| 单词 | 比喻 |
| 释义 | 〔synonym〕A word or an expression that serves as a figurative or symbolic substitute for another.换喻词：作为另一个词的比喻或象征性意义的代替词或短语〔fantastico〕Italian [imaginary] 意大利语 [比喻] 〔fantastic〕from Late Latin phantasticus [imaginary] 源自 后期拉丁语 phantasticus [比喻] 〔hyperbole〕A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as inI could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年 或 这书有一吨重 中 〔literally〕The practice does not stem from a change in the meaning ofliterally itself—if it did, the word would long since have come to mean "virtually" or "figuratively"—but from a natural tendency to use the word as a general intensive meaning "without exaggeration,”as inThey had literally no help from the government on the project, where no contrast with the figurative sense of the words is intended.This looser use of the wordliterally does not usually create problems, but it can lead to an inadvertently comic effect when the word is used together with an idiomatic expression that has its source in a frozen figure of speech,such as inI literally died laughing. 这一用法并不根源于literally 本身意义的演变——如果是这样的话， 这个词早就会有“几乎”或“比喻地”的意思——而是来源于把这个词用作一个一般的加强词表示“毫不夸张”这样一个自然趋势，正如在事实上他们没有获得政府对这一计划的帮助 中， 并没有与句子的喻意形成任何对比。literally 的这一不精确的用法通常并不会产生什么问题， 但当它与一个源于固定修饰的俗语连用时，会偶尔产生喜剧性效果，如我真的笑死了 〔compare〕To consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous; liken.比拟，喻为：考虑或描述为相似、相等或类似的；把…比喻成〔tropology〕Greek tropos [trope] * see trope 希腊语 tropos [转义、比喻] * 参见 trope〔crucial〕A crucial election is like a signpost because it shows which way the electorate is moving. The metaphor of a signpost, in fact, gives us the sense of the wordcrucial, "of supreme importance, critical.” Francis Bacon used the phraseinstantia crucis, "crucial instance,” to refer to something in an experiment that proves one of two hypotheses and disproves the other. Bacon's phrase was based on a sense of the Latin wordcrux, "cross,” which had come to mean "a guidepost that gives directions at a place where one road becomes two,”and hence was suitable for Bacon's metaphor.Both Robert Boyle, often called the father of modern chemistry, and Isaac Newton used the similar Latin phraseexperimentum crucis, "crucial experiment.” When these phrases were translated into English,they becamecrucial instance and crucial experiment. 决定性选举就象路标一样，因为它显示了全体选民的意向。路标这一比喻实际上向我们表示了crucial 这一词的意义“极其重要的，关键性的”。 弗朗西斯·培根曾用instantia crucis “关键性例子”这一词组来指在某一实验中证明两个假设之一正确和另一假设错误的东西。 培根的这一词组是基于拉丁语crux “十字形”的意思之上的， 它的意思为“在一条路分为两条岔路的地方用于指示方向的路标”，因此它适用于培根的这一比喻。通常被称为现代化学之父的罗伯特·博伊尔和艾萨克·牛顿都用过experimentum crucis “关键性实验”这一类似的拉丁语词组。 当这些词组被译成英语后，就成了crucial instance 和 crucial experiment 这两个词组 〔nonchalant〕A nonchalant person is not likely to become warm or heated about anything,a fact that is underscored by the etymology of the wordnonchalant. Non-,the first part of the word, is easy to spot as a familiar negative prefix;since this word was formed in Old French,we havenon-, the Old French descendant of Latin nōn-. The second element,chalant, is the Old French present participle of the verb chaloir, meaning "to be concerned.”This in turn came from the Latin wordcalēre, which from its concrete sense "to be hot or warm" developed the figurative sense "to be roused or fired with hope, zeal, or anger.”Obviously the Old French verbchaloir has lost some of the warmth of Latin calēre, but then, the nonchalant person has little warmth or concern.The wordnonchalant is first recorded in English before 1734, although Frenchnonchalance, a derivative of French nonchalant, seems to have entered English first. Englishnonchalance is first recorded in 1678. 态度冷漠的人是不太可能变得热心或对某事激动的，这一事实被词语nonchalant的词源所强调。 Non-，这个词的第一部分， 很容易认出是个很熟悉的否定前缀；因为此词形成于古法语，我们可以说non-，来自 拉丁语 non- 在古法语中的衍生词。 第二个组成部分chalant， 是动词 chaloir 的古法语现在分词， 意思是“担忧的，关心的”。此词同样也来自于拉丁词calere ， 从其具体的感觉“热的或暖和的”演变到比喻的感觉“被激起或引起希望、热心或愤怒”。很明显古法语动词chaloir 已去掉了一些拉丁语 calere 的温暖， 不过，冷漠的人确是几乎没有什么热心或关心的。词语nonchalant 在1734年前第一次被记录在英语中， 尽管法语nonchalence, 是法语 nonchalant 的派生词似乎已首先进入英语。 英语中的nonchalance 于1678年第一次被记录下来 〔Naugahyde〕A trademark used for an artificial leather made of vinyl-coated fabric. This trademark, which often occurs in print as an attributive, sometimes occurs in figurative contexts as well:瑙格海德人造皮：由带有己烯基的织物制成的人造皮物的商标，这一商标，经常在印刷中以形容词的形式出现，有时也在比喻的上下文中出现：〔imagery〕The use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas.比喻：使用生动或富含比喻的语言描绘物品、行动或思想〔comet〕Comets have been feared throughout much of human history,and even in our own time their goings and comings receive great attention.Perhaps a comet might seem less awesome if we realized that our name for it is based on a figurative resemblance between it and human beings.This figurative name is recorded first in the works of Aristotle,in which he useskomē, the Greek word for "hair of the head,” to mean "luminous tail of a comet.” Aristotle then uses the derived wordkomētēs, "wearing long hair,” as a noun meaning "comet.” The Greek word was adopted into Latin ascomētēs, which was refashioned in Late Latin and given the formcomēta, furnishing Old English with comēta, the earliest English ancestor of our wordcomet. 在大多数人类历史期间，人们害怕彗星，甚至在我们自己的时代彗星的到来与离去仍受到很大注意。如果我们认识到我们对它的名字是基于它和人在外形上的相似性，也许彗星看起来就不太可怕了。比喻的名字首先记录在亚里士多德的著作中，他使用的kome 是希腊语中意为“头发”的词，表示“彗星明亮的尾巴。 然后亚里士多德使用导出的单词kometes “戴长发”，作为名词意义的"comet"。 希腊单词被采用到拉丁语为cometes， 它再形成晚期拉丁语，给定形式为cometa， 以 cometa 的形式出现于老式英语， 这就是我们单词comet 的最早英语原形 〔sharp〕a leaf with an acute end. Figuratively they indicate mental alertness and clarity of comprehension.有尖端的叶子。 它们比喻思维的敏锐或清晰的理解力：〔analogical〕the analogical use of a metaphor.一个比喻的类似用法〔mosquito〕Flies will never be popular creatures,in spite or because of their omnipresence.Two examples of the fly's influence on our lives can be found in the etymologies of the wordsmosquito and musket, both of which can be traced back tomusca, the Latin word for fly.This Latin word becamemosca in Spanish and Portuguese, Romance languages that developed from Vulgar Latin. Mosquito, the diminutive of mosca, was borrowed into English (first recorded around 1583) with the same sense "mosquito" that it had in Spanish and Portuguese. The Romance language French was the source of our wordmusket (first recorded around 1587), which came from Frenchmousquet, but this word entered French from yet another Romance language, Italian.From the descendant of Latinmusca, Italian mosca, was formed the diminutive moschetta with the senses "bolt for a catapult" and "small artillery piece.” Frommoschetta came moschetto, "musket,” the source of Frenchmousquet. The use ofmoschetta, literally "little fly,” to mean "bolt from a crossbow"can be ascribed to the factthat both bolt and insect fly, buzz, and sting.苍蝇将永远不会成为受人欢迎的动物，尽管或也许正因为它们无处不在。苍蝇影响我们生活的两个例子可在两个单词mosquito 和 musket 词源中找到， 两者都可追溯到musca， 拉丁文中是“苍蝇”的意思。这个拉丁文单词在西班牙语、葡萄牙语和其他由拉丁文演变而来的语言中变为mosca 。 Mosca 的小词 mosquito 被借入英语中（大约于1583年首次出现）跟它在西班牙语和葡萄牙语中一样，都表示“蚊子”。 从拉丁文演变来的法语是单词musket （大约在1587年首次出现）的词源， 这个词来自一个法语词mousquet ， 但这一词仍然是从另一个由拉丁语演变而来的意大利语中借入法语的。起源于拉丁语musca 的意大利单词 mosca 形成了一个小词 moschetta ， 意思是“弹弓上使用的螺钉”和“小炮弹”。 从moschetta 中产生了 moschetto 意为“火枪”， 是法语词mousquet 的词源。 moschetta 的字面意思是指“小苍蝇”， 用来比喻“弩上的弓箭”，这可以归因于一个事实，那就是弓箭和苍蝇都会飞，并且都能发出嗡嗡声而且会刺伤人〔drumfire〕Something likened to continuous gunfire:被比喻成连续炮火的东西：〔troubadour〕from Late Latin tropus [trope, song] 源自 后期拉丁语 tropus [比喻，歌曲] 〔trope〕from Greek tropos [turn, figure of speech] * see trep- 源自 希腊语 tropos [转折，比喻] * 参见 trep- 〔throwaway〕"a sentence fragment or quirky throwaway metaphor"(Joyce Carol Oates)“一个支离破碎的句子和一个古怪的一笔带过的比喻”(乔伊丝·卡罗尔·奥茨)〔agin〕The spelling ofagin reflects both the raised vowel before a nasal consonant, typical of Southern dialects, and a reduced final consonant cluster, typical of several regional varieties.Agin has a wide spectrum of senses in the regional speech of those who pronounce it this way. Indeed, these regional senses are tied to the pronunciation,for standard Englishagainst does not quite capture the full implication of the assertion "I'm agin him" — that is, "opposed to him and all that he stands for.”Another regional sense recalls the original literal Old English sense of "facing; next to" (see the first four senses ofagainst in the Oxford English Dictionary), where standard English would haveby: Their house is agin the mountain.Agin may be used figuratively with regard to time chiefly in South Midland dialects,meaning "by or before (a specified time)”: "I'll be there agin daylight" (North Carolina informant in DARE).词汇agin 的拼写既反映了典型的南部方言──鼻辅音前的元音的提高， 又反映了压缩的后辅音群──几种典型的地方变体的特征。Agin 在它被如此发音的地方方言有广泛的意思。 确实，这些地域意义是和读音联系在一起的，因为标准英语中against 没有完全表达 "I'm agin him" 所隐含的意义── 即“反对他及他所代表的一切。”另外一个地域意义使人想起古英语中最初的文学用语“面对；紧靠着”（参阅《牛津英语词典》中against 的前四个释义）， 而在标准英语中应该用by： 傍山而建的房屋。Agin 主要在中南部方言中可以比喻地用来表示时间，意思是“到或在…（特定时间）前”： “天亮前我可到达” （美国区域英语词典的北卡罗来纳提供资料者）〔illustrate〕To clarify by serving as an example or comparison.举例说明：运用例证或比喻把问题讲清楚〔trope〕The figurative use of a word or an expression, as metaphor or hyperbole.比喻，转义：语言或措辞的比喻用法；隐喻或夸张〔troubadour〕from Latin [trope] * see trope 源自 拉丁语 [比喻] * 参见 trope〔catachresis〕A deliberately paradoxical figure of speech.故意似是而非的比喻〔on〕Used to indicate figurative or abstract motion toward, against, or onto:向…，在…上：用于表示比喻或抽象的运动的朝向，对着…或在…之上：〔figurative〕Based on or making use of figures of speech; metaphorical:比喻的：基于或使用言语形象化的；形象化比喻的：〔seersucker〕Through its name, seersucker, a lightweight fabric for summer suits and dresses, gives us a glimpse at the history of India.The facts of the word's history are that it came into English from the East Indian language Hindi (śīrśakar ). The word in Hindi was borrowed from the Persian compoundshīroshakar, meaning literally "milk and sugar"but used in a figurative way for a striped linen garment.The Persian wordshakar, "sugar,” in turn came from Sanskrit śarkarā. Persian, Indian, English—clearly we are dealing with multiple cultural borrowing here,and the Persians did indeed borrow sugar and the word for sugar from India in the 6th century.During and after Tamerlane's invasion of India in the late 14th century,the opportunity for borrowing Persian things and words such asshīr-o-shakar was present, since the Mongol Turk Tamerlane incorporated Persia as well as India into his empire.It then remained for the English during the 18th century, when the East India Company and England were moving toward supremacy in India, to borrow the material and its nameseersucker (first recorded in 1722 in the form Sea Sucker ) from an Indian language. 适合制作夏季服装的一种很轻的面料，通过它的名字——泡泡纱让我们对印度历史有所了解。关于这个单词的历史事实是这个词从东印度语言——印地语(sirsakar )进入英语。 在印地语中，这个词来源于波斯语复合词shiroshakar ， 其字面意思是“牛奶和糖”，但用其比喻意来指一种有条纹的亚麻长袍。波斯语shakar 意思是“糖”，来自于梵文 sarkara 。 波斯语，印度语，英语——显而易见，这里我们要研究的是多元文化的借用，而事实上波斯人确实于公元6世纪从印度输入了糖和表示糖的单词。在14世纪后期泰摩兰入侵印度期间和之后，就有了借用波斯物品及单词，如shir-o-shakar 的机会， 因为突厥化了的蒙古人泰摩兰不但把波斯还把印度并入了自己的王国。在18世纪，当东印度公司和英国印度取得至高权威后，才从一种印度语言中输入了seersucker 的材料及名称（最初的记载形式是 Sea sucker ，出现于1722年） 〔palaver〕alteration of Late Latin parabola [speech, parable] * see parable 后期拉丁语 parabola的变化 [交谈，比喻] * 参见 parable〔vehicle〕The concrete or specific word or phrase that is applied to the tenor of a metaphor and gives the metaphor its figurative power, aswalking shadow in 比喻词、形象词：具体的或特定的词或短语，用于某个比喻要旨并且给予该比喻形象力，如walking shadow（行走的阴影） 节自 〔stylistics〕The study of the use of elements of language style, such as metaphor, in particular contexts.文体论：对于具体的上下文中语言，风格因素，如比喻的研究〔puzzle〕The author's imagery mystifies me.作者的比喻令我迷惑。〔belligerent〕These adjectives are compared as they mean having or showing an eagerness to fight.这些形容词用来比喻具有或显示了对战斗的渴望。〔Kleenex〕A trademark used for a soft facial tissue. This trademark sometimes occurs in print, capitalized or lowercased, with the general meaning "a facial tissue":"handed out police badges to a platoon of extras and later dispensed Kleenexes to the same extras dressed in funereal black" (Los Angeles Times). “‘Does somebody have a Kleenex?’ she asked" (New York Times). The trademark is also used in print in figurative extensions as an adjective: 克里内克斯：用于一种柔软的面部用的纸巾的商标。这一商标有时在印刷、大写的或小写中出现，一般意为“面部用的纸巾”“向一队临时演员分发警徽，后来又向这些穿着黑色丧服的临时演员分发克里克斯纸巾” （洛杉矶时报） “‘有人有克里内克斯纸巾吗？’她问道” （纽约时报）、这一商标还作为一个形容词比喻的外延用于出版物中： 〔Technicolor〕A trademark used for a method of making color motion pictures in which films sensitive to different primary colors are exposed simultaneously and are later superimposed to produce the full-color print. This trademark, capitalized and lowercased, often occurs in figurative contexts in print:彩色印片法：用于制作彩色动画片方法的商标，对不同的基本色彩敏感的胶片被立即曝光，然后叠加制成全彩色的照片。大写的和小写的这种商标经常出现在印刷品的表示比喻的上下文中：〔tropology〕A mode of biblical interpretation insisting on the morally edifying sense of tropes in the Scriptures.据引串文解释：强调圣经中比喻的道德教化意义的阐释模式〔on〕Used to indicate figurative or abstract position:用以表示比喻的或抽象的位置：〔compare〕 Whencompare is used to mean "to liken (one) with another,” with is traditionally held to be the correct form: 当compare 用作表示“把（一个）比喻成另一个”时， with 传统地作为正确的形式： 〔Lurex〕A trademark used for a yarn made of plastic-coated aluminum filaments. This trademark often occurs in print in uppercase and lowercase as an attributive:"The Lurex sock became the signature leg fashion for glitter rockers" (Women's Wear Daily). It can also occur in figurative extensions: 卢勒克斯：一种由塑料膜铝丝制成的纤维纱的商标。这一商标常以大写或小写形式出现在书面材料中作为一个定语：“卢勒克斯袜成为显耀的摇滚乐男乐师腿部的时尚标志” （女子服饰日报）。这个词也常以其比喻引申义出现： 〔burdensome〕Onerous adds toburdensome the connotation of the figuratively heavy load imposed by something irksome or annoying: Onerous 加深了brudensome 一词被烦人的或令人讨厌的事物强加的比喻为繁重负担的含义： 〔trope〕An instance of this use; a figure of speech.比喻用语：上述用法的一个实例；比喻 |
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