词的俗拉丁语始祖。 这个俗拉丁语词汇由意为“离开”的拉丁语前缀ex- 和俗拉丁语动词形式的 fridare 或 fretare 组成， 这一俗拉丁语动词形式又源自日耳曼语frithuz, 意为“平静”。 古法语单词esfraier, 意为“打扰”是随后从 exfredare 发展而来的， 其以affraien 的动词形式传入中古英语，这个词最早的有记载的意义为“吓唬，打扰”，见载于约1300年的一篇文章中。 Affray 为 affraien 的派生词，其很少在当代文章以及口语中使用， 但这不等于说明affraien 的过去分词的派生词，现在的形容词 afraid 也很少使用 〔great〕Being one generation removed from the relative specified. Often used in combination:曾的，表辈分：亲属关系中间隔两代的。常用作复合构词：〔collocation〕An arrangement or juxtaposition, especially of linguistic elements, such as words.搭配：排列或并置，尤指语言学中的成分排列，如构词〔derivation〕A linguistic description of the process of word formation.衍生学：构词过程的语学描述〔reindeer〕Although Saint Nick uses reins on his reindeerand reindeer are used to pull sleds in Lapland and northern Siberia,the wordreindeer has nothing to do with reins. The element-deer is indeed our word deer, but therein- part is borrowed from another language, specifically from the Scandinavian languages spoken by the chiefly Danish and Norwegian invaders and settlers of England from the 9th to the 11th century.Even though the Old Icelandic language in which much of Old Norse literature is written is not the same variety of Old Norse spoken by these settlers of England,it is close enough to give us an idea of the words that were borrowed into English.Thus we can cite the Old Icelandic wordhreinn, which means "reindeer,” as the source of the first part of the English word. The wordreindeer is first recorded in Middle English in a work composed before 1400. 尽管圣诞老人在他的驯鹿身上用缰绳，且驯鹿过去在拉普兰和西伯利亚北部曾被用来拖拉雪撬，reindeer 这个字却和缰绳没有任何关系。 构词元素-deer 确实是我们的单词 deer， 但是rein 这一部分是从其他语言中借用过来的， 特别是主要从丹麦和挪威的入侵者及9世纪到11世纪列英格兰定居者说的斯堪的纳维亚语借用的。尽管许多古代北欧文学都使用的古冰岛语与这些到英格兰定居的人所说的古代北欧语并不是同一变体，但它对于我们认识借进英语的词汇也是足够接近的。这样，我们便可以引用意为“驯鹿”的古冰岛语hreinn 来作为英语单词第一部分的来源。 Reindeer 最早在1400年以前所著的一部作品中以中古英语记录下来 〔whence〕It is difficult to label as incorrect a construction with such respectable antecedents.Still, it may be observed thatwhence (like thence ) is most often used nowadays to impart an archaic or highly formal tone to a passage, and that this effect is probably better realized if the archaic syntax of the word—withoutfrom —is preserved as well. 由于这样一些值得尊敬的先人，故而将其归类为一个不正确的结构就比较困难。不过，仍然可以注意到whence （如同 thence )在今天最常用来给一段文章赋予一种古体的或极其正式的语调， 并可以注意到如果该调整的古式构词方式（即不带有from 这个词）亦同样保留的话，该古体且高度正式的语调的效果则能更好地体现出来 〔Jew〕It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the nounJew, in phrases such as Jew lawyer or Jew ethics, is both offensive and vulgar. In such contextsJewish is the only acceptable possibility. But some people have become so wary of this constructionthat they have overgeneralized the anathema to any use of the noun,a practice that carries risks of its own.In a sentence such asThere are now several Jews on the council, which is unexceptionable, the substitution of a circumlocution likeJewish people or persons of Jewish background may unwittingly suggest an unwarranted and hence suspect delicacy.通常认为名词Jew 用作定语的用法是无礼的和粗俗的，例如 犹太人律师 或 犹太种族 。 在这样的上下文中，Jewish 是唯一可能被接受的。 但一些人对这种构词方式已变得极为小心，以至他们将针对这个名词任何用法上的厌恶过于一般化，这是一种给这个词带来危险的作法。例这句话在现在的内阁里有一些犹太人 就是无懈可击的， 一种迂回的替换说法象犹太人 或 有犹太背景的人 可以无意之中表明这只是一个未证实的事， 因此只是一种微妙的猜测 |
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