| 单词 | 正式 |
| 释义 | 〔Panmunjom〕A village of northwest South Korea just south of the 38th parallel. Truce negotiations for the Korean War were held here from October 1951 to July 27, 1953, when the truce was officially signed.板门店：韩国西北部的一个山村，恰好位于北纬38度线以南。从1951年10月到1953年7月27日，朝鲜战争的和平谈判在此进行，并于此期间正式签定了和平条约〔unlicensed〕Having no official license.不具有正式执照的〔be〕Traditional grammar requires the nominative form of the pronoun in the predicate of the verbbe : It is I (not me ); That must be they (not them ), and so forth. Even literate speakers of Modern English have found the rule difficult to conform to,but the stigmatization ofIt is me is by now so deeply lodged among the canons of correctness that there is little likelihood that the construction will ever be entirely acceptable in formal writing.Adherence to the traditional rule in informal speech, however, has come to sound increasingly pedantic,and begins to sound absurd when the verb is contracted, as inIt's we. · The traditional rule creates particular problems when the pronoun followingbe also functions as the object of a verb or preposition in a relative clause, as in It is not them/they that we have in mind when we talk about "crime in the streets" nowadays, where the plural pronoun serves as both the predicate ofis and the object of have. In this example, 57 percent of the Usage Panel preferred the nominative formthey, 33 percent preferred the accusativethem, and 10 percent accepted both versions.But H.W. Fowler, like other authorities, argued that the use of the nominative here is an error caused by "the temptation . . . to assume, perhaps from hearingIt is me corrected to It is I, that a subjective [nominative] case cannot be wrong after the verb to be. ” Writers can usually find a way to avoid this problem: They are not the ones we have in mind, We have someone else in mind, and so on. See Usage Note at I 1we 传统语法要求系动词谓语中的代词用主格形式be ： It is I （而不是 me ）； That must be they （而不是 them ），等等。 即使现代英语有文化的人也发现很难遵守这个规则，而It is me 的烙印现在已深刻地印入了判断是否正确的准则之中， 以致很少有可能使这种用法在正式书面语中被完全接受。但是在非正式讲话中奉行传统规则已经日益变得象在卖弄学问。并且当系动词被缩减时，就象在It's we 中一样，听起来反而象是不合语法的。 当代词跟在be 后面做动词宾语或做关系从句中的介语宾语时，传统的规则就象在 当我们谈到当今“街上的犯罪”时，他们不是我们心中所想的那些人， 句中复数代词同时充当is 的宾语和 have 的宾语。 在这个例子中57%的用法使用小组更喜欢用主格形式they， 33%更喜欢用宾格形式them， 而10%则两种都接受。但是象其他的权威一样，H.W.福勒争论道，在这里用主格是一个错误，它之所以错是因为“多半听到了It is me 都被改正成 It is I 而拿不定主意，以为主格的情况在动词 to be 后面不可能错。” 作家们常常能够找到一个办法来避免这个问题： 他们不是我们所想的人，我们脑子里想的是另一些人等等 参见 I1we〔act〕A formal written record of proceedings or transactions.备忘录，会议记录：备忘录或会议记录的正式书面记录〔wait〕To make a formal call on; visit.造访：正式拜访；访问〔collect〕A brief formal prayer that is used in various Western liturgies before the epistle and that varies with the day.短祷告：在特定日子里所念的短的正式的祈祷文〔signet〕A seal, especially one used officially to mark documents.小印章：一个小印章，尤指用于在文件上正式盖印的章〔verification〕A formal assertion of validity.确定，鉴定：对效力的正式断言〔might〕In many Southern varieties of English,might is used in the "double modal" construction with could, as inWe might could park over there. Less frequently,one hearsmay can and might should. These constructions are not familiar to the majority of American speakersand are best avoided in formal writing.在许多南方英语的变异中，might 可以与 could 一起用于“双情态动词”结构中， 如我们可以把车停在那边。 还有些时候，有人会使用may can 和 might could。 对于大部分美国人来说，这种用法并不常见，在正式的书面英语中最好避免使用〔encomium〕A formal expression of praise; a tribute.赞（颂）词：赞扬的正式表述；颂词〔leave〕In formal writingleave is not an acceptable substitute for let in the sense "to allow or permit.” Onlylet is acceptable in the following examples: 在正式的写作中，当表示“允许或许可”的意思时，不能用leave 来代替 let 。 在以下例句中，只有let 是正确的： 〔defeat〕Beat, less formal, is often the equivalent ofdefeat, thoughbeat may convey greater emphasis: Beat 比较不正式，常作为defeat 的对等词语， 尽管beat 可以传递更大的强调意义： 〔anathema〕A formal ecclesiastical ban, curse, or excommunication.逐出教门：正式的宗教禁令、诅咒或逐出教门〔icebreaker〕Something done or said to relax an unduly formal atmosphere or situation.缓和紧张气氛者：缓和特别正式的气氛或情况所说的话或做的事情〔declaration〕An explicit, formal announcement, either oral or written.宣布；公告：指口头或书写的明了正式的声明〔dissolution〕Formal dismissal of an assembly or legislature.解散：议会或立法机关的正式解散〔pact〕A formal agreement, such as one between nations; a treaty.契约：一个正式的协议，比如国家之间的国际协议；条约〔pal〕Pal, like buddy and chum, has an informal,thoroughly "American" ring to it.One might think thatpal had been a fixture in the English language forever. In fact,pal is a fairly recent acquisition from a rather exotic source—the language of the Gypsies. First recorded in English in the 17th century,pal was borrowed from Romany, the Indic language of the Gypsies,specifically from a word meaning "brother, comrade,”which occurs asphal in the Romany spoken in England andphral in the Romany spoken in Europe. Gypsies speak an Indic languagebecause they originally migrated to Europe from the border region between Iran and India.In other Indic languages we find related words meaning "brother,”such as Hindustanibhāi, Prakritbhāda or bhāyā, and Sanskrit bhrātā. All these terms trace their ancestry to the same Indo-European word that our wordbrother does. Pal 与 buddy 和 chum 一样， 都有不正式的，完全“美国式”的圈。一个人可能会认为pal 永远是英国语言中的固定词。 但实际上，pal 是最近从外来语源——吉普赛语言中获得的。 最早在17世纪被记录于英语中，pal 借自吉普赛语， 即吉普赛人说的印度语言，特别是从意为“兄弟，同志”的一个词而来，它在英格兰的吉普赛语中写成phal， 在欧洲所讲的吉普赛语中写成phral 。 因为吉普赛人最初是从伊朗和印度的边界地区移居到欧洲的，因此他们讲一种印度语言，在另一种印度语言里我们可以找到意为“兄弟”的相关词，如兴都斯坦的bhai， 帕拉克里语的bhada 或 bhaya 以及梵语的 bhrata 。 所有这些词和我们的词语brother 一样都可追溯到相同的印欧词源 〔acceptance〕A formal indication by a debtor of willingness to pay a time draft or bill of exchange.承兑，认付：负债人的正式表明愿意偿还一定期汇票或汇票〔Hispanic〕There are a number of words denoting persons who trace their origins to a Spanish-speaking country or culture.Hispanic is the broadest of these terms, encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheresand emphasizing the common denominator of language between communitiesthat sometimes have little else in common.It is widely used in both official and unofficial contextsand is entirely acceptable,although like the termSpanish American, it has occasionally been criticized as unduly emphasizing the role of European influences in shaping ethnic identity to the neglect of indigenous cultures.Latino is also in wide use, but it is somewhat less formal in most contextsand is generally restricted to persons of Latin-American descent.See Usage Note at Chicano 有许多单词表示那些来历或出身可以溯及西班牙语国家或文化的人，Hispanic 是这些词中应用最广泛的， 包括了两个半球所有讲西班牙语的民族，并且强调不同团体的语言上的共同特征，尽管它们在别的方面共同点很少。这个词被广泛地用于官方和非官方的语境中，并且被完全接受，尽管象Spanish American 一样， 偶然会有人批评它过分地强调在形成忽视本土文化的种族特性的欧洲影响。Latimo 应用得很广泛， 但在大多数语境下它不太正式，并且一般只限于有拉丁美洲血统的人 参见 Chicano〔ball〕A formal gathering for social dancing.社交舞会：一个正式的交谊舞聚会〔formal〕Characterized by strict or meticulous observation of forms; methodical:正式的，符合传统或习惯的：在形式上严格拘泥于细节的；有条理的：〔ode〕A lyric poem of some length, usually of a serious or meditative nature and having an elevated style and formal stanzaic structure.颂，歌：一首有一定长度的抒情诗，通常具有庄重或思考的性质，风格严肃和有正式的诗节结构〔deliverance〕A publicly expressed opinion or judgment, such as the verdict of a jury.判决：当着公众宣布的正式的意见或判决，如陪审团的判决〔affirmative〕The expressionsin the affirmative and in the negative, as inShe answered in the affirmative, are generally regarded as pompous. She answered yes would be more acceptable even at the most formal levels of style. 词组in the affirmative（肯定地） 及 in the negative（否定地） ， 如在She answered in the affirmative（她肯定地回答） 中， 通常被认为是夸大其辞的。She answered yes（她答是） 这一用法既使是在最正式的文体中也更易于接受 〔censure〕An official rebuke, as by a legislature of one of its members.公开谴责：正式的批驳，如立法机构对自己成员的谴责〔vow〕An earnest promise to perform a specified act or behave in a certain manner, especially a solemn promise to live and act in accordance with the rules of a religious order:誓言：以某种方式履行一特定行动或行为的诚挚承诺，尤指答应遵循一种宗教法规生活和行事的正式许诺：〔reprimand〕To reprove severely, especially in a formal or official way.See Synonyms at admonish 谴责：严厉训斥，尤指以正式的或官方的形式 参见 admonish〔complain〕To make a formal accusation or bring a formal charge.控告：提出正式的控告或起诉〔Nacogdoches〕A city of eastern Texas east of Waco. Settled in 1779 on the site of a Spanish mission founded in 1716, it is today a processing and manufacturing center. Population, 30,872.纳科多奇斯：得克萨斯东部一城市，位于韦科的东面，在1716年建立的西班牙布道团的基础上于1779年正式确立，现在是一个加工业和制造业中心。人口30,872〔celebrant〕Strictly speaking,celebrant should be reserved for an official participant in a religious ceremony or rite. In an earlier survey, however,a majority of the Usage Panel accepted the use ofcelebrant to mean "a participant in a celebration" (as inNew Year's Eve celebrants ). In this more general sense,celebrator is an undisputed alternative. 严格地说，celebrant 应该仅用来指宗教庆典或仪式的正式参与者。 但在较早的调查中，用法专题使用小组的大多数成员接受了celebrant 的用法， 意指“庆祝活动的参与者”，（如参加新年晚会庆祝的人 ）。 在这个较为广泛的意义上，celebrator 毫无争议地可与其替换使用 〔compliment〕A formal act of civility, courtesy, or respect.敬意：文明、客气或尊敬的正式行为〔discussion〕A formal discourse on a topic; an exposition.论述，详述：对一个主题正式的详谈；阐述〔duel〕To engage in or as if in formal combat.参加或好象参加正式决斗〔bad〕Bad is often used as an adverb in sentences such asThe house was shaken up pretty bad orWe need water bad. This usage is common in informal speechbut is widely regarded as unacceptable in formal writing.In an earlier survey,the sentenceHis tooth ached so bad he could not sleep was unacceptable to 92 percent of the Usage Panel. · The use ofbadly with want, once considered incorrect,is now entirely acceptable: Bad 在句子中常用作副词， 如这座房子摇晃得很厉害， 或是我们非常需要水。 在非正式演讲中这一用法很普遍，但在正式书面语中广泛地被认为不能接受。在早期的调查中，句子他牙疼得厉害以致睡不着觉。 对于92%的用法小组成员来说是不能接受的。badly 和 want 连用的用法， 曾经被认为是不正确的，现在则完全被接受： 〔get〕The use ofget in the passive, as inWe got sunburned at the beach, is generally avoided in formal writing.In less formal contexts, however,the construction does provide a useful distinction in attributing a more active role to its subject than would the corresponding passive withbe. Thus if Jones has committed a flagrant breach of law in order to test a particular statute,the situation might best be described by the sentenceJones got arrested by the police; whereas if Jones did nothing to provoke the police action,the sentenceJones was arrested by the police would be preferred. 在被动语态使用get ， 如我们在海滩上晒黑了 ， 渐渐在正式写作中避免。但在非正式上下文中，这个结构为使其比相应被动形式be 给予其主语更为主动的角色提供了极为有用的区别。 因此，如果琼斯为了验证特殊法律条文而严重违犯了某法律，最好用以下句子来描绘Jones got arrested by the police， 但如果琼斯没有反抗警察的行为，句子Jones was arrested by the police 比较合宜 〔bad〕The adverbbadly is often used as the complement of verbs such as feel, as inI felt badly about the whole affair, where the choice ofbadly as opposed to bad may convey an implication that the distress is emotional, rather than physical.Although the origin of this usage is a matter of dispute,the usage is now widespread and is supported by analogy to the use of other adverbs withfeel (as inWe feel strongly about this issue ). In an earlier survey,a majority of the Usage Panel accepted this use ofbadly in speech, thoughbad is less likely to occasion objections. · Badly is also used in some regions to mean "unwell,” as inHe was looking badly after the accident (comparepoorly, which is also used in this way). In an earlier survey, however, the usage was found unacceptable in formal writing by 75 percent of the Usage Panel.副词badly 常用作动词的补充，如 feel， 在句子我对整个事件感觉很糟 中， 选择badly 作为与 bad 的对立， 可能传达暗示这一压制的感觉是感情上的而不是身体上的。尽管对这一用法的起源有过争议，但现在已很普遍并被其他带动词feel 的类比词所支持， （如我们对这观点的感受很强烈 ）。 在早期调查中，用法小组大多数接受在口语中使用badly ， 尽管bad 相对不会引起异议。 Badly 也被有些地区用来表示“不好”，如在他在事故后看上去很糟 （和poorly 比较，也是同样用法）。 但在早期讨论中，75的用法专门小组成员不接受在正式书面语中使用这种形式〔complainant〕A party that makes a complaint or files a formal charge, as in a court of law; a plaintiff.原告：在法律诉讼中正式把请求或文件提交诉讼的一方当事人；原告〔rarely〕In an earlier surveya large majority of the Usage Panel found this construction unacceptable in formal writing.Butever has been used as an intensive with rarely for several hundred years, and the construction is common in informal contexts.By contrast, the constructionsrarely (or seldom ) if ever and rarely (or seldom ) or never are unexceptionable: 根据以前做的调查，大多数用法专题小组认为这种结构不可接受，尤其在正式文章中。但ever 用在 rarely 之后表示强调已有几百年的历史， 而且这种结构在非正式场合是常用的。相反，rarely （或 seldom ) if ever 和 rarely （或 seldom ) or never 这样的结构却是完全能接受的： 〔informality〕The state or quality of being informal.非正式：不正式的状态或品质 |
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