| 单词 | 法国人 |
| 释义 | 〔Illinois〕A state of the north-central United States. It was admitted as the 21st state in 1818. The area was explored by the French in the late 1600's, ceded by France to the British in 1763, and ceded by them to the newly formed United States in 1783. Springfield is the capital and Chicago the largest city. Population, 11,466,682.伊利诺斯州：美国中北部的一个州。1818年作为第二十一个州加入美国。法国人在17世纪后期首先开发了此地，1763年法国又将其割让给英国，1783年英法两国共同将其割让给新建立的美利坚合众国。斯普林菲尔德是该州首府，芝加哥为最大城市。人口11,466,682〔Oujda〕A city of northeast Morocco near the Algerian border. Founded in 944, it was occupied by the French in 1844, 1859, and 1907. Population, 260,082.乌季达：摩洛哥东北部城市，靠近阿尔及利亚边界。建于944年，分别于1844年、1859年和1907年被法国人占领。人口260,082〔Rome〕The capital and largest city of Italy, in the west-central part of the country on the Tiber River. Traditionally founded by Romulus and Remus, it was ruled first by Etruscans, who were overthrown c. 500b.c. The Roman Republic gradually extended its territory and expanded its influence, giving way to the Roman Empire during the reign of Augustus (27 b.c. - a.d. 14). As capital of the empire, Rome was considered the center of the known world, but the city declined when Constantine transferred his capital to Byzantium (323). Alaric I conquered the city in 410, leading to a lengthy period of devastation by barbarian tribes. In the Middle Ages the city revived as the spiritual and temporal power of the papacy increased. During the 1800's Rome was held at various times by the French until it became the capital of Italy in 1871. Vatican City remains an independent enclave within the confines of Rome. Population, 2,830,569. 罗马：意大利的首都及最大城市，在该国中西部，濒临台伯河。传统上认为罗马由罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯创建，伊特鲁里亚人最先统治罗马，并于公元前 500年被推翻。罗马共和国逐渐扩展领土和扩大势力，在奥古斯都( 公元前 27年- 公元 14年）统治时期成为罗马帝国。罗马作为帝国的首都，被认为是世界的中心，当康斯坦丁把国都迁往拜占庭后(323年），罗马衰落了。阿拉里克一世于410年征服了罗马从而使野蛮部落给罗马带来长期毁灭性的灾难。中世纪时，随着教皇宗教和世俗权力的上升，罗马又恢复了生机。19世纪期间，罗马不时受到法国人的统治，直至1871成为意大利的首都。梵蒂冈仍为罗马境内独立的外国领地。人口2,830,569 〔Biloxi〕A city of southeast Mississippi on a peninsula betweenBiloxi Bay and Mississippi Sound on the Gulf of Mexico. Old Biloxi was settled by the French in 1699. Population, 46,319. 比洛克西：美国密西西比州东南部一城市，位于墨西哥湾的比洛克西湾 与密西西比海峡之间的半岛上。老比洛克西是1699年由法国人建立的。人口46,319 〔French〕Of, relating to, or characteristic of France or its people or culture.属于、关于或反映法国、法国人或法国文化的〔Pittsburgh〕A city of southwest Pennsylvania at the point where the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers forms the Ohio River. Fort Duquesne was built on the site by the French c. 1750 and fell to the British in 1758, when it was renamed Fort Pitt. The village surrounding the fort grew rapidly after the opening of the Northwest Territory. The city today is highly industrialized. Population, 369,879.匹兹堡：美国宾夕法尼亚州西南部的城市，在此阿尔勒格尼河与莫农格黑拉河的交汇形成了俄亥俄河。1750年法国人在此地建了杜首斯堡，于1758年落入英国军队手中并被重新命名为匹兹城堡。城堡周围的村庄在西北区开发后迅速发展起来。如今该城已高度工业化。人口369,879〔Mississippi〕A state of the southeast United States. It was admitted as the 20th state in 1817. The first settlers in the region (1699) were French, and the area became part of Louisiana. It passed to the British (1763-1779) and then to the Spanish before being ceded to the United States in 1783. The Mississippi Territory, organized in 1798 and enlarged in 1804 and 1813, also included the present state of Alabama. Jackson is the capital and the largest city. Population, 2,586,443.密西西比：美国东南部的一个州。它于1817年被接受为第二十个州。此地区最早的定居者（1699年）是法国人，当时这一片地区是路易斯安那的一部分。后来又归英国（1763-1779年）和西班牙统治，最后于1783年割让与美国。1789年成立密西西比区，并于1804和1813年两次扩大，其中也包括今天的阿拉巴马州。杰克逊是州首府和最大的城市。人口2,586,443〔kaput〕The games people play can become deadly serious,as exemplified by the wordkaput. Our word is an adoption of the German word kaputt, whose senses are similar to those of the English word.German in turn borrowed this word from the French gaming tables,wherecapot as an adjective meant "not having won a single trick at piquet.” Devastating as this might be to a piquet player,it would surprise kibitzers to see how widely the word's range of meaning has been extended in German and English,in which it is first recorded in 1895.For example, one's car can be kaput and so can oneself.As for the ultimate source of Frenchcapot we cannot be certain,but it seems to go back to a modern Provençal word,of which the first element iscap, "head.” 人们在玩牌时可能变得非常认真，如kaput 一词例示的这个英语单词是吸收了德语 kaputt 一词演变而来的。 该德语词的词义与它的词义相似。而德国人又从法国人的赌桌上借用了该词。在赌桌上，capot 作为一个形容词又为“打皮克牌时未赢一圈的”。 尽管这样可能会令玩皮克牌的人晦气，旁观并议论牌局的人也许会吃惊地发现该词在德语和英语中的引申义是多么广泛。该词于1895年首次记载在德语和英语中。例如，车主的车可能会损坏，车主也可能失败。至于法语capot 一词的词源， 我们不甚了解，但似乎可以追溯到现代普罗旺斯语，其中的第一个成分cap 表示“头”的意思 〔Vincennes〕[vĭn-sĕnzʹ] A city of southwest Indiana on the Wabash River south of Terre Haute. The oldest city in the state, it was founded as a mission and fur-trading post by the French in the early 18th century. Population, 19,859.[vĭn-sĕnzʹ] 温森斯：印第安纳西南部一城市，位于特雷霍特南部的沃巴什河畔。为该州最古老的城市，由法国人在18世纪早斯作为哨岗和皮毛交易站而设。人口19,859〔Montreal〕A city of southern Quebec, Canada, onMontreal Island in the St. Lawrence River. Named after Mount Royal, a hill at its center, it was founded by the French as Ville Marie de Montréal in 1642 and grew rapidly as a fur-trading center and starting point for western exploration. The English captured the city in 1760. Today Montreal is Canada's largest city, a major port, and a cultural, commercial, and industrial hub. Population, 980,354. 蒙特利尔：加拿大魁北克省南部的一个城市，位于圣劳伦斯河上的蒙特利尔岛 由位于市中心的罗伊尔山而得名。1642年由法国人建立，取名为蒙特利尔玛丽城，它很快成为皮毛贸易中心和西部开发的起点。英国1760年占领城市。现在蒙特利尔是加拿大最大城市和主要港口以及文化、商业和工业中心。人口980,354 〔salad〕The wordsalad may have come to us from Vulgar Latin, the chiefly unrecorded common speech of the ancient Romans, which is distinguished from standard literary, or Classical, Latin.The word takes its origin from the fact that salt was and is an important ingredient of salad dressings.Hence the Vulgar Latin verb.salāre, "to salt,” from Latin sāl, "salt,” in the past participial form .salāta, "having been salted,” came to mean "salad.” The Vulgar Latin word passed into languages descending from it,such as Portuguese (salada ) and Old Provençal ( salada ). Old French may have borrowed its wordsalade from Old Provençal. Medieval Latin also carried on the Vulgar Latin word in the formsalāta. As in the case of so many culinary delights, the English borrowed the word and probably the dish from the French.The Middle English wordsalade, from Old French salade and Medieval Latin salāta, is first recorded in a recipe book composed before 1399. Salad 一词可能源于俗拉丁语， 一种区别于文学拉丁语和古典拉丁语的古罗马平民使用的无记载语言。该词有其起源是因为盐是沙拉调料的重要成分。因此从拉丁词sal ，“盐”的过去分词形式 Salata （“被加过盐的”）使俗拉丁语动词 salare “撒盐”转化为“沙拉”一义。 由此俗拉丁语词传入多种语言，如葡萄牙语(salada )和古普罗旺斯语( salada )。 古法语中的salade 一词可能来自于古普罗旺斯语。 中世纪拉丁语salata 也来自于该俗拉丁语。 因为有如此多烹调的乐趣，英国人从法国人那里借用了该词及这道菜。来自于古法语的Salade 及中世纪拉丁语 salāta 的中世纪英语中的 salade 一词被记载于1399年以前编的一本菜谱里 〔Erie〕A city of northwest Pennsylvania on Lake Erie southwest of Buffalo, New York. A port of entry, it was laid out in 1795 on the site of Fort Presque Isle, built by the French in 1753. Population, 108,718.伊利：美国宾夕法尼亚州西北部城市，位于伊利湖边，在纽约州布法罗城西南部，作为一个输入港，伊利于1753年由法国人建造，1795年展现在普里斯克要塞岛上。人口108,718〔suppress〕"There is the world of ideas and the world of practice;the French are often for suppressing the one and the English the other;but neither is to be suppressed" (Matthew Arnold).Tostifle is to keep back something, such as an impulse or an emotion, as if by smothering it: “存在着一个思想的世界和一个行动的世界；法国人通常赞成压制前一个世界，而英国人则赞成压制后一个；但是两者都不会被压制住的” （马修·阿诺德）。Stifle 就是好像闷熄般抑制住某物，如冲动或情感： 〔Sarnia〕A city of southeast Ontario, Canada, at the southern end of Lake Huron west of London. Settled by the French in 1807 and the British in 1833, it is a port and manufacturing center. Population, 50,892.萨尼亚：加拿大安大略省东南部一城市，位于休伦湖南端，伦敦以西。法国人于1807年，英国人于1833年分别殖民于此。它现在是一个港口和制造中心。人口50,892〔Pensacola〕A city of extreme northwest Florida onPensacola Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico. Originally settled by the Spanish in 1559, the city passed back and forth between the Spanish, French, and British until it was captured by Andrew Jackson in 1814 during the War of 1812. It formally became part of the United States in 1821. Population, 58,165. 彭萨科拉城：美国佛罗里达州西北一城市，濒临墨西哥湾的一个海湾佩沙科拉湾， 西班牙人于1559年首先在此定居，它曾由西班牙人、法国人和英国人轮番控制直到1812年爆发的英美战争中由安德鲁·杰克逊率军于1814年占领为止，并于1821年并入美国。人口58,165 〔Djibouti〕The capital and largest city of Djibouti, in the southeast part of the country on an inlet of the Gulf of Aden. It was founded by the French in 1888. Population, 120,000.吉布提市：吉布提最大的城市和首都，位于该国东南部的亚丁湾入口处，1888年由法国人建城。人口120,000〔bigot〕A bigot may have more in common with God than one might think.Legend has it that Rollo, the first duke of Normandy, refused to kiss the foot of the French king Charles III,uttering the phrasebi got, his borrowing of the assumed Old English equivalent of our expressionby God. Although this story is almost certainly apocryphal,it is true thatbigot was used by the French as a term of abuse for the Normans, but not in a religious sense. Later, however, the word, or very possibly a homonym,was used abusively in French for the Beguines, members of a Roman Catholic lay sisterhood.From the 15th century on Old Frenchbigot meant "an excessively devoted or hypocritical person.” Bigot is first recorded in English in 1598 with the sense "a superstitious hypocrite.” 一个偏执的人往往比人们想象的更接近上帝。传说第一位诺曼底公爵罗洛拒绝亲吻法国皇帝查理三世的脚时，说了bi got 这个词， 他是借用了假设的古英语里的词。其相当于我们今天的by God （老天作证）这一用法。 尽管这个故事肯定不足为信，但bigot 一词是确实是法国人对诺曼底人的蔑称， 然而无宗教色彩。后来，这个词，很可能是同音异义词，在法语中用来蔑指女修道者──罗马天主教姐妹会成员。从15世纪起，在古法语中，bigot 一词意为“过分虔诚或伪善的人”。 Bigot 首次以英语记载是在1598年，其意为“迷信的伪君子。” 〔Frenchman〕A man who is a native or inhabitant of France.法国人：出生在法国或居住在法国的人〔Madras〕A city of southeast India on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. Founded in 1639 as Fort St. George by the British East India Company, Madras was held by the French from 1746 to 1748. It is today a major industrial, commercial, and cultural center with a thriving harbor (constructed 1862-1901). Population, 3,276,622.马德拉斯：印度东南部的一个城市，位于孟加拉湾的科罗曼德尔海岸。英国东印度公司于1639年在此建立圣·乔治要塞。马德拉斯从1746年到1748年被法国人占领。现在它是一个重要的工业、商业和文化中心，并有一个繁荣的港口（建于1862-1901年）。人口3,276,622〔Sousse〕A city of northeast Tunisia on an inlet of the Mediterranean Sea. Founded in ancient times by the Phoenicians, it was an important city under the Romans and Carthaginians and later under the Arabs (9th-11th centuries) and the French (19th-20th centuries). Population, 69,530.苏萨：突尼斯东北部的一个城市，位于地中海的一个海湾沿岸。远古时代时腓尼基人创建，是一个重要的城市，先是处于罗马人与迦太基人的统治之下，后被阿拉伯人（9世纪至11世纪）和法国人（19世纪至20世纪）控制。人口69,530〔Natchez〕A Native American people formerly located on the lower Mississippi River near present-day Natchez. The Natchez ceased to exist as a people after war with the French in the early 18th century.纳齐兹族：一个美洲印第安民族，以前居住在密西西比河下游，现在的纳齐兹附近。18世纪初期纳齐兹族在和法国人作战后不再作为一个民族而存在〔beefeater〕Tourists in England who have seen the warders of the Tower of London and the Yeomen of the Guard know that these men dressed in 15th-century uniforms are calledbeefeaters. Not all tourists are aware, however, that the original use of the term (recorded in 1610) was pejorative,referring to a well-fed servant.In a work published before 1628 the word was also said to have been used contemptuously by the French for an Englishman or an English soldier.The wordbeefeater has thus risen in the world, for the well-fed, well-muscled beefeaters of today (this use was first recorded in 1671) are considered by many to be a national treasure. 到英国旅游见到过伦敦塔的皇家侍卫都知道这些身着15世纪制服的人叫伦敦塔卫士。 但并不是所有的游客都注意到了，这个词最早用作轻蔑语（载于1610年），是指吃得很好的仆人。在1628年前发表的一篇文章中，这个词也被法国人用来蔑称英国人或英国士兵。由于今天营养充足，肌肉发达的皇家侍卫（该意最早使用刊载于1671年）被许多人认为是英国的国宝，伦敦塔卫士 一词于是开始广为流传 〔native〕a native Frenchman;土生土长的法国人；〔Gallic〕Of or relating to Gaul or France; French.高卢的：属于或关于高卢或法国的；法国人的〔Minnesota〕A state of the northern United States bordering on Lake Superior and on Manitoba and Ontario, Canada. It was admitted as the 32nd state in 1858. First explored by the French in the mid-17th century, the area became part of the United States through the Treaty of Paris (1783) and the Louisiana Purchase (1803). St. Paul is the capital and Minneapolis the largest city. Population, 4,387,029.明尼苏达州：美国北部的一个州，隔苏必利尔湖与加拿大马尼托巴省和安大略省相望。于1858年成为美国的第32个州。在17世纪中期法国人开始探索这一地区，后通过巴黎条约（1783年）和路易斯安那置地（1803年）成为美国的一部分。首府为圣保罗，最大城市为明尼阿波利斯。人口4,387,029〔Louisburg〕A town of Nova Scotia, Canada, on eastern Cape Breton Island. It is near the site of the fortress of Louisbourg, built c. 1712-1740 by the French to guard the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1758 the fort fell to a British land and sea attack, which reduced it to rubble. A national historical park here includes reconstructed portions of the complex.路易斯堡：加拿大新斯科夏的一个城镇，位于布莱顿岛的东部角上，路易斯堡的碉堡附近。此碉堡由法国人于1712到1740年建成，用来保护圣·劳伦斯河湾的入口。1758年这个要塞纳入英国版图，但海上战争使之毁坏。在此建造一个国家历史公园，包括重建的该建筑体的某些部分〔Charlottetown〕The capital and largest city of Prince Edward Island, Canada, on the southern coast of the island. It was founded by the French c. 1720. Population, 15,282.夏洛特敦：加拿大爱德华太子岛省的省会和最大城市，位于该岛南海岸，1720 年由法国人建立。人口15,282〔Brazzaville〕The capital and largest city of Congo, in the southern part of the country on the Congo River across from Kinshasa, Zaire. Founded by the French in the 1880's, it is a trade center and major port. Population, 595,102.布拉柴维尔：刚果的首都及最大城市，位于该国的南部，流经扎伊尔金沙萨的刚果河沿岸。于19世纪80年代由法国人建成，是一个贸易中心和主要港口。人口595,102〔Toronto〕The capital and largest city of Ontario, Canada, in the southern part of the province on Lake Ontario. Originally a French trading post, it was founded as York by the British in 1793 and renamed as Toronto in 1834. Toronto is an important Great Lakes port and an industrial center. Population, 599,217.多伦多：加拿大安大略省首府和最大城市，位于该省南部安大略湖边。原本为法国人的商品集散地，1793年英国人建立该城，名为约克，1834年重新被命名为多伦多。多伦多是一个重要的五大湖区的港口和工业中心。人口599,217〔Pondicherry〕A city of southeast India on the Bay of Bengal south-southwest of Madras. It consists of four former French coastal settlements whose administration was transferred to India in 1954. Population, 162,636.本地治里：印度东南部一城市，濒临孟加拉湾，位于马德拉斯西南偏南。它由四个原先的法国人聚居点组成，1954年被划给印度管辖。人口162,636〔Chambly〕A city of southern Quebec, Canada, on the Richelieu River east of Montreal. Its fort, built by the French in 1665, was captured by the British in 1760 and held briefly by the Americans during the Revolutionary War. Population, 12,190.钱布雷市：加拿大魁北克省南部一城市，位于蒙特利尔以东的里奇路河畔。法国人于1665年在此建的要塞于1760年被英国人攻占，在革命战争中又被美国人短期占据。人口12,190〔comprise〕"The French got . . . French Equatorial Africa, comprising several territories"(Alex Shoumatoff)“法国人得到…由几个领地组成的法属赤道非洲地区”(亚历克斯·肖马托夫)〔Dessalines〕African-born emperor of Haiti (1804-1806) who defeated the French (1803) to gain the island's independence. His despotic rule led to his assassination.德萨林斯，简·雅克：(1758?-1806) 生于非洲的海地国王(1804-1806年）。他于1803年击败了法国人，使该岛获得了独立。他的专制统治导致了他被暗杀〔Ticonderoga〕A resort village of northeast New York between Lake George and Lake Champlain. Fort Carillon, built by the French in 1755, was taken in 1759 by the British, who renamed it Fort Ticonderoga. American Revolutionary troops captured the fort in May 1775, but it was later abandoned without a struggle to British forces in July 1777 during the Saratoga Campaign.泰孔德罗加：美国纽约东北部一村庄，位于乔治湖与尚普兰湖之间。1755年法国人在这里建造了卡里隆堡，1759年被英国夺取并重新命名为泰孔德罗加堡。1775年5美国独立战争部队占领了这个城堡，但在1777年7月的萨拉托加战役中，该城堡被不战而弃，落入英军手中〔Castries〕The capital of St. Lucia, in the Windward Islands of the British West Indies. It was founded by the French in 1650. Population, 50,798.卡斯特里：圣卢西亚的首府，位于英属西印度群岛的迎风群岛上。由法国人在1650年创建。人口50,798〔Francophile〕A person who admires France, its people, or its culture.亲法分子：崇拜法国、法国人或法国文化之人〔Creole〕A person descended from or culturally related to the original French settlers of the southern United States, especially Louisiana.土生法国人：美国南部尤其是路易斯安那州的早期法国殖民者的后裔或与其文化有联系的人〔Calais〕A city of northern France on the Strait of Dover opposite Dover, England. The city fell to the English in 1347 after a siege of 11 months and was retaken by the French in 1558. Population, 76,527.加来：法国北部的一座城市，位于多佛海峡同英格兰多佛相对。该城于1347年落入英国人手中，后又于1558年在被包围了11个月之后被法国人夺回。人口76,527〔pant〕It would seem unlikely that the name of a 4th-century Roman Catholic saint should be the ultimate source of a word for a modern article of clothing commonly worn by both men and women.Pants, however, can be traced back to Pantaleon, the patron saint of Venice. He became so closely associated with the inhabitants of that citythat the Venetians became popularly known asPantaloni. Consequently, among the commedia dell'arte's stock characters the representative Venetian (a stereotypically wealthy but miserly merchant) was calledPantalone. His name in French,Pantalon, was borrowed into English (first recorded around 1590). During the middle of the 17th centurythe French came to identify him with one particular style of trousers,and this same style became known aspantaloons in English. Pantaloons was later applied to another style of trousers that came into fashion toward the end of the 18th century, tight-fitting garments that had begun to replace knee breeches.After thatpantaloons was used to refer to trousers in general. The last step in the development of the wordpants met with some resistance. This abbreviation ofpantaloon was considered vulgar and, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it,"a word not made for gentlemen, but ‘gents.’”First found in the writings of Edgar Allan Poe in 1840,pants has replaced the "gentleman's word" in English and has lost all obvious connection to Saint Pantaleon.看起来一位公元4世纪的罗马天主教徒的名字似乎不可能是这个做为男人和女人平常都穿的布做的现代物品的根本词源。Pants 但可以追溯到奥塔莱昂，威尼斯的庇护神。 他变得与这座城市里的居民联系得这样紧密，以至于威尼斯人也通俗的被称为Pantaloni 。 结果，在即兴喜剧的角色中那个有代表性的威尼斯人（一个愚富而吝啬的商人）被称作Pantalone。 他的法语名字Panlalon 被借用到英语中（初次记录大约在1590年）。 在17世纪中期，法国人开始把它与一种特殊类型的裤子等同起来，同一种类型的裤子在英语中是pantaloons 。 Pantaloons 后来被用作另一种类型的裤子并在18世纪末日渐流行， 紧身衣服已经开始取代齐膝马裤。在那以后，pantaloons 被用来泛指裤子。 在pants 一词发展的最后遇到了一些阻力。 Pantaloon 的缩写被认为是粗俗的， 并且正如奥立弗·温德尔·霍姆斯所说，“并不是为绅士而造的词，而是为‘家伙们所造’”。最早在1840年发现于艾德加·爱伦·坡的作品中，pants 在英语中已经替代了那个“绅士的语言”， 而且显然已失去了和圣奥塔莱昂的一切联系〔fiasco〕from fiasco [bottle] translation of French bouteille [bottle, error, used by the French for linguistic errors committed by Italian actors on the 18th-century French stage] 源自 fiasco [瓶子] 法语 bouteille的翻译 [被法国人误用来指18世纪法国舞台上意大利演员们所犯的语言错误] |
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