单词 | 欧文 |
释义 | 〔Irvington〕A town of northeast New Jersey, a residential and industrial suburb of Newark. It was settled in 1692 as Camptown and renamed in 1852 in honor of Washington Irving. Population, 59,774.欧文顿:新泽西东北部一镇,为纽瓦克的一个居住和工业郊区。它在1692年建立,当时起名为普镇,1852年为纪念华盛顿·欧文而改用此名。人口59,774〔votary〕"The almighty dollar, that great object of universal devotion throughout our land,seems to have no genuine devotees in these peculiar villages" (Washington Irving).Ahabitué regularly frequents a place, especially one offering a particular pleasurable activity: “那看起来在我们全部领土上令人一致献身的伟大物质——全能的美元,在这奇怪的村庄里看起来没有真正的追随者” (华盛顿·欧文)。habitue 固定地爱去某个地方, 尤指提供特定的娱乐活动的地方: 〔Owen〕Scottish-born American social reformer and politician. He served as U.S. representative from Indiana (1843-1847) and wrote the influentialPolicy of Emancipation (1863). 欧文,罗伯特·戴尔:(1801-1877) 苏格兰裔的美国社会改革者。他曾任美国印第安纳州众议员(1843-1847年)并著有影响深远的《解放政策》 (1863年) 〔trick〕"One of history's cruelest tricks is to take words that sounded good at the time and make them sound pretty stupid"(David Owen)“历史最残酷的捉弄之一是将一些当时听起来很正确的话变得非常愚蠢”(戴维·欧文)〔strange〕"They were dressed in a quaint, outlandish fashion" (Washington Irving).“他们的穿着风格怪异” (华盛顿·欧文)。〔Glendower〕Welsh rebel who led a revolt against Henry IV (1400), controlled most of Wales, and summoned his own parliament (1405) before being effectively crushed by English forces (1409).格伦道尔,欧文:(1359?-1416?) 威尔士叛乱者,他领导起义反抗亨利四世(1400年),控制了大部分威尔士,在被英国武力(1409年)有效镇压前召集了自己的议会(1405年)〔disarm〕"Have the courage to appear poor, and you disarm poverty of its sharpest sting"(Washington Irving)“有勇气显出贫穷,那么你就消除了贫穷最尖锐的疼痛”(华盛顿·欧文)〔fanatic〕"those furious zealots who blow the bellows of faction until the whole furnace of politics is red-hot" (Washington Irving).“那狂热分子散播小派别的嚣张气焰直至整个政治白热化” (华盛顿·欧文)。〔Wister〕American writer known for his novelThe Virginian (1902), often considered the first Western. 威斯特,欧文:(1860-1938) 美国作家,因其小说《弗吉尼亚人》 (1902年)而著名,该小说通常被认为是第一部西部小说 〔Jefferson〕American actor noted for the title role in the stage adaptation of Washington Irving's story "Rip Van Winkle.”杰斐逊,约瑟夫:(1829-1905) 美国演员,因主演由华盛顿·欧文著的《见闻杂记》改编的舞台剧中主人公瑞普·凡·温克尔而闻名〔Langmuir〕American chemist. He won a 1932 Nobel Prize for his work in surface chemistry.朗缪尔,欧文:(1881-1957) 美国化学家,以其在表面化学方面的工作而获得1932年的诺贝尔奖〔ponder〕"The old warrior king was . . . ruminating on his gloomy fortunes" (Washington Irving). “年迈的武士之王正在…反复咀嚼他暗淡的命运和前途” (华盛顿·欧文)。 〔Owen〕British anatomist and paleontologist who was superintendent of the natural history department at the British Museum (1856-1884) and an early opponent of Darwin's theories of evolution.欧文,理查德:(1804-1892) 英国解剖学家和古生物学家,他是大英博物馆(1856-1884年)自然历史部的负责人,也是早期的达尔文的进化论的反对者〔Irving〕American writer. His darkly humorous novels includeThe World According to Garp (1978) and The Cider House Rules (1985). 欧文,约翰:(生于 1942) 美国作家。他的黑色幽默小说包括《加普眼中的世界》 (1978年)和 《苹果酒坊的规矩》 (1985年) 〔Cobb〕American humorist known for his books and short-story collections, especiallyOld Judge Priest (1915). 科布,欧文·施鲁斯伯里:(1876-1944) 美国幽默作家,以他的书和短篇小说集尤以《老法官普里斯特》 (1915年)出名 〔lean〕"He was . . . exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders" (Washington Irving). “他…非常瘦,两肩窄小” (华盛顿·欧文)。 〔Knickerbocker〕After Diedrich Knickerbocker , fictitious author of History of New York by Washington Irving 源自德里希 Knickerbocker , 纽约的历史 的虚构作者,由华盛顿·欧文著 〔coarse〕"Peals of laughter were mingled with loud ribald jokes" (Washington Irving). “一连串的大笑声掺杂着大声的下流笑话” (华盛顿·欧文)〔vacuity〕"the crew, being patient people, much given to slumber and vacuity"(Washington Irving)“船员是有耐心的,大多数时间不是睡觉就是无聊地度过”(华盛顿·欧文)〔Tarrytown〕A village of southeast New York on the Hudson River north of New York City. Founded by the Dutch in the 17th century, it was the home of Washington Irving and the setting for many of his short stories. Population, 10,648.塔利顿:美国纽约州东南部一村庄,位于哈得孙河沿岸,纽约城北。由荷兰人在17世纪建立,是华盛顿·欧文的故乡,同时也是他的许多短篇小说的背景。人口10,648〔mix〕"His companions mingled freely and joyously with the natives" (Washington Irving).“他的伙伴们自由而快乐的与土著人融合在一起” (华盛顿·欧文)。〔Chamberlain〕American physicist. He shared a 1959 Nobel Prize for demonstrating the existence of the antiproton.张伯伦,欧文:(生于 1920) 美国物理学家。因证明了反质子的存在而获1959年诺贝尔奖〔Owen〕Welsh-born British manufacturer and social reformer who attempted to establish a cooperative community at New Harmony in Indiana (1825-1828).欧文,罗伯特:(1771-1858) 威尔士裔的英国制造商和社会改革家,1825-1828年他试图在印第安纳州的新哈莫尼建立一协会〔Irving〕American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” contained inThe Sketch Book (1819-1820). 欧文,华盛顿:(1783-1859) 美国作家,因其收在《见闻札记》 (1819-1820年)中故事“瑞普·凡·温克尔”和“睡谷的传说”而为后世知名 〔impetuous〕"Some of the fickle populace began to doubt whether they had not been rather precipitate in deposing his brother" (Washington Irving).“一些多变的人开始怀疑他们把他的兄弟废除掉是不是太不考虑后果了” (华盛顿·欧文)。〔Paulding〕American writer and public official. He collaborated with Washington Irving and others on the periodicalSalmagundi (1807-1808). 波尔丁,詹姆斯·吉尔克:(1778-1860) 美国作家,政府官员。他与华盛顿·欧文及其他人合伙创办了期刊《杂集》 (1807-1808年) 〔pension〕"A pension had somewhat less to offer than a hotel; it was always smaller, and never elegant; it sometimes offered breakfast, and sometimes not"(John Irving)“膳宿公寓提供的服务不如旅馆那么完善;一般来说较小且不豪华;有时提供早餐而有时不提供”(约翰·欧文)〔Owen〕British poet whose work reflects his experiences in World War I. He was killed in battle.欧文,维尔弗雷德:(1893-1918) 英国诗人,他的作品反映了他在第一次世界大战中的经历。他死于一场战争〔provoke〕"His mother . . . endeavored to rouse him from this passive state" (Washington Irving). “他的母亲…试图使他从消极的状态中振作起来” (华盛顿·欧文)。 〔Fisher〕American economist who devised the price index for the study of economic trends.费歇尔,欧文:(1867-1947) 美国经济学家,设计出价格指数以考察经济趋势〔pulsate〕"His lonely heart throbbed at the warm, firm grasp of this friend's hand" (Owen Wister). “握着朋友温暖有力的手,他孤独的心温暖地跳动着” (欧文·韦斯特)〔Berlin〕Russian-born American songwriter who wrote more than 1,500 songs, including "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (1911), and several musical comedies, such asTop Hat (1935) and Annie Get Your Gun (1946). 伯林,欧文:(1888-1989) 俄裔美国歌曲作家,写了包括“亚历山大的拉格泰姆乐队”(1911年)在内的1500多首歌曲,及一些音乐喜剧,如《大礼帽》 (1935年)和 《安妮,拿起你的枪》 (1946年) 〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上,man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类, 不考虑性别。在古英语中,这就是man 这个字主要的意思, 即“人” 而不分性别;单词wer 和 wyf (或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词, 也具有“男人”的意义了;而wyfman (这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字)作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是,作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此,许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时,它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思, 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来,人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 , 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里,一般的理解源于间接地推理:如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话,其言下之意是,一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因,使得man 当此一般理解之义用时,其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以,说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的, 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是,词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代,且后两字意思更清楚。 相反,当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时,它更是指一类、一属, 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现,其意思也会模糊不清, 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中,例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来,在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话,那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 (其中女性成员中的接受率为58,男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 (其中女性成员的接受率为76,而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” (詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇)这句话的接受率为76(基中在女性成员中有63接受,而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人,这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66(其中女性委员的57,男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法: 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比,在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了, 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称,如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 , 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中,如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法;然而,当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时,这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受;但当它们用由于指女性时,这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受(其中在女性成员中为52,而男性中为76)。 但是,在句子艾米莉·欧文,市长任务小组的主席,发表了一个声明,向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法,由于是指女性,只有48的成员接受(其中在女性成员中的接受率为43,而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词,几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外,用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来, 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称, 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文,现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56(其中在女性成员中的反对率是61,而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔Irvine〕[ûrʹvīn'] A city of southern California southeast of Santa Ana. A branch of the University of California (opened 1965) is here. Population, 110,330.[ûrʹvīn'] 欧文:加利福尼亚南部一城,在圣安娜东南。加利福尼亚大学的一个分校就在该市(建校于1965年)。人口110,330〔very〕"The very essence of artistic expression is invention"(Irving R. Kaufman)“文学措辞的最重要精华就是创意”(欧文R.考夫曼)〔Gotham〕New York City. The nickname was popularized by Washington Irving and others inSalmagundi, a series of satirical sketches (1807-1808). 纽约:纽约市。华盛顿·欧文和其他人在《杂拌》 (1807-1808年),一本连载的讽刺杂文中,给纽约起了个绰号,并从此流传开来 〔Bohr〕Danish physicist. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize for investigating atomic structure and radiations. His sonAage Niels Bohr (born 1922), also a physicist, shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for discovering the asymmetry of atomic nuclei. 玻尔,尼尔斯·亨利克·戴维:(1885-1962) 丹麦物理学家。因对原子结构和放射的研究获1922年诺贝尔奖。他的儿子欧文·尼尔斯·玻尔 (生于1922年)也是一个物理学家,因发现原子核的非对称性而获1975年的诺贝尔奖 〔Ervine〕British writer best known for his dramas, such asThe First Mrs. Fraser (1928), and for his drama criticism. 欧文,圣约翰·格林尔:(1883-1971) 爱尔兰剧作家和戏剧评论家,著名剧本有《第一位弗雷泽太太》 (1928年)等 〔impostor〕"He who has once been under the hands of a quack, is for ever after prone to dabble in drugs" (Washington Irving).Afaker simulates or feigns the appearance of being what he or she is not: “曾经遭受庸医之苦的人,之后永远有涉猎药物的倾向” (华盛顿·欧文)。faker 假扮或假装并非他或她自身的外表: 〔separate〕"In the darkness and confusion, the bands of these commanders became separated from each other" (Washington Irving). “在黑夜或混乱中,那帮指挥者互相分离” (华盛顿·欧文)。 |
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