| 单词 | 梵语 |
| 释义 | 〔jungle〕One might be surprised to learn that the wordjungle is not African in origin nor does it come from a word that only meant "land densely overgrown with tropical vegetation and trees.” Jungle goes back to the Sanskrit word jaṅgalam, meaning "desert, wasteland,”and also "any kind of uncultivated area, such as heavily forested land.”The Sanskrit wordjaṅgala- passed into various Indian languages and from one or more of these languages into English.In Englishjungle was used for land overgrown with vegetation, for the vegetation itself,and for such land outside India.The word was also extended figuratively in various ways.We have, for example, asphalt jungles, concrete jungles, blackboard jungles, academic jungles, corporate jungles,and, in a February 1972 issue of theGuardian, the government official who "lit up some lurid corners of the taxation jungle.”jungle 一词的词源不是非洲语，也不是来自仅仅意为“长满茂密的热带植物和树木的地带”的单词；知道这一点也许会让人吃惊。 Jungle 可追溯到梵语词 jangalam ， 其意为“荒漠，荒原”，也指“任何未开垦的地域，如茂密的森林”。梵语词jangala- 传入多种印度语中， 又从这其中的一种或多种语言再传入英语。在英语中jungle 用来指长满植物的地带， 指植物本身，也指印度以外的类似地带。该词也在多方面引申为比喻意义。例如，我们有柏油丛林、水泥丛林、黑板丛林、学术丛林、公司丛林，此外在1972年2月发行的一期卫报 上， 还出现了“揭露税收丛林中鲜为人知的龌龊勾当”的政府官员〔ne〕ahimsa , amrita , from Sanskrit a- , an- , not. ahimsa , amrita , 源自 梵语 a- , an- , 不. 〔Veda〕Any of the oldest Hindu sacred texts, composed in Sanskrit and gathered into four collections.吠陀：用梵语写的、被集合成四册的印度最古的宗教文献的统称〔Panini〕Indian grammarian. HisAshtadhyayi, one of the first works of descriptive linguistics, presents grammatical rules for Sanskrit. 帕尼尼：印度语法学家。他的《八章书》 是首先叙述语言学的著作之一，是梵语的语法规则 〔per〕Prakrit , from Sanskrit pra- , before, forth. Prakrit , 源自 梵语 pra- , 以前,往前. 〔Ujjain〕A city of west-central India east of Ahmadabad. A Hindu pilgrimage site, it is one of the oldest cities in India and was a noted center of Sanskrit learning. Population, 278,454.乌将城：印度中西部一城市，位于艾哈迈德巴德的东部。是印度教的朝圣地和印度最古老的城市之一，及著名梵语学中心。人口278,454〔Bhatpara〕A city of northeast India on the Hooghly River north of Calcutta. Once a center of Sanskrit learning, it is now part of a vast industrial complex. Population, 260,761.帕德巴拉：印度东北部一城市，位于加尔各答以北的胡格利河畔。曾是梵语研究中心，现在是一个大型工业企业的一部分。人口260,761〔whore〕Derivatives of Indo-European roots often make strange bedfellows. A prime example is the case of.kā-, "to like, desire.” From the stem.kāro- derived from this root came the prehistoric Common Germanic word .hōraz with the underlying meaning "one who desires" and the effective meaning "adulterer.” From this word came the Old English wordhōre, the ancestor of Modern Englishwhore. The same stem produced the Latin wordcārus, "dear,” from which came Modern Englishcaress, cherish, and charity, the highest form of love. Contact with East Indian culture has added yet another pair of derivatives from this Indo-European root to the English language.From the stem.kāmo- came the Sanskrit word kāmaḥ, "love, desire,” from which are derived the English borrowingsKama, "the Hindu god of love,” andKamasutra, "a Sanskrit treatise on the rules of love and marriage according to Hindu law.” 从印欧语词根派生出的词常产生奇怪的词伴。一个很好的例子就是ko- “喜欢，渴望”。 从这个词根派生出karo 这个词干，然后又产生出史前共同日尔曼语的 horaz 一词，暗指“渴望…的人”，也含有显著的意义“通奸者”。 从这个词又产生古英语中的hore， 这是现代英语whore 的前身。 这一词干产生了拉丁词carus “亲爱的”， 又由它而引出现代英语中的caress,cherish 和 charity 这是爱的最高形式。 与东印度文化的接触又给英语语言加上了另外两个从这个印欧词根派生出的词。从词干kamo- 产生出梵语词 kamah “爱，欲望”， 从这个词又产生出英语的外来词Kama “印度人的爱神”， 和Kamasutra “根据印度法律所制定的关于爱情和婚姻的规定的梵语论述” 〔Kamasutra〕A Sanskrit treatise setting forth rules for sensuous and sensual pleasure, love, and marriage in accordance with Hindu law.爱经：一本梵语专著，根据印度法律阐明了感官和性快感，爱情和婚姻〔Devanagari〕The alphabet in which Sanskrit and many modern Indian languages are written.梵文：梵语和许多现代印度语言书写用的字母系统〔penk〕punch 3 ; pachisi , from Sanskrit pañca , five. punch 3 ; pachisi , 源自 梵语 pañca , 第五个. 〔pal〕Pal, like buddy and chum, has an informal,thoroughly "American" ring to it.One might think thatpal had been a fixture in the English language forever. In fact,pal is a fairly recent acquisition from a rather exotic source—the language of the Gypsies. First recorded in English in the 17th century,pal was borrowed from Romany, the Indic language of the Gypsies,specifically from a word meaning "brother, comrade,”which occurs asphal in the Romany spoken in England andphral in the Romany spoken in Europe. Gypsies speak an Indic languagebecause they originally migrated to Europe from the border region between Iran and India.In other Indic languages we find related words meaning "brother,”such as Hindustanibhāi, Prakritbhāda or bhāyā, and Sanskrit bhrātā. All these terms trace their ancestry to the same Indo-European word that our wordbrother does. Pal 与 buddy 和 chum 一样， 都有不正式的，完全“美国式”的圈。一个人可能会认为pal 永远是英国语言中的固定词。 但实际上，pal 是最近从外来语源——吉普赛语言中获得的。 最早在17世纪被记录于英语中，pal 借自吉普赛语， 即吉普赛人说的印度语言，特别是从意为“兄弟，同志”的一个词而来，它在英格兰的吉普赛语中写成phal， 在欧洲所讲的吉普赛语中写成phral 。 因为吉普赛人最初是从伊朗和印度的边界地区移居到欧洲的，因此他们讲一种印度语言，在另一种印度语言里我们可以找到意为“兄弟”的相关词，如兴都斯坦的bhai， 帕拉克里语的bhada 或 bhaya 以及梵语的 bhrata 。 所有这些词和我们的词语brother 一样都可追溯到相同的印欧词源 〔Hindi〕The literary and official language of northern India that is based on these dialects. It is written in Devanagari and uses Sanskrit as a resource language.印地语：北印度的文学和官方语言，以北印度方言为基础有天城体字母书写，以梵语为主要来源〔Om〕The supreme and most sacred syllable, consisting in Sanskrit of the three sounds (a), (u), and (m), representing various fundamental triads and believed to be the spoken essence of the universe. It is uttered as a mantra and in affirmations and blessings.唵：最主要和最神圣的一个音节，由梵语的三个音(a),(u)和(m)构成，它代表几种最根本的三物合一组合，并被认为是宇宙的话语精髓，在郑重断言的话语和祝福话中做祷文〔upo〕opal , Upanishad , from Sanskrit upa , near to, under (in upaniṣad , Upanishad). opal , Upanishad , 源自 梵语 upa , 接近, 低于 （在 upaniṣad 中, 奥义书）. 〔china〕Our termchina for porcelain or ceramic ware is a shortening of chinaware and probably china dishes. Although the wordchina is identical in spelling to the name of the country, there are 16th- and 17th-century spellings likechiney, cheny, and cheney that reflect the borrowing into English of the Persian term for this porcelain,chīnī. The Persian word and the Sanskrit wordcīnāḥ, "Chinese people,” which gave us the English name for the country, go back to the Chinese wordQin, the name of the dynasty that ruled China from 221 to 206b.c. 我们所说的表示瓷器或陶器的词china 是 chinaware 或者可能是 china dishes 的缩写形式。 虽然china 这个词拼写上与中国的国名是一样的， 但16和17世纪时也有chiney，cheny 和 cheney 等拼法， 表明英语借用了波斯语中表示这种瓷器的词，chini 。 这个波斯词，还有梵语中cinah 一词（“中国人”，英语中中国的名称即从这个词而来）， 都来自汉语里的Qin 字， 这是从公元前 221至206年统治中国的王朝的名称 〔pek〕pukka , from Sanskrit pakva- , ripe. pukka , 源自 梵语 pakva- , 成熟的. 〔augment〕The prefixation of a vowel accompanying a past tense, especially of Greek and Sanskrit verbs.增音：伴随过去式的元音词首，尤其在希腊语或梵语动词中〔aorist〕A form of a verb in some languages, such as Classical Greek or Sanskrit, that in the indicative mood expresses past action.不定过去时：某些语言中动词的一种形式，如古希腊语或梵语，以直说法表示过去的动作〔Aranyaka〕Any of several Sanskrit religious and philosophical treatises, closely connected with the Brahmanas and Upanishads, and intended to be read by hermits in the quiet of the forest.森林书：几部梵语宗教和哲学论著中任一部，同梵书和奥义书联系密切，由林深静处的隐士们阅读〔primary〕Referring to present or future time. Used as a collective designation for various present and future verb tenses in Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit.现在时的：指现在或将来的用于指拉丁语，希腊语和梵语中各种现在或将来动词时态的总称〔Mahabharata〕A Sanskrit epic principally concerning the dynastic struggle and civil war between the Pandavas and the Kauravas in the kingdom of Kurukshetra about the 9th centuryb.c., and containing the text of the Bhagavad-Gita, numerous subplots, and interpolations on theology, morals, and statecraft. 摩诃婆罗多：一部梵语史诗，主要描写公元前 9世纪时俱卢之野战争即般陀婆王国和俱卢族之间的王朝斗争和内战，包含 《薄伽梵歌》 全文，以及众多陪衬情节和有关神学、道德和治国术方面的添写 |
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