| 单词 | 此后 |
| 释义 | 〔mesmerism〕When the members of an audience sit mesmerized by a speaker,their reactions do not take the form of dancing, sleeping, or falling into convulsions.But if Franz Anton Mesmer were addressing the audience,such behavior could be expected.Mesmer, a visionary 18th-century physician,believed cures could be effected by having patients do thingssuch as sit with their feet in a fountain of magnetized waterwhile holding cables attached to magnetized trees.Mesmer then came to believe that magnetic powers resided in himself,and during highly fashionable curative sessions in Parishe caused his patients to have reactions ranging from sleeping or dancing to convulsions.These reactions were actually brought about by hypnotic powers that Mesmer was unaware he possessed.One of his pupils, named Puységur, then used the termmesmerism (first recorded in English in 1802) for Mesmer's practices. The related wordmesmerize (first recorded in English in 1829), having shed its reference to the hypnotic doctor, lives on in the sense "to enthrall.”当一群观众被一位演讲者深深吸引时，他们的反应方式不会是舞蹈、睡眠或哄堂大笑。但是如果换了弗兰茨·奥顿·梅斯梅尔来给这群听众作演讲的话，那么这些行为是有可能发生的。梅斯梅尔，这位18世纪眼光远大的医师，认为可以通过诸如以下方法来治疗疾病，即让病人把脚放在有磁性的水中，同时手执与磁力场相连接的电线。此后，梅斯梅尔又认为他自己体内就存在着磁力，并且他在巴黎推行他的治疗方法的过程中，他又使他的病人们作出了睡眠、舞蹈直至抽搐等各种反应。这些反应实际上是他所拥有的催眠力导致的，但他自己却不知道自己拥有这样的力量。后来，梅斯梅尔的一个叫做皮勒塞格尔的学生采用了mesmerism （在英语中始见于1802年）这一字眼来给梅斯梅尔的治疗方法命名。 另一相关词汇mesmerize （在英语中始见于1829年）则摒弃了与这位催眠医师的关系， 现在这个词意是“迷惑住”〔Beadle〕American publisher who in 1860 published the first dime novel, initiating a popular series of almost 3,000 books with virtually indistinguishable plots, implausible dialogue, and lashings of violence and suspense.比德尔，伊拉斯塔斯·弗拉维尔：(1821-1894) 美国出版商，1860年出版第一本廉价小说，并导致此后一系列近3000本畅销书的出版。这类书以故弄玄虚的情节、令人难以置信的对话、大量的暴力和悬疑而广受欢迎〔yes〕The wordyes is a good example of how an ordinary and frequently used word can have a complex etymology. We can traceyes back to two Indo-European roots, .i-, a pronominal stem, and .es-, "to be.” From two extended forms of.i-, .yām and .yāi, came the prehistoric Common Germanic forms.jā and jai, which gave us Old Englishgeā, an affirmative particle, the source of Modern Englishyea. The Indo-European root.es- is the source of our forms am and is. From the stem.sī- used to make verb forms in the optative mood, a mood used to express a wish, came the Germanic form.sijai-, which gave us Old Englishsīe, "may it be so.” This form, unlike the sources ofam and is, died out, but before disappearing it had combined with Old Englishgēa to form the compound gēse, the ancestor of our wordyes. Thissīe was destined to have even more of a triumph. Until around 1600yea was used to respond to positive expressions, whereasyes was used to respond to negative expressions. After that timeyes became a response to both positive and negative expressions, yea surviving primarily in voice votes. yes 一词是说明一个普通常用词如何拥有一复杂词源的极好例证。 我们可以追溯yes 到两个印欧语词根， 代名词词干i- 和 es- “是”。 从i-的两种扩展形式，yam 和 yai， 形成了史前普通日耳曼语形式ja 和 jai, 它们又带来了古英语中的肯定虚词gea ， 这便是现代英语yea 的来源。 而印欧语词根es- 是我们 am 和 is 两形式的源头。 以is- ，一个用于制造祈愿语气动词的词干， 产生出日尔曼形式sijai-， 并由此形成了古英语sie, “希望如此”。 这种形式不象am 和 is 的词源，已经灭绝了， 但在消失之前，它已经和古英语gea 混合形成复合词 gese， 即我们的单词yes 的前身。 这个sie 注定要获取更大的胜利。 直至1600年左右，yea 还被用于回答肯定的陈述； 而yes 则用于回答否定陈述。 此后，yes 既可作肯定也可否定表达的回答， yea 则主要在口头投票时使用 〔Yokohama〕A city of southeast Honshu, Japan, on the western shore of Tokyo Bay. It was a small fishing village when Matthew Perry visited it in 1854 but was chosen as a site for foreign settlement in 1859 and grew rapidly thereafter. Almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake and fire in 1923, it was quickly rebuilt and modernized. The city is now a leading port and an industrial center. Population, 2,992,644.横滨：日本本州东南一城市，位于东京湾西岸。1854年马修·派瑞访问该地时还是一个小渔村，但在1859年被选为外国人的定居点，此后迅速地发展起来。1923年在一场地震和大火中几乎全部被毁，但很快重建并现代化，现在是一个重要的港口和工业中心。人口2,992,644〔posthumous〕The wordposthumous is associated with death, both in meaning and in form. Our word goes back to the Latin wordpostumus, meaning "last born, born after the death of one's father, born after the making of a will,” and "last, final.”Postumus was largely used with respect to events occurring after death but not exclusively so,since the word was simply one of the superlative forms of the adverbpost, "subsequently, afterward.” Because of its use in connection with death,however, later Latin writers decided that the last part of the word must have to do withhumus, "earth,” or humāre, "to bury,” and began spelling the wordposthumus. This form of the Latin word was borrowed into English,being first recorded in a work composed before 1464.Perhaps the most telling use of the word appears in the poet Robert Southey's comment on the rewards of an author:"It was well we should be contented with posthumous fame, but impossible to be so with posthumous bread and cheese.”Posthumous 这个词在意义和形式上都与死亡有关。 英语中这个词可追溯到拉丁语postumus ， 意为“最后生的，父亲死后生的，立遗嘱之后出生的”和“最后的，最终的。”Postumus 绝大多数情况下用来指死后所发生的事情， 但也并非仅此一种用法，因为这个词只是意为“随后地，后来地”副词post 的最高级形式之一。 由于其用法与死亡有关，因此后来的拉丁语作者们决定该词的后半部分应与humus “土地”或 humare “埋葬”有关， 并开始将这个词拼写成posthumus。 这个拉丁词的拼写形式后来被借用到英语中，在英语中首次记录于1464年前所著的一部作品中。也许这个词最显著的使用出现在诗人罗伯特·骚塞对一个作者所得奖励的评论中：“我们满足于死后得到的声名，而不可能满足于死后所得到面包与奶酪，这样很好”〔Carthage〕An ancient city and state of northern Africa on the Bay of Tunis northeast of modern Tunis. It was founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth centuryb.c. and became the center of Carthaginian power in the Mediterranean after the sixth century b.c. The city was destroyed by the Romans at the end of the Third Punic War (146 b.c. ) but was rebuilt by Julius Caesar and later ( a.d. 439-533) served as capital of the Vandals before its virtual annihilation by the Arabs (698). 迦太基：非洲北部一古代城邦，位于今突尼斯东北部突尼斯湾沿岸。由腓尼基人于公元前 9世纪创立，并在 公元前 6世纪之后成为地中海上迦太基政权中心。该城在第三次布匿战争结束时（ 公元前 146年）被罗马人毁灭，但不久即被尤里乌斯·凯撒重建，此后（ 公元 439-533年）在被阿拉伯人灭掉之前（1698年）是汪尔达人的首都 〔Williams〕English cleric in America. After being expelled from Massachusetts for his criticism of Puritanism, he founded Providence (1636), a community based on religious freedom and democratic ideals, and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663.威廉斯，罗杰：(1603?-1683) 在美国的英国教士。因批评清教主义而被驱逐出马萨诸塞州，此后他创建了一个建立在宗教自由和民主理想基础上的社团——上帝会(1636年），他还在1663年为罗得岛赢得了允许其成立的敕命特许权〔gauntlet〕In the first and second editions ofThe American Heritage Dictionary Usage Notes explained why the spelling gauntlet is acceptable for bothgauntlet 1 and gauntlet 2. Such has not always been the case.The story ofgauntlet 1, as into throw down the gauntlet, is unexciting: it comes from the Old French wordgantelet, a diminutive of gant, "glove.” From the time of its appearance in Middle English (in a work composed in 1449),the word has been spelled with anau as well as an a, still a possible spelling. But the othergauntlet, as into run the gauntlet, is an alteration of the earlier English formgantlope, which came from the Swedish wordgatlopp, a compound ofgata, "lane,” and lopp, "course.” The earliest recorded form of the English word,found in 1646,isgantelope, showing that alteration of the Swedish word had already occurred. The English word was then influenced by the spelling of the wordgauntlet, "glove,” and in 1676 we find the first recorded instance of the spellinggauntlet for this word, althoughgantelope is found as late as 1836. From then on spellings withau and a are both found. Theau seems to have won out, although one could say that thea is preferable because it reflects the Swedish source.In regard to a word that has been so altered in form,this seems a rather fine point.在第一和第二版的美国经典辞书 的用法说明解释了为什么拼写 gauntlet 是可接受的， 既对于gauntlet 1，又对于 gauntlet 2。 情况并不总是这样。gauntlet 1的故事， 如在拒绝挑战 中并不令人激动： 它来自于一法语老词gantelet ， gant 的小词缀“手套”。 自从它在中古英语出现之后（在1449年编的一著作中），这个词同au 的拼写已同 a 一样仍是可能的拼写形式。 但是另一个gauntlet ， 如在接受挑战 中， 是早期英语形式gantlope 的一个变体， 其来自于一瑞典词gatlopp ， gata “巷子”和 lopp “方向”的组合。 最早的这个英语单词的记录，出现于1646年，是gantelope ，表示这个瑞典单词的变体已出现。 这个英语单词然后被单词gauntlet “手套”的拼写所影响， 在1676年，我们发现了gauntlet 第一个有记录的例子， 尽管gantelope 直到1836年才发现。 此后，带有au 和 a 的拼写形式都被发现过。 au 似乎占优势， 尽管一个人可能说a 更好， 因它反映了瑞典语源。说到一个形式已发生了如此变化的单词，这似乎是个好建议〔hereafter〕Immediately following this in time, order, or place; after this.此后，今后：时间、顺序或空间上紧接着地；这以后〔thereafter〕From a specified time onward; from then on.此后：从某一特定时间开始；从那时起〔ofay〕The commonly seen etymology ofofay —Pig Latin for foe —is perhaps of less interest than the more likely story of this word's origins. The word, which is first recorded in the first quarter of the 20th century,must have been in use much longer if it is, as some scholars think, borrowed from an African source.Although this source has not been pinned down,the suggested possibilities are in themselves interesting.One would trace it to the Ibibio wordafia, "white or light-colored.” Another would have it come from Yorubaofe, a word that was said in order to protect oneself from danger. The term was then transferred to white people,regarded as a danger to Black people throughout the wretched days of slavery and beyond.ofay 一词的最常见的词形变化是 foe ，一种儿童黑话说法——可能更有趣的是关于这个词来源的故事： 在20世纪前二十五年里有次记载，如果按一些学者们所想，如果它是从非洲借过来的，它被使用的时间应更长一些。虽然这个说法还没有定下来，但它蕴含的可能性本身就很有趣。人们可能将它追溯到一个伊比比奥词afia ，意思是“白色或浅色”。 另还有人将它追溯到约鲁巴语ofe ，这个词是为了保持自己，避开危险的意思。 此后这个术语被移用于白人，这些白人在奴隶制及以前的悲惨日子里，被认为是对黑人们的危险〔Vandenberg〕American politician. A U.S. senator from Michigan (1928-1951), he was an ardent isolationist until the attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941), after which he was a central figure in the bipartisan support of the war effort and in the establishment of the United Nations and NATO.范登堡，阿瑟·亨德里克：(1884-1951) 美国政治家。来自密歇根(1928-1951年）的美国参议员，在珍珠港事件(1941年12月7日）发生之前，他是激进的孤立主义者，此后他是由两党成员组成的战争支援组织的中心人物，并且是建立联合国和北大西洋公约组织的中心人物〔Horne〕American operatic soprano who became a principal performer at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City after her debut there as Adalgisa inNorma (1970). 霍恩，玛丽琳：(生于 1934) 美国歌剧女高音歌手，她于1970年首次登台时，出演《诺玛》 中的阿达尔吉萨一角，此后就成为纽约大都会歌剧院的主要演员 〔mug〕Various senses of the termmug illustrate uses and abuses of the human face. One use to which the face was put in the 18th century was as a form of decoration for cups or mugs.It is probably from these grotesque and striking facesthatmug came to mean "face,” the word in this sense being first recorded in 1708.The next recorded development ofmug is its use as a verb in 1818 in the sense "to strike in the face.” This verb has developed the sense "to attack and rob,”all too familiar to urban dwellers.The face's role in conveying emotion explains the development of the verb sense "to make faces, grimace,”recorded first in 1855.Another sense of the noun, "photograph or portrait of the face,”found earliest in 1887,is an obvious development, although it is ironic that those who mug criminally end up in a mug book.The use of the face to express affection explains the sense "to kiss, fondle,”recorded first in Australia in 1890.mug 的各种不同的含义显示了对人脸的使用和滥用。 其中一个用途是在18世纪作为杯子上的装饰图案。也许正是由于这些鬼脸和令人惊讶的脸谱，mug 开始意指“脸”， 该词有此意义最先记录于1708年。此后，另一种有记录mug 的用法作为动词的意思是“打击脸部。” 这个动词以后又发展为“袭击和抢劫”之意，这对城镇居民来说真是太熟悉了。脸在表达感情时所扮演的脸色可以解释该动词的延伸义“做鬼脸，做怪像”，该意思最早记录于1855年。该名词的另一个意思：“脸部的像片或画像”最早见于1887年，虽然具有讽刺意味的是那些抢劫犯最终将被警方拍照存档，但这仍然是一个显而易见的进步。运用脸部来表达情爱意指“吻，抚爱”，此用法最早于1890年在澳大利亚有记载〔glitch〕Although in retrospectglitch seems to be a word that people would always have found useful, it is first recorded in English in 1962in the writing of John Glenn:"Another term we adopted to describe some of our problems was ‘glitch.’”Glenn then gives the technical sense of the word the astronauts had adopted:"Literally, a glitch is a spike or change in voltage in an electrical current.”In this very passage we see how the word moved from its narrow, technical electronic sense to a more general sense, even if the astronauts were not necessarily the first to extend the meaning ofglitch. Since then the word has passed beyond technical useand now covers a wide variety of malfunctions and mishaps.回溯历史，尽管glitch 似乎是一个向来有用的单词， 但是直到1962年它才首次在英语中有记录，在约翰·格林著作中：“我们所采用的另一个用来描述我们的问题的词汇是‘glitch’”。格林给这个词下了为宇航员所采用的专业定义， “严格来说，glitch是指电流中电压受阻或变化。”。在这里，即使宇航员不一定是第一个引申了glitch 的含义，可是我们看到这个词是如何从它狭义的电子技术上的意义发展到更普遍的意义。 此后这个词超出了技术上的使用范围，现在可指多种功能故障和灾祸〔Dubois〕Dutch anatomist and paleontologist who in Java discovered in 1891 the skull and thigh bone of a hominid,Homo erectus, that came to be called "Java man.” 札布瓦，尤金：(1858-1940) 荷兰解剖学家与古生物学家，1891年在爪哇发现人科动物直立猿人 的颅骨与大腿骨，此后该直立猿人被称为“爪哇人” 〔Groton〕A town of southeast Connecticut on the Thames River opposite New London. Settled c. 1650, it is a port and the site of a U.S. submarine base. Population, 45,144.格罗顿：美国康涅狄格州东南一城镇，位于新伦敦对面，在泰晤士河上。1650年起殖民者定居于此后，此地成为一港口和美国潜水艇基地。人口45,144〔thenceforth〕From that time forward; thereafter.从那时开始；此后〔Nashville〕The capital of Tennessee, in the north-central part of the state northeast of Memphis. Founded in 1779 as Fort Nashborough, it was renamed in 1784 and became the permanent capital in 1843. Nashville is a port of entry and major commercial center known especially for its music industry. Population, 488,374.纳什维尔：田纳西州的首府，在州的中北部孟菲斯的东北部。1779年建成时名为福特耐施伯勒，1784年被重新命名，此后在1843年成为永久的首府。纳什维尔是一个进口港和主要的商业中心。并且尤其以它的音乐工业而闻名，人口488,374〔Kamloops〕A city of southern British Columbia, Canada, northeast of Vancouver. It was founded in the early 1800's as a trading post and flourished after the discovery of gold in 1860. Population, 64,048.坎卢普斯：加拿大的不列颠哥伦比亚省南部一城市，位于温哥华东北部。19世纪早期作为贸易站而建立；1860年在该地发现了黄金，此后便繁荣起来。人口64,048 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。