| 单词 | 格形式 |
| 释义 | 〔vice〕ablative of *vix [change] * see vice- *vix的夺格形式 [变化] * 参见 vice-〔month〕The plural possessive form without a hyphen is also possible: 不带连字符的复数所有格形式也可以： 〔absolutive〕A nominal having an absolutive form.主动格形式的名词性词〔whom〕The objective case of who See Usage Note at who who的宾格形式 参见 who〔be〕Traditional grammar requires the nominative form of the pronoun in the predicate of the verbbe : It is I (not me ); That must be they (not them ), and so forth. Even literate speakers of Modern English have found the rule difficult to conform to,but the stigmatization ofIt is me is by now so deeply lodged among the canons of correctness that there is little likelihood that the construction will ever be entirely acceptable in formal writing.Adherence to the traditional rule in informal speech, however, has come to sound increasingly pedantic,and begins to sound absurd when the verb is contracted, as inIt's we. · The traditional rule creates particular problems when the pronoun followingbe also functions as the object of a verb or preposition in a relative clause, as in It is not them/they that we have in mind when we talk about "crime in the streets" nowadays, where the plural pronoun serves as both the predicate ofis and the object of have. In this example, 57 percent of the Usage Panel preferred the nominative formthey, 33 percent preferred the accusativethem, and 10 percent accepted both versions.But H.W. Fowler, like other authorities, argued that the use of the nominative here is an error caused by "the temptation . . . to assume, perhaps from hearingIt is me corrected to It is I, that a subjective [nominative] case cannot be wrong after the verb to be. ” Writers can usually find a way to avoid this problem: They are not the ones we have in mind, We have someone else in mind, and so on. See Usage Note at I 1we 传统语法要求系动词谓语中的代词用主格形式be ： It is I （而不是 me ）； That must be they （而不是 them ），等等。 即使现代英语有文化的人也发现很难遵守这个规则，而It is me 的烙印现在已深刻地印入了判断是否正确的准则之中， 以致很少有可能使这种用法在正式书面语中被完全接受。但是在非正式讲话中奉行传统规则已经日益变得象在卖弄学问。并且当系动词被缩减时，就象在It's we 中一样，听起来反而象是不合语法的。 当代词跟在be 后面做动词宾语或做关系从句中的介语宾语时，传统的规则就象在 当我们谈到当今“街上的犯罪”时，他们不是我们心中所想的那些人， 句中复数代词同时充当is 的宾语和 have 的宾语。 在这个例子中57%的用法使用小组更喜欢用主格形式they， 33%更喜欢用宾格形式them， 而10%则两种都接受。但是象其他的权威一样，H.W.福勒争论道，在这里用主格是一个错误，它之所以错是因为“多半听到了It is me 都被改正成 It is I 而拿不定主意，以为主格的情况在动词 to be 后面不可能错。” 作家们常常能够找到一个办法来避免这个问题： 他们不是我们所想的人，我们脑子里想的是另一些人等等 参见 I1we〔limbo〕Our use of the wordlimbo to refer to states of oblivion, confinement, or transition is derived from the theological sense ofLimbo as a place where souls remain that cannot enter heaven, for example, unbaptized infants.Limbo in Roman Catholic theology is located on the border of Hell, which explains the name chosen for it.The Latin wordlimbus, having meanings such as "an ornamental border to a fringe" and "a band or girdle,” was chosen by Christian theologians of the Middle Ages to denote this border region.English borrowed the wordlimbus directly, but the formlimbo that caught on in English, first recorded in a work composed around 1378,is from the ablative form oflimbus, the form that would be used in expressions such asin limbō, "in Limbo.” 我们用limbo 这个词指被忘却、监禁或过渡的状态， 此用法源于Limbo 的神学含义， 指那些不能升入天堂的灵魂（如未受洗的儿童）所在地。Limbo 在罗马天主教的教义中指位于地狱的边境， 这也是为什么选这个词指地狱的边境的原因。拉丁词limbus 有诸如“流苏或穗状的装饰性花边“和”嵌条或腰带”的意思， 中世纪的基督教神学家选用这个词来指这种边界地区。英语直接借用了limbus 这个词， 但出现于英语中的limbo 这种形式， 首次记载于1378年左右完成的作品中，它源自limbus 的夺格形式， 这种用法是在短语in limbo 中出现的，意思是“在地狱的边界地区” 〔agentive〕An agentive form or construction.施事格形式，施事格结构〔whomsoever〕The objective case of whosoever whosoever的宾格形式〔of〕Grammarians have sometimes condemned categorically the so-called double genitive construction,as ina friend of my father's; a book of mine. The construction is well supported by literary precedent,however, and serves a useful purpose.Thus there is no substitute for the double genitive in a sentence such asThat's the only friend of yours that I've ever met, since sentences such asThat's your only friend that I've ever met and That's your only friend, whom I've ever met are obviously impossible. 语法学家有时谴责这种范畴上的双重所有格形式，如我父亲的朋友；我的一本书 。 这种结构为许多文学先进所支持，认为它们是很有用的。在一个如那是我曾经遇到的你唯一的朋友 的句子中双重所有格是没有替代式的， 因为句子如那是我曾遇到的你唯一的朋友 和 那是唯一一个我曾遇到的你的朋友 显然是完全不一样的 〔essive〕A word or form in the essive case.存在格单词，存在格形式〔whose〕The possessive form of which which的所有格形式〔hisself〕Speakers of some vernacular American dialects, particularly in the South, may use the possessive reflexive formhisself instead of himself (as in He cut hisself shaving ) and theirselves or theirself for themselves (as in They found theirselves alone ). These forms reflect the tendency of speakers of vernacular dialects to regularize irregular patterns found in the corresponding standard variety. In Standard English, the pattern of reflexive pronoun forms shows slightly irregular patterning; all forms but two are composed of the possessive form of the pronoun and -self or -selves, as in myself or ourselves. The exceptions are himself and themselves, which are formed by attaching the suffix -self/-selves to the object forms of he and they rather than their possessive forms. Speakers who use hisself and theirselves are smoothing out the pattern's inconsistencies by applying the same rule to all forms in the set.·A further regularization is the use of -self regardless of number, yielding the forms ourself and theirself. Using a singular form in a plural context may seem imprecise, but the plural meaning of ourself and theirself is made clear by the presence of the plural forms our- and their-. Hisself and theirselves have origins in British English and are still prevalent today in vernacular speech in England. 一些美国本土方言的使用者，尤其是美国南方人，可能会用所有格的反身代词形式hisself 代替 himself （如 He cut hisself shaving﹝刮脸时他割到自己﹞ ）以及 theirselves 或 theirself 代替 themselves （如 They found theirselves alone﹝他们发觉自己很孤独﹞ ）。这些形式反映出本土方言使用者试图规则化相应标准变化中的不规则模式。在标准英语中，反身代词模式显示出略微不规则模式的形成；除两个反身代词外，所有的反身代词都由代词的所有格形式加 -self 或 -selves 构成（如 myself 或 ourselves ）。例外的就是 himself 和 themselves ，将后缀 -self/-selves 附加在 he 和 they 的宾格形式而不是所有格形式上形成。采用 hisself 和 theirselves 的本土方言使用者消除了将同一规则用于一组中所有形式时产生的模式矛盾。进一步的规则化是不考虑数量而全部使用 -self ，由此产生 ourself 和 theirself 。在复数上下文中使用单数形式似乎有失严谨，但 ourself 和 theirself 的复数含义已由复数形式的 our- 和 their-清楚表明。Hisself 和 theirselves 起源于英式英语并在英国本土语言中依然流行 〔whomever〕The objective case of whoever See Usage Note at who whoever的宾格形式 参见 who〔inessive〕A word or form in the inessive case.位置格单词，位置格形式〔supine〕A defective Latin verbal noun of the fourth declension, having very limited syntax and only two cases, an accusative in-tum or -sum and an ablative in -tū or -sū. The accusative form is sometimes considered to be the fourth principal part of the Latin verb. 动名词：第四词形变化的不完全变形拉丁动名词，其句法结构十分有限，只有两种格，宾格形式为-tum 或 -sum ，独立离格形式为 -tu 或 -su 。其宾格形式有时被认为是这个拉丁动词的第四主要部分 〔vicegerent〕ablative of *vix [change] * see vice 3 *vix的夺格形式 [转换] * 参见 vice3〔antemortem〕accusative of mors mort- [death] * see mortal mors的宾格形式 mort- [死] * 参见 mortal〔whose〕It has sometimes been claimed thatwhose should be used only as the possessive form of who and should thus be restricted to animate antecedents, as ina man whose power has greatly eroded. But there is extensive literary precedent for the use ofwhose as the possessive of which, as inThe play, whose style is rigidly formal, is typical of the period. In an earlier survey this example was acceptable to a large majority of the Usage Panel.The alternate formof which also can be used to this purpose, as in The play, the style of which is rigidly formal, is typical of the period. But as this example demonstrates, substitutingof which for whose may result in stiltedness. See Usage Note at else ,which ,who 人们有时认为whose 只应作为 who 的所有格形式并限于表示有生命的先行词， 如在句子a man whose power has greatly erode. （能力已大大衰退的人）中。 但把whose 用作 which 的所有形式也是有许多先例的， 如 the play, whose style is rigidly formal, is typical of the period. （这个剧本的文体僵化正式，是当时的典型）。 在早期，这种用法对于用法专题小组的多数人来说都是可以接受的。其变化形式of which 在这种情况下也可用，如 The play, the style of which is rigidly formal, is typical of the period. 。但象 这个例子所显示的一样，用of which 代替 whose 会显得不自然 参见 else,which,who〔eg〕Nominative form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular. For oblique forms seeme- 1 . 第一人称单数的人称代词的主格形式. 其斜格形式请参照me-1 . 〔genitival〕Of, relating to, or in the genitive case.所有格的：所有格的，有关所有格的，具有所有格形式的〔apostrophe〕The superscript sign (') used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the possessive case, and the plurals of numbers, letters, and abbreviations.撇号：写在字上方的符号（'），用来表示从单词中省略一个或几个字母、所有格形式及数字、字母、缩写的复数形式〔possessive〕A possessive form or construction.所有格形式或结构〔whose〕The possessive form of who who的所有格形式〔its〕Its, the possessive form of the pronoun it, is never written with an apostrophe.The contractionit's (for it is or it has ) is always written with an apostrophe. Its 是代词 it 的所有格形式， 从来不用上标点，而缩写形式it's （代表 it is 或者 it has )通常都要与上标点连用 〔but〕Traditional grammarians have worried over what form the pronoun ought to take whenbut is used to indicate an exception in sentences such as No one but I (or No one but me ) has read it. Some have argued thatbut is a conjunction in these sentences and therefore should be followed by the nominative formI. However, many of these grammarians have gone on to argue somewhat inconsistentlythat the accusative formme is appropriate when the but phrase occurs at the end of a sentence, as inNo one has read it but me. While this treatment of the construction has a considerable weight of precedent on its sideand cannot be regarded as incorrect,a strong case can be made on grammatical grounds for treating this use ofbut as a preposition. For one thing, ifbut were truly a conjunction here, we would expect the verb to agree in person and number with the noun or pronoun followingbut; we would then sayNo one but the students have read it. What is more, ifbut were a true conjunction here we would not expect that it could be moved to the end of a clause, as inNo one has read it but the students. Note that we cannot use the conjunctionand in a similar way, saying John left and everyone else in the class in place of John and everyone else in the class left. These observations suggest thatbut is best considered as a preposition here and followed by accusative forms such asme and them in all positions: No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me. These recommendations are supported by 73 percent of the Usage Panel when thebut phrase precedes the verb and by 93 percent when thebut phrase follows the verb. · But is redundant when used together with however, as in But the army, however, went on with its plans; one or the other word should be eliminated. ·But is generally not followed by a comma. Correct written style requiresKim wanted to go, but we stayed, not Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed. · But may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style. See Usage Note at and ,cannot ,doubt ,however ,I 1传统的语法学家考虑当but 用于表示例外的意思时应该用什么形式的代词，比如 No one but I （或者 No one but me ) has read it 。 有人认为but 在这种句子中是个连词， 因此应该使用主格I。 然而许多语法学家接下来的讨论有些不一致，即当but 短语出现在句子末尾时用宾格 me 比较合适， 如No one has read it but me（除我以外没有人读过它）。 同时这种结构前置处理的重要性是值得考虑的，并且不会被认为是不正确的，一个有力的例子在语法范畴内，认为but 在这里作介词使用。 首先如果but 在此真是一个连词的话， 我们会期望同名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致的动词跟在but 后面； 我们会说No one but the students have read it（除学生以外没有人读过它）。 再者，如果but 在此真是连词的话，我们不希望它被放在句子末尾， 如在句子No one has read it but the students 中。 注意我们不以类似的方式来使用连词and ，说 John left and everyone else in the class 来代替 John and everyone else in the class left。 这些发现表明but 在此最好被当作介词， 在任何位置后面都应跟宾格形式如me 和 them ： No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me（除了我没人读过它）。 当but 短语放在动词之前时，有百分之七十三的用法专题使用小组成员支持这些提议； 而当but 短语放在动词之后时，得到百分之九十三的小组成员的支持。 But 在同 however 一起使用时是多余的，如 But the army, however, went on with its plans； 这两个词必须去掉其中一个。But 通常后面不加逗号。 正确的写法是Kim wanted to go, but we stayed, 而不是 Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed 。 But 可以放在所有文体标准的句子开头 参见 and,cannot,doubt,however,I1 |
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