| 单词 | 殖民者 |
| 释义 | 〔Yamasee〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting parts of coastal Georgia and South Carolina. The Yamasee dispersed to other Native American groups after conflict with English colonists in the early 18th century.雅马西人：一支美洲土著人，原先居住在乔治亚和南卡罗来纳州的沿海地区，18世纪早期，与英国殖民者发生冲突后，雅马西人被驱散到其它美洲土著人部落〔Pocahontas〕Powhatan princess who befriended the English colonists at Jamestown and is said to have saved Capt. John Smith from execution by her people.波卡洪塔斯：波瓦坦人部落的公主，她与詹姆斯敦的英国殖民者交好，而且据说曾搭救过约翰·史密斯上尉，使其未被她的族人处死〔Metacom〕Wampanoag leader who waged King Philip's War (1675-1676) with New England colonists who had encroached on Native American territory.梅塔康：万帕诺亚格人领袖，与侵占美洲原住民领地的新英格兰殖民者进行了菲利浦国王战争（1675-1676）〔Squanto〕Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.斯哥托：帮助马萨诸塞州的英国殖民者发展农业技术，并在殖民者和万帕诺亚格人之间做翻译的美洲土著人〔Creole〕A person descended from or culturally related to the original French settlers of the southern United States, especially Louisiana.土生法国人：美国南部尤其是路易斯安那州的早期法国殖民者的后裔或与其文化有联系的人〔Jalapa〕A city of east-central Mexico east of Mexico City. Built on the site of a pre-Columbian city, Jalapa was captured by Cortés in 1519. It is now an agricultural trade center and a mountain resort. Population, 204,594.贾拉普：墨西哥中东部城市，位于墨西哥城东部。 建立在前哥伦比亚城的旧址上，1519年被西班牙殖民者科尔特斯征服。现在是一座农产品交易中心和山地度假胜地。人口204,594〔Connecticut〕A state of the northeast United States. It was admitted as one of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1788. Connecticut's coastline was first explored by Dutch navigators after 1614, and in 1635 colonists from Massachusetts Bay began to settle in the Connecticut River valley. The Fundamental Orders, a constitution based on the consent of the governed, was adopted by the colony in 1639. Hartford is the capital and Bridgeport the largest city. Population, 3,295,669.康涅狄格州：美国东北部一州。1788年它被接受为美国最初的十三个独立殖民地之一。1614年后，荷兰的航海家最先到达康涅狄格的海岸线，1635年来自马萨诸塞湾的殖民者开始在康涅狄格河谷定居。在统治政府的同意下，一部基本法-宪法于1639年开始实行。哈特福德是其首都，布里奇波特为最大城市。人口3,295,669〔Messina〕A city of northeast Sicily, Italy, on theStrait of Messina, a channel separating Sicily from mainland Italy. Founded in the eighth century b.c. by Greek colonists. Messina was decimated by the plague in 1743 and suffered severe earthquakes in 1783 and 1908. The strait's rocks, currents, and whirlpools may have been the inspiration for the legend of Scylla and Charybdis. Population, 255,890. 墨西拿：意大利西西里岛东北部一城市，位于墨西拿海峡 沿岸，该海峡将西西里岛和意大利大陆分隔开来。该城于 公元前 8世纪由希腊殖民者创建。在1743年的瘟疫流行中该城人口大批死亡，1783年及1908年该城又遭受严重的地震灾害。斯库拉和卡律布狄斯的传说可能就得灵感于墨西拿海峡的礁石、激流与漩涡。人口255,890 〔immigrate〕Britain immigrated many colonists to the New World.英国把大量殖民者移居到了新大陆〔Dallas〕A city of northeast Texas on the Trinity River east of Fort Worth. It was founded by French settlers in 1841 and became a cotton market in the 1870's. Population, 1,006,877.达拉斯：美国得克萨斯州东北部一城市，位于特里尼地河沿岸、沃斯堡以东。1841年由法国殖民者建立，19世纪70年代成为一个棉花市场。人口1,006,877〔Montserrat〕An island in the Leeward Islands of the British West Indies northwest of Guadaloupe. Discovered and named by Columbus in 1493, it was colonized by the English after 1632 but held by the French at various periods before being awarded to Great Britain in 1783.蒙特塞拉特岛：英国西印度群岛的背风群岛上的一个岛屿，位于瓜德罗普岛西北。1493年由哥伦布发现并命名，在1632年后受英国殖民者的统治，但在1783年正式沦为英国殖民地以前，法国也曾在不同时期控制过该岛〔Grenville〕English naval officer who commanded the fleet carrying the first colonists to Virginia (1585) and organized the English defense against the Spanish Armada (1588). He was killed in a battle that pitted his ship against 15 Spanish ships.格伦维尔爵士，理查德：(1542?-1591) 英国海军军官，指挥了运输首批去弗吉尼亚殖民者的舰队（1585年），并组织了英国对西班牙无敌舰队的防御（1588年）。他在一场己方一艘军舰对十五艘西班牙战舰的海战中战死〔Agrigento〕A city of southwest Sicily, Italy, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. It was founded c. 580b.c. by Greek colonists. Population, 51,931. 阿格里琴托：意大利西西里岛西南的一城市，俯瞰地中海。该城由希腊殖民者建于公元前 580年。人口51,931 〔Bowie〕American-born Mexican colonist who joined the Texan forces during the struggle for independence from Mexico. He died during the defense of the Alamo.鲍威，詹姆斯：(1796-1836) 美裔墨西哥籍殖民者，在争取从墨西哥分离的独立战争中他加入得克萨斯军队，在阿拉莫保卫战中丧生〔Calicut〕A city of southwest India on the Malabar Coast southwest of Bangalore. It was the site of Vasco da Gama's first landfall in India (1498) and was later occupied by Portuguese, British, French, and Danish trading colonies. Population, 394,447.卡利卡特：印度西南部的一座城市，位于班加罗尔西南部马拉巴尔海岸边。是瓦斯科料·达伽马在印度的登陆点（1498年），后被葡萄牙、英国、法国和丹麦殖民者侵占。人口394,447〔Mogadishu〕The capital and largest city of Somalia, on the Indian Ocean. Settled by Arab colonists in the ninth or tenth century, it was occupied in 1871 by the sultan of Zanzibar, who leased it to the Italians in 1892. After 1905 it became the capital of Italian Somaliland. Population, 400,000.摩加迪沙：索马里的首都及最大城市，在印度洋岸边，在9或10世纪被阿拉伯殖民者定居，在1871年被桑给巴尔素丹占领，并于1892年把该地租给意大利人。1905年后它成为意大利属索马里兰的首都，人口400,000〔gallery〕In Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and southern Alabama,an open roofed porch that runs along at least one side of a house is called agallery: "Out on the small front gallery she had hung Bobinôt's Sunday clothes to air" (Kate Chopin).Craig M. Carver, the author ofAmerican Regional Dialects, points out that the word gallery, from Old French galerie, was borrowed into British English in the 15th century and was brought over to the American colonies by English-speaking settlers.Although the word in the sense "porch" did not survive in the American English of the East Coast,it was borrowed separately, probably from Acadian French,into the English of 18th-century Louisianaand there survived as part of the Gulf Southern dialect.在得克萨斯州、阿肯色州、路易斯安那州、密西西比和南部阿拉巴马，至少在房屋的一侧延伸出来的一种敞开屋顶的门廊被称作gallery： “出了前面的小门廊，她把博比内的最好的衣服晾在那里” （凯特·肖邦）。美国区域方言 的作者克雷格·M·卡弗尔指出 gallery 来源于古代法语 galerie ， 在15世纪借入英语并由讲英语的殖民者带入美国殖民地。虽然该词当作“门廊”的意义没有在东海岸的美式英语中保存下来，但是它很有可能被分开借自阿卡迪亚的法语，并在18世纪进入路易斯安那英语，并在那里保存下来而成为南部港口方言的一部分〔apartheid〕Although South Africa has not furnished a great number of words that have achieved general currency in British and American English,one in particular,apartheid, has gained wide circulation. The first recorded use ofapartheid as an English term, in the Cape Times on October 24, 1947, is an ironic commentary on much of the word's use since then: "Mr. Hofmeyr said apartheid could not be reconciled with a policy of progress and prosperity for South Africa.” According to the March 15, 1961, issue of theLondon Times, the wordself-development was supposed to replace apartheid as the official term used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation for "the Government's race policies. ” And inMove Your Shadow, published in 1985, Joseph Lelyveld says that the "word is [now] shunned, even resented by the [National Party's] high priests as if it were an epithet fashioned by the country's enemies.” Butapartheid as a word and as a reality has been slow to disappear. The history ofapartheid, however, offers a possible model for change in this policy, for the word is an example of a mixture and combination of resources, in this case linguistic.Apartheid is an English word that came into South African English from Afrikaans, the language of the Dutch settlers of South Africa. They in turn had made up the word from the Dutch wordapart, "separate,” and the suffix -heid, which corresponds to our suffix -hood. Thusapartheid literally means "separateness.” The Dutch had earlier borrowed the wordapart, as did we, from the French phrase à part, meaning "to one side.” 尽管南非并没有向英国和美国英语里加入很多得以普遍使用的词汇，但尚有一例外，apartheid 这个词就得到了普遍应用。 apartheid 一词作为英语词汇的使用最早记录于1947年10月24日的 开普时报 上，从那时起对该词的使用就作了反讽式的评论： “霍夫梅伊先生说种族隔离制不能与南非进步及繁荣的政策相容。”根据1961年3月15日的一期伦敦时报 ， 南非广播公司试图以self-development 作为官方用语来代替 apartheid 表示“政府的种族政策”。 在1985年出版的移动你的影子 中，约瑟夫·莱莉瓦德说“这个词为高级牧师们所回避甚至痛恨， 似乎它是这个国家的敌人创造出来的修饰语。”但apartheid 作为词汇和作为现实存在消失得很慢。 然而apartheid 的历史为这种政策的变化提供了一个可能的模式， 因为这个词是语言学方面各种来源混合及联合的一个例子。Apartheid 是从南非的荷兰殖民者的语言进入南非英语的一个英语词汇。 依次由荷兰词apart “分隔”，和后缀 -heid （其与后缀 -hood 相对应）构成。 这样，apartheid 可逐字译为“分隔，隔离。” 荷兰人较早地借用了apart 一词，就如我们从法语里借用了意为“到一边”的 a part 一样 〔colonist〕An original settler or founder of a colony.殖民者：殖民地的原始定居者或创建者〔Bayonne〕A city of northeast New Jersey on a peninsula in Upper New York Bay across from Staten Island. First colonized by the Dutch, it passed to the English in 1664. Population, 61,444.巴约讷：美国新泽西洲东北部一城市，位于与斯塔滕岛相对的纽约湾北部的一个半岛上。最初被荷兰殖民者占领，1664年转让给英国。人口61,444〔Standish〕English colonist in America. Hired by the English Pilgrims to accompany them on their voyage to the New World (1620), he emerged as a military and political leader in the difficult early years of the colony.斯坦迪什，迈尔斯：(1584?-1656) 美洲的英国殖民者，1620年被英国清教徒雇用陪同其启程到新大陆，他在殖民地早期的艰苦年月里担任军政长官〔Australia〕A commonwealth comprising the continent of Australia, the island state of Tasmania, two external territories, and several dependencies. The first British settlement, a penal colony at Fort Jackson (now part of Sydney), was established in 1788. The present-day states grew as separate colonies; six of them formed a federation in 1901. In 1911 Northern Territory joined the commonwealth and the Capital Territory, site of Canberra, was created. Canberra is the capital and Sydney is the largest city. Population, 15,544,500.澳大利亚：联邦制国家，由澳洲大陆塔斯马尼亚州岛，两块外部疆域及几个附属岛屿组成。英国于1788年在杰克逊堡（现悉尼一部分）建立第一块流放殖民者居住地。现今的各州已成为独立的殖民地；其中六州于1901年组建联邦。1911年北部地区加入联邦，作为首都地区的堪培拉这时也形成了。堪培拉为首都，悉尼为最大城市。人口15,544,500〔Danelaw〕The body of law established by the Danish invaders and settlers in northeast England in the ninth and tenth centuries.丹麦法：在9世纪和10世纪时，由丹麦入侵者和殖民者在英国东北部施行的法律体系〔Campania〕A region of southern Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea. Inhabited in ancient times by Italic tribes, Greek colonists, Etruscans, and Samnites, it was conquered by Rome in the fourth centuryb.c. Campania joined Italy in 1860 as part of the kingdom of Naples. 坎帕尼亚：意大利南部靠近第勒尼安海的一个地区。在古代，主要由意大利部落、希腊殖民者、埃特鲁斯坎人和桑尼特人居住，公元前 4世纪时被罗马人攻克。坎帕尼亚在1860年作为那不勒斯王国的一部分加入了意大利 〔Kosciusko〕Polish general and patriot who fought with the colonists in the American Revolution and was a leader in Poland's struggle for independence from Russia.柯斯丘什科，萨德乌斯：(1746-1817) 波兰将军和爱国者，在美国独立战争时，曾与当地殖民者作战，后来成为波兰反对俄罗斯争取独立斗争的领袖〔Philip〕Wampanoag leader who waged King Philip's War (1675-1676) against New England colonists who had encroached on Native American territory.菲利普：万帕诺亚格领导人，曾对入侵美洲本土的新英格兰殖民者进行过菲利普国王战争（1675-1676年）〔Creole〕A person descended from or culturally related to the Spanish and Portuguese settlers of the Gulf States.土生西班牙人，土生葡萄牙人：海湾各州的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民者的后裔或与其有文化联系的人〔Logan〕Iroquois leader. After his family was massacred by settlers (1774), he became an ally of the British during the American Revolution.洛根，詹姆斯：(1725?-1780) 易洛魁人首领。1774年因其全家遭殖民者屠杀，在美国独立战争中与英军结盟〔Gela〕A city of southern Sicily, Italy, on the Mediterranean Sea. Founded c. 688b.c. by Greek colonists from Crete and Rhodes, it reached the height of its prosperity in the fifth century b.c. The dramatist Aeschylus lived here. Population, 74,789. 格拉：意大利西西里南部一城市，位于地中海上，由来自克里特岛和罗得岛的希腊殖民者于公元前 688年建立，在 公元前 5世纪为最繁荣时期。戏剧家阿奇里斯居住于此。人口74,789 〔Sevier〕American Revolutionary soldier and politician. He led the settlers who defeated the Loyalists in the Battle of King's Mountain (1780) and later served as the first governor of Tennessee (1796-1801 and 1803-1809).塞维尔，约翰：(1745-1815) 美国革命战士和政治家。在金山战役(1780年）中领导殖民者击败了英国保皇派，后来成为田纳西州的第一位州长(1796-1801和1803-1809年）〔hubbub〕It has often been remarked that the Celtic inhabitants of Great Britain contributed very little to the stock of English words.Perhaps this should not be too surprising, given the difficult relations over the centuries between the people of Germanic stock and the people of Celtic stock in England and Ireland.It seems likely that a certain English contempt resides in the adoption of the wordhubbub from a Celtic source, which is probably related toub ub ubub, a Scots Gaelic interjection expressing contempt,or toabu, an ancient Irish war cry. In any case,hubbub was first recorded (1555) in the phrase Irish hubbub and meant "the confused shouting of a crowd.”In addition to the senses it has developed,hubbub was again used, possibly in a nonflattering way, by the New England colonists as a term for a rambunctious game played by Native Americans. 人们常说，居住在大不列颠的盖尔人对英语词汇没有多大贡献。如果考虑到几个世纪以来居住在英格兰与爱尔兰的日尔曼人与盖尔人之间的关系，那么这个情况就不足为奇了。英格兰人采用来自盖尔语的hubbub 这个词时，很可能是带有轻蔑之意的， 此词与ub ub ubub 有关， 是苏格兰盖尔语中用来表示轻蔑之意的感叹词；或者与古代爱尔兰语中的呐喊abus 有关。 无论怎样，hubbub 一词最早见于词组 Irish hubbub (1555年）中， 意为“人群发出的混乱吵闹声”。除了它本身就有的意思外，hubbub 一词又被新英格兰的殖民者用来指印第安人的一种野蛮的游戏，但这一用法可能不讨人喜欢 〔mustang〕A small, hardy wild horse of the North American plains, descended from Arabian horses and brought to the New World by Spanish explorers.北美野马，半野马：一种美国北部平原的小型强壮野马，是阿拉伯马的后裔并且被西班牙殖民者带入新大陆〔Blumenau〕A town of southern Brazil southwest of São Paulo. It was founded by German immigrants in the 1850's. Population, 144,785.布鲁墨蓝：巴西南部城镇，位于圣保罗西南，为德国殖民者于19世纪50年代建立。人口144,785〔Split〕A city of western Yugoslavia on the Dalmatian coast of the Adriatic Sea. Founded as a Roman colony, it later grew around a palace built by Diocletian in the early fourth centurya.d. Population, 193,600. 斯普里特：南斯拉夫西部城市，位于爱琴海的德莫森海岸。罗马殖民者建立，后在公元后 4世纪早期戴克里先（罗马皇帝）在其周围建成宫殿。人口193,600 〔liege〕from lætus [a semifree colonist] 源自 lætus [半自由的殖民者] 〔Wisconsin〕A state of the north-central United States. It was admitted as the 30th state in 1848. First settled by the French, the region was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 and became part of the Northwest Territory in 1787. Madison is the capital and Milwaukee the largest city. Population, 4,906,745.威斯康星州：美国中北部一州。1848年作为第三十个州加入。首先由法国殖民者建立，1763年割让给大不列颠，1787年成为西北地区的一部分。麦迪逊市是该州首府，密尔沃基市是最大城市。人口4,906,745〔Virginia〕A state of the eastern United States on Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. It was admitted as one of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1788. Early colonizing attempts (1584-1587) by Sir Walter Raleigh failed, but in 1607 colonists dispatched by the London Company established the first permanent settlement at Jamestown (May 13). Virginia was a prime force in the move for independence and was the site of Lord Cornwallis's surrender in 1781. Virginia seceded in April 1861 and was the scene of many major battles during the Civil War, including the final campaigns that led to the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee. Richmond is the capital and Norfolk the largest city. Population, 6,216,568.弗吉尼亚：美国东部的一个州，临近切萨皮克湾和大西洋。1788年成为首批13个殖民地之一。早期(1584年-1587年）沃特尔·雷利的殖民企图以失败告终，但在1607年，由伦敦公司派遣的殖民者第一次在詹姆斯敦设立了永久据点(5月13日）。弗吉尼亚是独立运动中的主要力量，并是1781年康华里勋爵的投降地点。弗吉利亚在1861年从联邦中脱离，成为内战中许多主要战争的战场，其中包括导致罗伯特·E·李将军投降的最后战役。首府为里士满，诺福克为最大城市。人口6,216,568〔Bacon〕English-born American colonist who led Bacon's Rebellion (1676), in which a group of frontiersmen captured and burned Jamestown in an attempt to gain reforms and greater participation in the government of Virginia.培根，内森尼尔：(1647-1676) 美籍英裔殖民者，他发起了培根叛乱（1676年），即领导一群边境居民占领并焚烧了詹姆斯敦，试图赢得改革并在弗吉尼亚政府中取得更多的参政权〔Samoset〕Native American leader and friend of the early colonists. He was the first to sell land to the Pilgrims (1625).萨摩赛特：北美土著领导人，早期殖民者的朋友，他最早把土地卖给清教徒(1625年）〔wrest〕wrested the book out of his hands; wrested the islands from the settlers.从他手里夺过来那本书；从原殖民者手中夺过那座岛 |
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