| 单词 | 根据 |
| 释义 | 〔aggravate〕It is sometimes claimed thataggravate should be used only to mean "to make worse" and not "to irritate.” Based on this view it would be appropriate to sayThe endless wait for luggage aggravates the misery of modern air travel, but not It's the endless wait for luggage that aggravates me the most. But the latter use dates back as far as the 17th century and is accepted by 68 percent of the Usage Panel. As H.W. Fowler wrote, "the extension from aggravating a person's temper to aggravating the person himself is slight and natural,and when we are told that Wackford Squeers [in Dickens'sNicholas Nickleby ] pinched the boys in aggravating places we may reasonably infer that his choice of places aggravated both the pinches and the boys.”有时认为aggravate 应当只被用来表示“加重；使恶化”的意思而不表示“使恼火；激怒”。 根据这种观点，The endless wait for luggage aggravates the misery of modern air travel（无休止地等待行李加重了现代飞机旅行的困难） 这个句子是正确的，而 It's the endless wait for luggage that aggravates me the most（无休止地等待行李最为令我恼火） 这一句则不正确。 但是后一种用法可以追溯到17世纪，并且被百分之六十八的用法使用小组成员所接受。正如H·W·福勒写道，“从使一个人的脾气变得更坏到使一个人恼火的延伸是微小和自然的，当我们看到威克福特·斯贵尔斯［出自狄更斯的小说尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝 ］往令人恼火的地方拧孩子们时， 我们可以合理地推断出他所选择的地方既加剧了拧的疼痛又令孩子们大为恼火。”〔proportion〕prō [according to] * see pro- 1prō [根据] * 参见 pro-1〔expectancy〕An expected amount calculated on the basis of actuarial data:预期数额：根据精确资料求得的预期数额：〔copacetic〕We know very little about the origin of the wordcopacetic, meaning "excellent, first-rate.” Is its origin to be found in Italian, in the speech of southern Black people, in the Creole French dialect of Louisiana, or in Hebrew?John O'Hara, who used the word inAppointment in Samarra, later wrote thatcopacetic was "a Harlem and gangster corruption of an Italian word.” O'Hara went on to say, "I don't know how to spell the Italian,but it's something like copacetti.” His uncertainty about how to spell the Italian is paralleled by uncertainty about how to spellcopacetic itself. Copacetic has been recorded with the spellings copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic, and kopasettee. The spelling is now more or less fixed, however, ascopacetic or copasetic, even though the origin of the word has not been determined.The Harlem connection mentioned by O'Hara would seem more likely than the Italian,sincecopacetic was used by Black jazz musicians and is said to have been Southern slang in the late 19th century. Ifcopacetic is Creole French in origin, it would also have a Southern homeland.According to this explanation,copacetic came from the Creole French word coupersètique, which meant "able to be coped with,” "able to cope with anything and everything,” "in good form,”and also "having a healthy appetite or passion for life or love.”Those who support the Hebrew or Yiddish origin ofcopacetic do not necessarily deny the Southern connections of the word. One explanation has it that Jewish storekeepers used the Hebrew phrasekol bĕṣedeq, "all with justice,”when asked if things were O.K. Black children who were in the store as customers or employees heard this phrase ascopacetic. No explanation of the origin ofcopacetic, including the ones discussed here, has won the approval of scholars, as is clearly shown by the etymology ofcopacetic in the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, published in 1985: "Etym unknown.” 我们对copacetic 这个词的词源所知甚少，其意为“极好的、一流的”。 它是起源于意大利语、南方黑人口语、路易斯安那州的克里奥耳人的法语方言还是希伯来语？约翰·奥哈拉在撒马拉的约会 中用到这个词， 他后来写到copacetic 是“变成哈莱姆黑人居住区和强盗土语的意大利词”。 奥哈拉还说，“我不知道原来的意大利词是如何拼写的，但是有点象copacetti"。与他不敢肯定如何拼写这个意大利词一样，他对copacetic 一词本身的拼法也不敢肯定。 Copacetic 曾经被拼写成 copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic 以及 kopasettee。 现在它的拼法多少已经固定成copacetic 或 copasetic， 尽管这个词的词源仍未被确定。奥哈拉所提及的它与哈莱姆黑人居住区的关系看上去比它和意大利语的关系更有可能，因为黑人爵士歌手曾用过copacetic 这个词，并且据说在19世纪晚期它曾是南方的俚语。 如果copacetic 在词源上是克里奥耳人的法语， 那么它也是从南方来的。根据这一解释，copacetic 来自克里奥耳人法语中 coupersetique 一词， 表示“有能力与人竞争的”、“有能力处理任何事情及一切事情的”、“以好的方式的”，还表示“对生活或爱情有正常的欲望或激情的”。那些认为copacetic 来自希伯来语或意第绪语的人并不一定否认这个词与南方的关系。 一种解释认为，犹太店主们在被询问是否一切都好时用了希伯来语中的短语kol bĕṣedeq 即“一切太平”之意， 在店里作工或买东西的黑人儿童将这个短语听成了copacetic。 在关于copacetic 词源的解释中，包括以上讨论的这些，没有一种得到学者们的认可， 这一点我们可以在美国方言英语辞典 （1985年出版）第一册关于 copacetic 一词的词源解释中清楚地看到：“词源不知” 〔justice〕The upholding of what is just, especially fair treatment and due reward in accordance with honor, standards, or law.公正的待遇：对正当的东西的拥护，尤指根据荣誉、标准或法律的公平对待和理应得到的（赏或罚）的待遇〔none〕It is true thatnone is etymologically derived from the Old English word ān, "one,” but the word has been used as both a singular and a plural noun from Old English onward.The plural use can be found in reputable sources such as the King James Bible, Dryden, and Burke;and H.W. Fowler described the traditional rule as "a mistake.”Either a singular or a plural verb is acceptably used in a sentencesuch asNone of the conspirators has (or have ) been brought to trial. Whennone is modified by almost, however, it is difficult to avoid treating the word as a plural: 事实是这样的：none 根据词源学来自于古英语词汇 an “一，” 但是此词从古英语开始既被用作单数名词，又被用作复数名词形式。复数用法可以在规范的原始资料如詹姆士圣经、德莱顿以及伯克的作品中发现。H·W·福勒把传统的规则描述为“一个错误”。无论是单数还是复数动词均可以被接受用于句子中，如所有的同谋者都未 （或者 have ) 被送审。 然而当none 被 almost 修饰时， 很难避免将此词当作复数： 〔arbalest〕A medieval missile launcher designed on the principle of the crossbow.弩：根据石弓的原理设计的中世纪飞弹发射器〔analytic〕Reasoning or acting from a perception of the parts and interrelations of a subject:分析法的：根据一个主题的组成部分及各部分之间的关系来推理或执行的：〔rating〕A classification according to specialty or proficiency, as of a member of the armed forces.品级：根据特长和熟练程度进行的分类，例如在军队中实行的品级制〔putsch〕[of imitative origin] [根据模仿的来源] 〔Edom〕An ancient country of Palestine between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. According to the Old Testament, the original inhabitants were descendants of Esau.以东：巴勒斯坦的一个古国，位于死海与亚喀巴湾之间。根据旧约记载，其原始居民是以扫的后裔〔that〕According to what; insofar as:根据；在…限度内：〔Bigfoot〕[From the size of the footprints believed to belong to it] [根据脚印的大小被认为属于此种生物] 〔transformation〕The process of converting a syntactic construction into a semantically equivalent construction according to the rules shown to generate the syntax of the language.语句结构转换：根据产生语法规则把一个语法结构转换成语义上的结构〔distribute〕Dispense stresses the careful determination of portions, often according to measurement or weight: Dispense 强调根据测理或称重对所分的份额，认真作出决定： 〔groundless〕Having no ground or foundation; unsubstantiated:毫无根据的：没有根据或基础的；缺乏根据的：〔cause〕A basis for an action or a response; a reason:理由，动机，根据：行为或反应的基础；原因：〔vindicate〕To justify or prove the worth of, especially in light of later developments.证明…正确：判断或证实…的价值，尤指根据后来的发展〔warrant〕"He almost gives his failings as a warrant for his greatness"(Garry Wills)“他几乎把他的失败当成他伟大的根据”(加里·威尔斯)〔reapportionment〕Redistribution of representation in a legislative body, especially the periodic reallotment of U.S. congressional seats according to changes in the census figures as required by the Constitution.重新分配议席：对某立法机关的代表名额进行重新分配，尤指在美国，按宪法规定，每过一定时期就得根据人口调查数据对众议院的席位进行重新分配〔subject〕A basis for action; a cause.理由：起因，缘由；根据〔spoor〕To track (an animal) by following its spoor or to engage in such tracking.跟踪：根据（动物的）足迹或行踪进行跟踪〔woodchuck〕[By folk etymology, probably of New England Algonquian origin] [根据民间传说，可能源自新英格兰阿尔贡金语] 〔liege〕A lord or sovereign to whom allegiance and service are due according to feudal law.君主，领主：根据封建法律，应对之效忠和服役的长官或君主〔Hoyle〕In accord with the prescribed rules or regulations.根据制定的规则或规定〔geomancy〕Divination by means of lines and figures or by geographic features.土占，地卜：根据（将一把沙土撒在地上形成的）形状和线条或地理特征占卜〔misbegotten〕Having an improper basis or origin; ill-conceived:设计拙劣的：根据或来源不当的，错误设计的：〔zombie〕A supernatural power or spell that according to voodoo belief can enter into and reanimate a corpse.使尸体起死回生的魔力：根据伏都教信仰，一种可以进入尸体并使其复活的超自然力量或魔咒〔Champollion〕French Egyptologist. Working from the Rosetta stone, he became the first person to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics (1821).商博良，简·弗朗索瓦：(1790-1832) 法国埃及学家。他根据罗塞塔石碑铭于1821年第一个译解了埃及象形文字〔namesake〕One that is named after another.同名者：根据他人的名字起名的人〔premise〕Why do we call a single buildingthe premises ? To answer this question,we must go back to the Middle Ages.But first, let it be noted thatpremises comes from the past participle praemissa, which is both a feminine singular and a neuter plural form of the Latin verbpraemittere, "to send in advance, utter by way of preface, place in front, prefix.” In Medieval Latin the feminine formpraemissa was used as a term in logic, for which we still use the termpremise descended from the Medieval Latin word (first recorded in a work composed before 1380).Medieval Latinpraemissa in the plural meant "things mentioned before" and was used in legal documents, almost always in the plural,a use that was followed in Old French and Middle English, both of which borrowed the word from Latin.A more specific legal sense in Middle English,"that property, collectively, which is specified in the beginning of a legal document and which is conveyed, as by grant,”was also always in the plural in Middle English and later Modern English.And so it remained when this sense was extended to mean "a house or building with its grounds or appurtenances,”a usage first recorded before 1730.为什么我们把单独的一幢建筑称为the premises ？ 为了回答这个问题，我们必须回到中世纪。但首先必须注意的是premises 是从过去式 praemissa 而来的， 这是意思为“预先发送,以前言的方式说出，放在前边，前缀”的拉丁动词praemittere 的阴性单数形式及中性复数形式。 在中世纪拉丁语中，praemissa 作为阴性形式被用作逻辑状语， 因此我们仍然使用这个来源于中世纪拉丁语的术语premise （第一次记载于1380年前编纂的作品中）。中世纪拉丁语praemissa 的复数形式意为“前面提到的事物”， 用于法律文件并总是以复数形式出现，古法语和中古英语中都从拉丁语中借用了这个词及其用法。中古英语中有一种更特殊的法律方面的意义，“法律文件开头指明并根据转让的财产，如通过赠送”,在中世纪英语和后来的现代英语中也是以复数形式使用。因此当它的意思被扩展为“连同其土地及设施一所房子或一幢建筑”时仍保留这一用法，该用法最初记载于1730年前。〔irradicable〕irradicable weeds; irradicable prejudices.无法根除的杂草；根据蒂固的偏见〔year〕The period of time during which the earth completes a single revolution around the sun, consisting of 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, and 12 seconds of mean solar time. In the Gregorian calendar the year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 and is divided into 12 months, 52 weeks, and 365 or 366 days. Also called calendar year 年：地球完成围绕太阳运转一周的时段，由365天、5小时、49分和12秒组成的平均太阳时，根据格里高利历，一年开始于1月1日结束于12月31日，被分成12个月、52个星期、365天或366天 也作 calendar year〔version〕the film version of a famous novel.根据一本名著改编的电影〔book〕In one's opinion:认为：根据某人的看法：〔apportionment〕Allotment of direct taxes on the basis of state population.税额分配：根据各州人口而作的直接税收的分配〔Puritan〕puritan One who lives in accordance with Protestant precepts, especially one who regards pleasure or luxury as sinful. puritan 清教徒似的人：尤指那些把快乐或奢侈看作罪恶的根据新教戒律生活的人〔race〕A local geographic or global human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics.人种：局部的地区性人口或全球性人口，根据由基因遗传的体质而区分为几种特性明显或不很明显的群体〔constitute〕a body that is duly constituted under the charter.根据宪章成立的组织〔No〕A lake of south-central Sudan. Formed by the flood waters of the White Nile, it varies in size seasonally.诺湖：苏丹中南部一湖泊，由白尼罗河的洪水形成，根据不同的季节变大或变小 |
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