| 单词 | 比喻意义 |
| 释义 | 〔Teflon〕A trademark used for a waxy, opaque material, polytetrafluoroethylene, employed as a coating on cooking utensils and in industrial applications to prevent sticking. This trademark often occurs in figurative contexts in print:特氟隆，铁氟龙：用作光滑不透明的材料的商标，聚四氟乙烯被用来作为烹饪用具的涂层，在工业上防止粘附。这一商标经常出现在印刷品有比喻意义的上下文中：〔stiff〕Tense means stretched tight;it is applied literally to body structures such as musclesand figuratively to what is marked by tautness or strain: Tense 指拉紧的；在字面上用于身体结构，如肌肉，比喻意义用于非常紧或紧张的东西： 〔pickle〕Trade with the Low Countries across the North Sea was important to England in the later Middle Ages,and it is perhaps because of this tradethat we have the wordpickle. Middle Englishpikel, the ancestor of our word,is first recorded around 1400with the meaning "a spicy sauce or gravy served with meat or fowl.”This is a different sense from the one the word brings to mind now,but it is related somewhat in sense to its possible Middle Dutch sourcepekel, a solution, such as spiced brine, for preserving and flavoring food.After coming into Englishthe wordpickle expanded its sense range in several ways. It was applied, as it had been in Middle Dutch, to a pickling solution.Laterpickle was used to refer to something so treated, such as a cucumber. The word also took on a figurative sense,"a troublesome situation,”perhaps under the influence of a similar Dutch usage in the phrasein de pekel zitten, "sit in the pickle,” and iemand in de pekel laten zitten, "let someone sit in the pickle.” 在中世纪末，穿过北海与低地国家的贸易对英格兰来说非常重要，也许就是因为这种贸易，便有了pickle 这个词。 中世纪英语中的pikel ， 也就是我们这词的祖先，大约在1400年第一次被记录，意思是“加有肉或禽肉的多香料的调味汁或肉汁。”这与现在我们所想到的意思有所不同，但从其可能的中世纪荷兰语词源pekle 的意义上讲又有些关联， 该词指如加香料的卤水等用来腌制或保存食物的溶液。进入英语后，pickle 这个词的词义在很多方面扩大了其含义。 象在中世纪荷兰语那样，它被用来指一种腌制食物的溶液。后来pickle 又用来指如此腌制的东西，如腌黄瓜。 从而这个词也有了比喻意义，即“麻烦的境地，”这大概是因为受了荷兰语中有短语坐在卤水中 和 让某人坐在卤水中 的类似用法的影响 〔advance〕or for progress or improvement in a figurative sense. Advancement is used mainly in the figurative sense: 或指比喻意义上的进步或提高。 Advancement 主要用于比喻义： 〔window〕The wordwindow conceals a poetic image that is not at all transparent. Our word comes to us from the Scandinavian invaders and settlers of England in the early Middle Ages.Although we have no record of the exact word they gave us,it was related to Old Norsevindauga, "window,” a compound made up ofvindr, "wind,” and auga, "eye,” reflecting the fact that at one time windows contained no glass.In our time we have takenwindow, which has been recorded in the language for almost 800 years, in a figurative direction with phrases such aslaunch window, weather window, and window of opportunity or vulnerability. Rockets and missiles now travel through the "wind's eye.”window 这个词掩盖了一个不明显的富有诗意的意象。 这个词是中世纪初由斯堪的纳维亚入侵者和英格兰的开拓者带来的。尽管没有确切记录这个词是什么，但它与古斯堪的纳维亚语中的vindouga 有关系，“窗户”， 是由vindr “风”，和 auga “眼睛”组成的复合词， 这反映出窗户在当时是没有玻璃的。在现代我们用的window 已有记录近800年了， 现在它已有了比喻意义，如在短语最佳发射时段, 海面平静期, 和 window of opportunity 或 vulnerability。 火箭和导弹现在要穿过“风的眼睛”〔erase〕These verbs mean to remove or invalidate something, especially something recorded as by having been written down. Toerase is to wipe or rub out, literally or figuratively: 这些动词都表示消除，使某事（特别是通过写下来记录的事）无效、消失。erase 指确实地或比喻意义上的涂抹掉、擦除掉： 〔sterile〕Unfruitful literally means not bearing fruit or offspringand figuratively means not having a useful result: Unfruitful 字面意思为不结果实或生育的，比喻意义为没有一个有用结果的： 〔brickbat〕The earliest sense ofbrickbat, recorded in a work first published in 1563, was "a piece of brick.” Such pieces of brick have not infrequently been thrown at others in the hope of injuring them;hence, the figurativebrickbats (first recorded in 1929) that critics hurl at performances they dislike. The appearance ofbat as the second part of this compound is explained by the fact that the word bat, "war club, cudgel,” developed in Middle English the sense "chunk, clod, wad,” and in the 16th century came to be used specifically for a piece of brick that was unbroken on one end.brickbat 最早的意义记录在1563年首次出版的一部著作中，意为“一块砖。” 这样的砖块常用来投掷他人，意在将人打伤；因此，含比喻意义的brickbats （1929年第一次被记录下来）指批评家抨击他们厌恶的表演。 bat 一词作为这一复合词的第二部分出现可用下列事实来解释，即意为“警棍，短棒”的 bat 一词在中世纪英语中发展为“厚块、泥块、软团”的意思， 16世纪被用来特指一端没有破损的砖块〔precipitate〕Precipitouscurrently means "steep" in both literal and figurative senses: Precipitous在字面和比喻意义上都表示“陡急的”： 〔wake〕The pairswake, waken and awake, awaken have formed a bewildering array since the Middle English period. All four words have similar meanings, though there are some differences in use.Onlywake is used in the sense "to be awake,” as in expressions likewaking (not wakening ) and sleeping, every waking hour. Wake is also more common than waken when used together with up; andawake and awaken never occur in this context: She woke up (rarely wakened up; never awakened up or awoke up ). Some writers have suggested thatwaken should be used only transitively and awaken only intransitively, but there is ample literary precedent for usages such asHe wakened early and They did not awaken her. In figurative sensesawake and awaken are more prevalent: wake,waken 和 awake,awaken 这两对词自中古英语以来就形成令人不解的一组词。 四个词有相似的意思，尽管在用法上有差异。只有wake 用于“保持清醒”的意义， 如在waking （而非 wakening ) and sleeping, every waking hour（清醒和睡眠，每一个醒着的时刻）。 Wake在与 up 一同用时也比 waken 更常用； 并且awake 和 awaken 从不出现在这种语言环境中： She woke up （很少用 wakened up ；从不用 awakened up 或 awoke up )。 有些作家指出waken 应只用作及物的而 awaken 只用作不及物的， 但有很多文学上的用法先例,如He wakened early（他醒得早） 和 They did not awaken her（他们没惊醒她）。 在比喻意义上awake 和 awaken 更普遍： 〔dark〕a shady grove of catalpas) or figuratively to what is of questionable honesty ( 梓属植物的避光树丛） 或比喻意义上指有可疑的诚实（ 〔ravel〕To say that we will ravel the history ofravel is an ambiguous statement, given that history. Ravel comes from the obsolete Dutch verbravelen, "to tangle, fray out, unweave,” which comes in turn from the nounravel, "a loose thread.” We can see the ambiguity ofravel already in the notion of a loose thread, because threads can be loose when they are tangled or when they are untangling.The Dutch verb has both notions present in it,denoting both tangling and unweaving.In one of its earliest recorded uses in English (before 1585)the verb means "to become entangled or confused,”and in 1598 we find a use in the sense "to entangle.”But in 1611 the word is used with reference to a fabricin the sense "to fray out,”and in 1607 in the sense "to unwind, unweave, or unravel.”In 1582 we already have an author using the word in a figurative way to mean "to take to pieces or disentangle,”while in a work written before 1656 we have a figurative instance of the sense "to entangle or confuse.”Clearly there was a need for the wordunravel, which is first found in 1603, but strangely enoughit did not solve the problem,ravel retaining up to this day both "entangling" and "disentangling" senses. 说我们要解开ravel 这个词的历史， 只要“历史”的意思不变，这种说法本来就是含糊的。 Ravel 这个词来源于意为“纠缠，磨损掉，解开”的废荷兰语动词ravelen， 而这个词又是从意为“一束松线”的名词ravel 衍生而来的。 在这个意思中，我们已经能看到ravel 的双重意思， 因为一团线缠起来或被解开后都有可能松散。荷兰语的这个词两个意思都有，既指缠起来又指松开。 (1585年前）这个词在英语中第一次使用时，它是“变得纠缠在一起、和含混不清”的意思，1598年我们又发现了“使缠在一起”的意思。但1611年当这个词用于指纺织品时，它却是“使散开”的意思，1607年它的意思是“倒转，松开，打开。”1582年有一位作家已经使用这个词的比喻义“散成一片片或分开”，而在一部写于1656年前的著作中，又有“缠紧，弄混”的比喻意义。毫无疑问，出现于1603年的unravel 这个词有必要的存在， 但非常奇怪的是,这并没有解决ravel 这个词直到现在还有“缠紧”和“分开”这两个意思 〔bewilder〕The wordbewilder is probably used much more commonly in its figurative sense "to confuse" than in its literal sense "to cause to lose one's bearings; disorient.” Yet the latter sense is most likely the clue to the original source of this word.Bewilder, first recorded in 1684, is made up of the prefix be-, here meaning "completely,” and the verb wilder, meaning "to cause to lose one's way,” first found in 1613. Wilder may in turn be a back-formation from wilderness, a much older word than wilder. Users of English might have erroneously thought thatwilderness was derived from an older verb wilder, which they then used with reference to the loss of one's way that can occur in a wilderness.单词bewilder 大概多用其比喻意义“使迷惑”，而少用其字面意义“使失去方向；使迷失方向”。 虽然后者更接近这个词的本意。Bewilder 一词于1684年首次有文字记载，由前缀 be- 这里意为“完全地”和1613年首次发现的意为“使迷路”的动词 wilder 组成。 Wilder 可能从 wilderness 反演而来，一个比 wilder 古老得多的词。 英语使用者可能误以为wilderness 是从更古老的动词 wilder 产生的， 于是他们把wilderness与可能发生在荒野中的迷路联系起来〔chief〕a chief magistrate. Used figuratively,chief implies maximum importance or value: 总统。 用作比喻意义时chief 含有最大重要性或最大价值的意思： 〔Tabasco〕A trademark used for a very spicy sauce made from a strong-flavored red pepper. This trademark occurs in print in figurative contexts:塔巴斯科：一种商标名称，用于由非常辣的红辣椒制成的极辛辣的调味料。该商标出现于有比喻意义的书面上下文中：〔jungle〕One might be surprised to learn that the wordjungle is not African in origin nor does it come from a word that only meant "land densely overgrown with tropical vegetation and trees.” Jungle goes back to the Sanskrit word jaṅgalam, meaning "desert, wasteland,”and also "any kind of uncultivated area, such as heavily forested land.”The Sanskrit wordjaṅgala- passed into various Indian languages and from one or more of these languages into English.In Englishjungle was used for land overgrown with vegetation, for the vegetation itself,and for such land outside India.The word was also extended figuratively in various ways.We have, for example, asphalt jungles, concrete jungles, blackboard jungles, academic jungles, corporate jungles,and, in a February 1972 issue of theGuardian, the government official who "lit up some lurid corners of the taxation jungle.”jungle 一词的词源不是非洲语，也不是来自仅仅意为“长满茂密的热带植物和树木的地带”的单词；知道这一点也许会让人吃惊。 Jungle 可追溯到梵语词 jangalam ， 其意为“荒漠，荒原”，也指“任何未开垦的地域，如茂密的森林”。梵语词jangala- 传入多种印度语中， 又从这其中的一种或多种语言再传入英语。在英语中jungle 用来指长满植物的地带， 指植物本身，也指印度以外的类似地带。该词也在多方面引申为比喻意义。例如，我们有柏油丛林、水泥丛林、黑板丛林、学术丛林、公司丛林，此外在1972年2月发行的一期卫报 上， 还出现了“揭露税收丛林中鲜为人知的龌龊勾当”的政府官员〔sterile〕These adjectives in literal usage mean not producing or unable to produce offspring; figuratively they suggest a lack of productiveness.To besterile is to be incapable of reproducing; by extension the term implies a lack of vitality, creativity, or effectiveness: 这些形容词字面意义是不育的或无能力生育的；比喻意义为不具备多产性的。Sterile 指无繁殖能力的， 其扩充涵义为缺乏生气、创造性或影响力的： 〔stiff〕an inflexible knife blade); figuratively they describe what does not relent or yield: 不弯的刀锋)； 它们的比喻意义是描述不宽容或不屈服的东西： |
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