| 单词 | 比较 |
| 释义 | 〔compare〕Abbr. cp.To examine in order to note the similarities or differences of.缩写 cp.比较：为记录相似性或差别而调查〔kiosk〕The lowly kiosk where one buys a newspaper or on which one posts advertisements is like a child in a fairy tale who though raised by humble parents is really the descendant of kings.The wordkiosk was originally taken into English ultimately from Turkish, in which its sourceköshk meant "pavilion.” The open structures referred to by the Turkish word were used as pavilions and summerhouses in Turkey and Persia.The first recorded use ofkiosk in English (1625) has reference to these Middle Eastern structures, which Europeans imitated in their own gardens and parks. In France and Belgium,where the Turkish word had also been borrowed,their wordkiosque was applied to something lower on the scale, structures resembling these pavilions but used as places to sell newspapers or as bandstands. England borrowed this lowly structure from Franceand reborrowed the word,which is first recorded in 1865with reference to a place where newspapers are sold.用来购买报纸或张贴广告的普通的凉亭好像是神话故事中尽管由地位低下的父母抚养但确实是国王后代的儿童一样，单词kiosk 收入英文的起源最早是土耳其语， 土耳其语中它的出处koshk 意为“大帐篷”。 在土耳其语中开敞的建筑物用来作为土耳其和波斯的帐篷和凉亭。英语中最早记录的kiosk 的使用（1625年）参照于欧洲人在他们自己的花园和公园中仿制的中东式建筑。 在法国和比利时，这个土耳其语单词也被借用，它们的单词kiosque 适用于结构上类似于这些凉亭，但规模上比较矮，用作卖报纸的场所或室外音乐台的建筑。 英国从法国引进了这种普通建筑，并且重新引入了这个单词，它的最早记载是在1865年，与卖报纸的场所有关〔weigh〕To balance in the mind in order to make a choice; ponder or evaluate:权衡：在脑中比较以便做出抉择；思索或评价：〔provoke〕These verbs are compared in the sense of moving a person to action or feeling or summoning something into being by moving a person in this way.这些动词在意为触动某人采取某行动、产生某种感情或以这种方式触动某人从而命令某事物时，常把它们做比较。〔side〕A surface of an object that extends more or less perpendicularly from an observer standing in front:侧面：从站在前方的观测者看来一物体比较垂直或不很垂直的面：〔relieve〕To make prominent or effective by contrast; set off.使醒目：通过比较变得突出或印象深刻的；衬托出〔someday〕This sense can also be conveyed bysome day and some time. The two-word forms are always usedwhensome is an adjective modifying and specifying a more particular day or time (used as nouns): 这个意思也可以由some day 和 some time 来表达。 这种两个单词分开的形式总是在下列情况时被使用，即当some 作为形容词修饰或限制一个比较特定的 day 或 time 时（此时这两个词用作名词）： 〔plus〕This observation has suggested to some thatplus should be regarded as a preposition in these uses, on the model of expressions such astogether with or in addition to. But the phrases introduced byplus do not behave like prepositional phrases in other respects. They cannot be moved to the beginning of the sentence, for example.We do not sayPlus the bad weather, the construction slowdown has made for a weak market (contrast the acceptable sentence beginning withTogether with the bad weather ). What is more,subjects containing two noun phrases connected byplus are usually singular even when the first noun phrase is plural: 对有些人来说上面这句话会暗示plus 在这类用法中应被视为一个介词， 如在together with 或 in addition to 这样的表达模式中。 但由plus 引导的短语在其它方面并不象介词性短语。 例如它们不能放到句首。我们并不说加之糟糕的天气，施工的减少会导致市场不景气 （试比较用Together with the bad weather 开头的可被接受的句子）。 此外，即使由plus 联结的两个名词性短语中第一个名词性短语为复数，主语通常仍为单数： 〔confrontation〕an essay that brought elements of biography, autobiography, and general European history into powerful, meaningful confrontation.一篇对传记、自传和欧洲通史进行了有力地、深刻比较的论文〔kind〕This kind of films is popular (compare This species of spider is found only in the New World ). 这种电影很流行（与 这种蜘蛛只在西半球界发现过 比较）。 〔parable〕from paraballein [to compare] 源自 paraballein [比较] 〔contrast〕To show differences when compared:比较之下显出区别：〔accompany〕These verbs are compared when they mean to be with or to go with another or others.这些动词指伴随或陪同他人或其他人时对他们加以比较。〔benchmark〕To measure (a rival's product) according to specified standards in order to compare it with and improve one's own product.标准检查：按照指定标准检测（竞争对手的产品），以比较和改进自己的产品〔Adams〕American astronomer who developed a method of measuring the distance of a star from the earth by comparing its absolute brightness to its apparent brightness.亚当斯，沃尔特·悉尼：(1876-1956) 美国天文学家，提出通过比较行星的绝对亮度与表面亮度以测定行星与地球之间距离的方法〔shoe〕A durable covering for the human foot, made of leather or similar material with a rigid sole and heel, usually extending no higher than the ankle.鞋：一种耐用的覆盖人脚的覆盖物，由皮革或其它类似材料组成，底和鞋根比较紧，通常高度不超过脚踝〔contrastive〕Capable of distinguishing meaning; being in opposition:比较的：能分辨意思的；相对的：〔percent〕Statistically speaking,a quantity can be increased by any percentage but cannot be decreased by more than 100 percent.Once pollution has been reduced by 100 percent, for example, it ceases to exist,and no further reduction is possible.In defiance of this logic, however, advertisers sometimes refer toa 150 percent decrease in lost luggage or a new dental rinse that reduces plaque on teeth by over 300 percent. On reflection,it is possible to infer the intended meaning in these examples—presumably the rinse is three times as effective as some other tooth-cleaning procedure—but the ostensible claim is logically nonsensical,and the phrasing serves mostly to obscure the fact that the standard of comparison has not been made explicit.The latter phrase was unacceptable to 66 percent of the Usage Panel.从统计学上说，数量可以按任意比例增长但不能按超过百分之一百的比例减少。例如，一旦污染减少百分之百，它就会消失，也就不再会有任何进一步减少的可能了。然而，广告商们时常忽视这种规律而提出行李丢失率下降了百分之一百五 或 一种新型爽口剂将牙病减少了百分之三百。 从观众的反应来说，不可能推断这些例句想表达的意思——假定这种爽口剂比其它洁齿措施有效三倍——但这种表面的说法却是不合逻辑的，并且短语的运用大大模糊了比较标准尚不清晰的事实。后一个短语是百分之六十六的用法小组成员不能接受的〔bylaw〕A casual glance at the wordbylaw might make one think that the element by- means "secondary, subsidiary,” especially sincebylaw can mean "a secondary law.” It is possible thatby-, as in byway, has influencedbylaw in the sense "secondary law"; however,bylaw existed long before the sense in question. The word is first recorded in 1283 with the meaning "a body of customs or regulations, as of a village, manor, religious organization, or sect.”By- in this word comes from Old Norse, as may the wordbylaw, and is related to if not identical with the element -by in the names of many places, such as Whitby, where Scandinavians settled when they invaded England during the early Middle Ages.We get the sense of this-by if we compare the related word entered as bær, b÷r, bȳr, in the standard dictionary of Old Icelandic, meaning "a town or village" in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and "a farm or landed estate" in Iceland. We thus see whybylaw would mean "a body of customs of a village or manor" and why we use the word to mean "a law or rule governing the internal affairs of an organization.”随意瞟一眼单词bylaw 可能会使人想起前缀 by- ，意为“第二位的，次要的”， 因为bylaw 意为“附属的法规”。 可能因为前缀by- 位于 byway 中， 它影响了bylaw “附属法规”这一意义； 然而bylaw 一词在上述意义产生之前早已存在。 该词最初是在1283年以“一种习俗或规章体系，如村庄、县邑、宗教组织或派系之中”这种含义记载的。前缀By- 来自古斯堪的纳维亚语中， 正如bylaw 一词在许多地名之中与后缀 -by 若不是完全一致，就是彼此相关， 如惠特比，这是斯堪的纳维亚人在中世纪早期侵入英格兰之后的定居地。如果我们将古冰岛标准字典中的相关词bær, b÷r, bȳr （在挪威、瑞典和丹麦这些国家中意为“城镇或村庄”而在冰岛意为“农场或庄园”）加以比较，就会得出后缀 -by 的含义。 我们因而可以明白为什么bylaw 一词意为“村庄或县邑的习俗体系” 以及我们为什么使用其“一种法规或规则，用于管理一个组织的内部事务”这一意义〔infinite〕Infinite is sometimes grouped with absolute terms such asunique, absolute, and omnipotent, since in its strict mathematical sense it allows no degree modification or comparison;one quantity cannot be more infinite than another (though technically one infinite set can be larger than another).Unlike other absolute terms, however,infinite also does not permit modification by adverbs such as nearly and almost; mathematically, infinity is not approached by degrees.In nontechnical usage, of course,infinite is often used metaphorically to refer simply to an unimaginably large degree or amount, and here the comparison of the word is unexceptionable: Infinite 有时被一些表示绝对意义的词修饰， 如unique ， absolute 和 omnipotent ， 由于在其严格的数学意义上它不允许表示程度的修饰或比较，一个数不可能比另一个数“更加无穷大”（虽然以技术上讲一个无穷集可以比另一个集更大）。但是，与其它表示绝对意义的词不同，infinite 也不能用 nearly 和 almost 这一类副词来修饰； 以数学上讲，无穷大是不能逐步接近的。当然，在非技术性的用法中，infinite 常常隐喻地仅指明一个难以想象的大程度或数量， 在这种用法下，仍然不能使用比较： 〔approve〕"The proper officers, comparing every article with its voucher, certified them to be right" (Benjamin Franklin). “合格的官员，将每一物品与凭单比较，以确认它们是正确的” （本杰明·富兰克林）。 〔liken〕To see, mention, or show as similar; compare.看作、当作或显示相似的；比较〔easy〕Commodities are easier this quarter.本季商品比较充裕〔brave〕 Doughty, a bit old-fashioned in flavor and often used humorously, suggests stalwartness: Doughty 在风格上有些过时，常比较幽默，说明刚强不屈： 〔lazulite〕A relatively rare blue mineral, (Mg, Fe)Al2(PO 4) 2(OH) 2, with a vitreous luster. 天蓝石：一种比较贵重的蓝色矿物，(Mg,Fe)Al2(PO 4) 2(OH) 2具有玻璃般的光彩 〔overarmed〕"parallels between the overarmed Britain and Germany of 1914 and the overarmed United States and Soviet Union of today"(Tony Gibbs)“在1914年过度武装起来的英国与德国和今天拥有过多武器的美国与苏联之间作个比较”(托尼·吉布斯)〔parallel〕To show to be analogous; compare or liken:比拟，比较：表明相似点；比较或比拟：〔panhandle〕Often Panhandle A narrow strip of territory projecting from a larger, broader area, as in Alaska, Idaho, Oklahoma, Texas, and West Virginia. 常作 Panhandle 柄状狭长地带：从比较广阔的地域突出去的狭窄的一个条带，如阿拉斯加州、爱达荷州、俄克拉荷马州、得克萨斯州和西弗吉尼亚〔likeness〕 Analogy is similarity, as of properties or functions,between unlike things that are otherwise not comparable: Analogy 指特征或职能的相似，除此之外两者极不相似而无从比较： 〔Bagehot〕British economist, social scientist, and journalist who wroteThe English Constitution (1867), an analysis of the comparative powers of the branches of British government. 白芝浩，沃尔特：(1826-1877) 英国经济学家、社会科学家和记者，著有《英国宪法》 （1867年），是一部对英国政府分支机构权力比较的分析著作 〔sensuous〕 Luxurious in this comparison suggests a surrender to physical comfort,as that provided by a sumptuous lifestyle,leading to a delightful feeling of well-being: Luxurious 和其比较意为听任于身体的舒适，如由奢侈的生活方式所提供的，导致快乐的幸福的感觉： 〔wiredrawn〕Overly subtle and particularized, such as comparisons or points in an argument.过分细致的：过分微妙和琐细的，指讨论中的比较或细节上〔paradigm〕from paradeiknunai [to compare] 源自 paradeiknunai [比较] 〔whence〕It is difficult to label as incorrect a construction with such respectable antecedents.Still, it may be observed thatwhence (like thence ) is most often used nowadays to impart an archaic or highly formal tone to a passage, and that this effect is probably better realized if the archaic syntax of the word—withoutfrom —is preserved as well. 由于这样一些值得尊敬的先人，故而将其归类为一个不正确的结构就比较困难。不过，仍然可以注意到whence （如同 thence )在今天最常用来给一段文章赋予一种古体的或极其正式的语调， 并可以注意到如果该调整的古式构词方式（即不带有from 这个词）亦同样保留的话，该古体且高度正式的语调的效果则能更好地体现出来 〔logic〕The nonarithmetic operations performed by a computer, such as sorting, comparing, and matching, that involve yes-no decisions.逻辑，逻辑操作：计算机所完成的需要做出一些是非判断的非数学运算，如排序、比较和匹配〔lazurite〕A relatively rare blue, violet-blue, or greenish-blue translucent mineral, Na4 - 5Al 3Si 3O 12S, the chief component of lapis lazuli. 天青石：一种比较珍贵的透明矿物质，多呈蓝色、蓝紫色或蓝绿色，Na4 - 5Al 3Si 3O 12S，是杂青金石的主要成分 〔relieve〕 Lighten in this comparison signifies to make less heavy or oppressive: Lighten 在这种比较中指使变得不太沉重或不太压抑： 〔different〕How different this seems from Paris suggests that the object of comparison is the city of Paris itself, 这与巴黎看起来有何不同呢？比较的对象是巴黎这座城市本身， 〔comparison〕The act of comparing or the process of being compared.比较：比较的行为或被比较的过程〔arrowroot〕The arrowroot is just one of many plants that the European settlers and explorers discovered in the New World.The Arawak, a people who formerly lived on the Caribbean Islands and continue to inhabit certain regions of Guiana, named this plantaru-aru, meaning "meal of meals,” so called because they thought very highly of the starchy, nutritious meal made from the arrowroot.The plant also had medicinal value because its tubers could be used to draw poison from wounds inflicted by poison arrows.The medicinal application of the roots provided the impetus for English speakers to remakearu-aru into arrowroot, first recorded in English in 1696. Folk etymology—the process by which an unfamiliar element in a word is changed to resemble a more familiar word,often one that is semantically associated with the word being refashioned—has triumphed once again,thus denying us the direct borrowing ofaru-aru and giving us arrowroot instead. 竹芋仅是欧洲探险家和拓荒者在新大陆发现的多种植物中的一种。曾居住在加勒比海各岛，现仍在圭亚那部分地区居住的阿拉瓦克人把这种植物称为aru-aru 意思是“餐中餐”， 这样称呼是因为他们非常看重这种用竹芋粉做成的淀粉状的，非常有营养的食物。这种植物同时还有医疗价值，因为其块茎可用来从毒箭箭伤处把毒吸出来。这种植物的医疗作用促使讲英语的人重新将aru-aru 命名为 arrowroot ，1696年首次在英语中予以记载。 词的通俗变化就是比较陌生的词被比较熟悉的词所替代的过程，常常是被一个语义上与被翻新的词有联系的词。这里，通俗词汇学又一次取得胜利，不允许我们直接借用aru-aru ，而是另给了我们一个 arrowroot 。 |
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