| 单词 | 格兰特 |
| 释义 | 〔escape〕"Let no guilty man escape, if it can be avoided" (Ulysses S. Grant). “如果能够逃避，就让无罪的人自由吧！” （尤利西斯·S·格兰特）。 〔Grant〕The 18th President of the United States (1869-1877) and a Civil War general. After his victorious Vicksburg campaign (1862-1863), he was made commander in chief of the Union Army (1864) and accepted the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee at Appomattox (1865). Grant's two-term presidency was marred by widespread graft and corruption.格兰特，尤利西斯·辛普森：(1822-1885) 美国第十八任总统（1869-1877年）和内战时期的将领。 在威克斯堡战役（ 1862-1863年）中获胜后，他被任命为联邦军队总司令（1864年）并接受了罗伯特·李将军在阿波马托克斯的投降（1865年）。其两届总统任期因普遍的贪污和腐化而遭到非议〔Richmond〕The capital of Virginia, in the east-central part of the state on the James River north of Petersburg. Settled in the 17th century, it became the capital of Virginia in 1779 and was strategically important in the American Revolution and the Civil War, during which it was the capital of the Confederacy. The evacuation of Richmond by Confederate troops on April 3, 1865, led to Gen. Robert E. Lee's surrender to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on April 9. Population, 203,056.里士满：弗吉尼亚州首府，位于该州的中东部，彼得斯堡以北的詹姆斯河畔。建于17世纪，1779年成为弗吉尼亚首府，在美国革命及国内战争中具有战略重要性，内战中它是南方联邦的首都。1865年4月3日南联邦军队从里士满的撤退导致了4月9日罗伯特E·李将军向尤利塞斯S·格兰特将军的投降。人口203,056〔Halleck〕American Union general who served as general in chief (1862-1864) but was replaced by Gen. Ulysses S. Grant.哈勒克，亨利·瓦格：(1815-1872) 美国南北战争时期的联邦军官，在1862年至1864年任总司令，但后被尤利西斯·S ·格兰特取代〔campaign〕Grant's Vicksburg campaign secured the entire Mississippi for the Union.格兰特的维克伯格战役为联邦挽救了整个密西西比〔Grant〕American Mormon leader who served as president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1918-1945).格兰特，希伯·杰德蒂娅：(1856-1945) 美国摩门教领袖，1918-1945年曾任后期圣徒耶稣基督教堂的主持〔surrender〕"No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted" (Ulysses S. Grant).“除去无条件立即投降，其它条件一概无法接受” （尤利西斯S·格兰特）。〔Wood〕American artist noted for his paintings based on life in the Midwest, especiallyAmerican Gothic (1930). 伍德，格兰特：(1892-1942) 美国艺术家，其以中西部生活为基础的画而著名，尤指《美国哥德人》 （1930年） 〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔Galena〕A city of extreme northwest Illinois west-northwest of Rockford. A prosperous river port until the 1860's, it was the home of Ulysses S. Grant, whose residence is now a museum. Population, 3,876.加利纳：美国伊利诺斯州西北端的一个城市，位于罗克福德西北偏西。直至19世纪60年代是一个繁荣的河港，是尤利西斯S·格兰特的家乡，其住所现在是一座博物馆。人口3,876〔Colfax〕Vice President of the United States (1869-1873) under Ulysses S. Grant.柯尔法克斯，斯凯勒：(1823-1885) 尤利西斯·S·格兰特当政时的美国副总统（1869-1873年）〔Johnston〕American Confederate general in the Civil War. He was defeated by Ulysses S. Grant at Shiloh (1862).约翰斯顿，阿尔贝特·西德尼：(1803-1862) 美国南北战争时期的邦联军将领。他在希洛战役中(1862年）被尤利西斯·S·格兰特打败〔livelihood〕"They[the Pilgrims] fell upon an ungenial climate . . . that called out [their] best energies . . . to get a mere subsistence out of the soil" (Ulysses S. Grant).“他们［清教徒们］ 正赶上恶劣的天气…迫使 ［他们］ 使出所有力气……才能从土地上得到刚够维持生计的那点收成。” （尤利西斯S·格兰特）。〔Lee〕American Confederate general in the Civil War. He won victories at Bull Run (1862), Fredericksburg (1862), and Chancellorsville (1863) before surrendering to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox (1865).李，罗伯特·爱德华：(1807-1870) 美国内战时期南军将领，曾在公牛溪战役(1862年）、腓特烈斯堡战役(1862年）及钱瑟勒斯维尔战役(1863年）中大获全胜，后在阿波马托克斯向尤利西斯·S·格兰特将军投降(1865年）〔hateful〕"I know no method to secure the repeal of bad or obnoxious laws so effective as their stringent execution" (Ulysses S. Grant).“我没有办法能象他们那样有效地撤销坏的或令人讨厌的法律的指控” （尤利西斯·Ｓ·格兰特）。〔Appomattox〕A town of south-central Virginia east of Lynchburg. Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union general Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865, ending the Civil War. The site is now a national historical park. Population, 1,345.阿波马托克斯：美国弗吉尼亚州中南部一城镇，位于林奇伯格东部。1865年4月9日南部联邦将军罗伯特·E·李在阿波马托克斯县城向联邦军尤利西斯·S·格兰特将军投降，美国南北战争就此结束。该址现为国家历史公园。人口1,345〔Grant〕British-born American actor who was the epitome of the elegant leading man in films such asThe Philadelphia Story (1940) and North by Northwest (1959). 格兰特，卡里：(1904-1986) 英裔美国演员，他是电影中优雅男主角的典型，如在电影《费城故事》 （1940年）和 《北西北》 （1959年）中 〔Vicksburg〕A city of western Mississippi on bluffs above the Mississippi River west of Jackson. During the Civil War it was besieged from 1862 to 1863 and finally captured by troops led by Ulysses S. Grant on July 4, 1863. Population, 20,908.维克斯堡：美国密西西比州西部的一座城市，位于杰克逊西部密西西比河岸峭壁上。在美国内战中，从1862到1863年间它被围困，在1863年7月4日被尤利西斯S·格兰特领导的军队占领。人口20,908〔imbibe〕"Gladstone had . . . imbibed a strong prejudice against Americans"(Philip Magnus)“格兰特斯通…对美国人已有了很强的偏见”(菲利普·马格努)〔Wilson〕Vice President of the United States (1873-1875) under Ulysses S. Grant.威尔逊，亨利：(1812-1875) 尤利西斯·S·格兰特任总统时的美国副总统(1873-1875年） |
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