| 单词 | 根深蒂固 |
| 释义 | 〔loan〕The verbloan is well established in American usage and cannot be considered incorrect.The frequent objections to the form by American grammarians may have originatedfrom a provincial deference to British critics,who long ago labeled the usage a typical Americanism.Butloan is used only to describe physical transactions, as of money or goods.For figurative transactions,lend is the only possible form: 动词loan 在美国英语中的用法已根深蒂固， 不能认为是不确切的。美国语法专家们之所以对这一形式经常提出异议，是出于对英国批评家的狭隘尊崇，他们很久以来一直把这一用法列为典型美国腔。但loan 只用于描述物质交易， 如钱或商品。至于象征性的交易，只可能用lend ： 〔ingrain〕To fix deeply or indelibly, as in the mind:牢牢记住：在心中根深蒂固地记住：〔enmity〕Deep-seated, often mutual hatred.敌意，仇恨：根深蒂固的，常为相互的仇恨〔inveterate〕inveterate preferences.根深蒂固的嗜好〔inveterate〕Firmly and long established; deep-rooted:根深蒂固的：牢牢地并且长期固定的；根深的：〔rootedness〕"stories that give . . . a sense of rootedness and place"(Pat Conroy)“深入人心…有根深蒂固地位的故事”(派特·康罗伊)〔inveterate〕Persisting in an ingrained habit; habitual:坚持根深蒂固的习惯的；习惯性的：〔irradicable〕Impossible to uproot or destroy; ineradicable:顽固的：不可能根除或摧毁；根深蒂固的：〔inbred〕Fixed in the character or disposition as if inherited; deep-seated:天生的：固定在好象与生俱来的性格与气质上的；根深蒂固的：〔cot〕People might assume that there is nothing particularly exotic about the history of the wordcot. However,cot happens to be a good example of how words are borrowed from other cultures, becoming so firmly naturalized over time that they lose their émigré flavor. The British first encountered the object denoted bycot, a light frame strung with tapes or rope, in India, where their trading stations had been established as early as 1612.The wordcot, first recorded in English in 1634, comes fromkhāṭ, the Hindi name for the contrivance. During subsequent years,cot has been used to denote other types of beds, including in British usage a crib.人们也许会认为cot 这个词的词源毫无特别的异国情调， 但是cot 恰巧是这样一个好的例子——从别的文化中借来又变得如此根深蒂固，以致于随着时间推移其丢失了外来语的味道。 英国人首先遇到这种叫做cot 的穿有带子和绳子的框架是在印度， 他们早在1612年就在那里建了贸易站。单词cot 在英语中首先记录于1634年， 由印度语中表示这个东西的词khat 而来。 在以后的岁月中，cot 已被用来指其他类型的床， 包括英国表示摇篮的用法〔rootage〕Establishment by or as if by roots.根深蒂固：像根一样巩固〔Comstockery〕Bowdlerism, named after Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825),has been around longer than Comstockery, named for Anthony Comstock (1844-1915). All Bowdler did to enter the world of common nouns was to expurgate Shakespeare, the Bible, and Gibbon'sHistory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. On the other hand, Comstock, the organizer and secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice,helped destroy 160 tons of literature and pictures that he deemed immoral.Comstockery, the word honoring his achievements, is first recorded in 1905 in a letter by George Bernard Shaw to the New York Times: “Comstockery is the world's standing Joke at the expense of the United States. . . . It confirms the deep-seated conviction of the Old World that America is a provincial place, a second rate country-town civilization after all.” 以汤姆斯·鲍德勒博士(1754-1825年）的名字命名的鲍德勒主义，存在时间要比以安东尼·康斯托克(1844-1915年）命名的康斯托克主义长一些。鲍德勒所做的只是删节莎士比亚作品、《圣经 》和吉伯恩的罗马帝国的衰落与灭亡 就使其名字成为一个通用名词了。 而另一方面，作为纽约反暴力社会党的组织者和秘书长，康斯托克协助销毁了160吨他认为不道德的作品与图片。Comstockery ，这一为了表彰他的成绩的词最初是出现于1905年乔治·伯那德·修在写给 纽约时报 的信中： “Comstockery 一词是世界对美国的嘲笑…它证实了在东半球中根深蒂固的观念，那就是美国是个粗鄙的地方，充其量只能算是一个二流的乡村文明” 〔enroot〕To establish firmly by or as if by roots; implant.深植，使根深蒂固：仿佛象扎根一样牢固树立；深植〔incorrigible〕Firmly rooted; ineradicable:根深蒂固的；难以纠正的：〔wean〕To detach from that to which one is strongly habituated or devoted:使戒掉：使脱离已经根深蒂固的东西：〔enmity〕These nouns refer to the feeling or expression of deep-seated ill will.这些名词指根深蒂固的恶意的感情或表述。〔ineradicable〕Impossible to eradicate or be eradicated:根深蒂固的：不可能根除或消除掉的：〔root〕To implant by or as if by the roots.使根深蒂固：使…扎根或牢固树立〔confirmed〕Being firmly settled in habit; inveterate.See Synonyms at chronic 根深蒂固的：深深养成习惯的；坚定不移的 参见 chronic〔rootedness〕The quality or state of having roots, especially of being firmly established, settled, or entrenched:生根，根深蒂固：尤指被强有力地建立、确定或处于牢固地位的性质或状态：〔enmity〕Antipathy is deep-seated aversion or repugnance: Antipathy 是根深蒂固的厌恶及强烈的反感： 〔ingrained〕Firmly established; deep-seated:根深蒂固的；牢固的：〔passion〕"There is not a passion so strongly rooted in the human heart as envy" (Richard Brinsley Sheridan).The term may signify sexual desirebut can also refer to anger: “没有什么感情比嫉妒在人类心中更根深蒂固了” （理查德·布林斯林·谢里登）。这个词可以指性欲，也可指怒气： 〔ingrain〕Deep-seated; ingrained.根深蒂固的；牢固的〔ingrained〕ingrained prejudice; the ingrained habits of a lifetime.根深蒂固的偏见；一生的根深蒂固的习惯〔habit〕 Habit applies to a way of actingso ingrained in an individualthat it is done without conscious thought: Habit 用来指一个人根深蒂固的一种行为方式，它如此地根深蒂固，以致于人们不用有意识地去想就能完成这个动作。 〔ingrain〕"A system that had been ingrained for generations could not be easily undone by change from the top"(Doris Kearns Goodwin)“一个已经好几代人都根深蒂固的系统很难靠从上加以演变来破坏”(多丽丝·克恩斯·古德温)〔centrist〕"The deep pool of centrist opinion in the country, that essential guarantee against violent political upheavals, is being dangerously shaken"(New York Times)“这个国家根深蒂固的温和派立场、那种反对剧烈政治动荡的根本保障现在正危险地发生动摇”(纽约时报)〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 |
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